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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L996	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Natalus stramineus [synonym of]	N/A	Natalus stramineus [synonym of]	N/A	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus	Natalus primus		[MSW3] Formerly included in stramineus, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003). Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b).; [HMW] Natalus primus Anthony, 1919 , “Daiquiri [= Daiquiri, Santiago de Cuba ], Cuba .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in stramineus , but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ).; [IUCN] This species was formerly included in N. stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989), Morgan and Czaplewski (2003) and Simmons (2005).; [batnames2023] Formerly included in stramineus , but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ).; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in stramineus, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b).														primus	This species was formerly included in N. stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989), Morgan and Czaplewski (2003) and Simmons (2005).			primus 	primus 			primus H. E. Anthony, 1919						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Natalidae			Natalus primus	Natalus		primus	Anthony		1919		Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.	61		612		Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat	Cuba, Oriente, Daiquiri, Cuevos de los Indios.	Cuba, Isle of Pines.	IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).		Formerly included in stramineus, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003). Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b).	290787FFFFA71877FA149D33EF413C1D	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Natalidae_584.pdf.imf	hash://md5/d53eff87ffa41873ffba9505eb7b3516	592	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/29/07/87/290787FFFFA71877FA149D33EF413C1D.xml	Natalus primus	Natalidae	Natalus	primus	Anthony	1919	Grande Natalide @fr | Gro RRes Kuba-Trichterohr @de | Natalido mayor de Cuba @es	Natalus primus Anthony, 1919 , “Daiquiri [= Daiquiri, Santiago de Cuba ], Cuba .” This species is monotypic.	Known only from a single locality in W Cuba .	Ear 20-2-21-2 mm, forearm 46-1-51-2 mm (males) and 47-50-1 mm (females); weight 7-8-12.6 g (males) and 6-10-1 g (females). The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is the largest species of natalid. Pelage is dense and long. Dorsal hairs are bicolored; hair bases are lighter than tips, from drab with fuscous tips to buff with sepia tips; ventral pelage is unicolored. Medial and lateral ear margins are straight, eartip is rounded, and there are four ear pleats. Natalid organ of males is relatively flat and wedge-shaped and extends onto crown. Free margin of uropatagium has sparse fringe of thin hairs; ungual tufts are absent. It has distinctively shaped skull, having especially elongated rostrum with markedly projecting premaxilla. Braincase is greatly inflated, rising gently from rostrum. Premaxilla is not inflated; maxilla dorsal to molars is convex and not inflated; palate is present between pterygoids; caudal margins of maxilla in ventral view are almost perpendicular with longitudinal axis of skull; basisphenoid pits are deep and steep-sided; mesostylar crest is present on third molar.	Karst plain covered in semideciduous dry forest at an elevation of 16 m . The only known extant population of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat inhabits one cave, Cueva La Barca, in westernmost Cuba . Cueva La Barca has several warm and humid chambers where temperatures remain near 24-5°C and humidity at 99% and a hot chamber where temperatures are higher at 28-30°C. The Cuban Greater Funneleared Bat usually occupies the warm chambers, roosting along protected, sinuous walls that are farther from entrances.	The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat feeds on insects, including moths, crickets, small beetles,flying ants, lacewings,flies, leathoppers, and true bugs. The permanent pool in Cueva La Barca might serve as drinking water.	Pregnant Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found in early May, each carrying a single large embryo, and lactating females in September, suggesting that parturition takes place around July.	The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal. Its flight is extremely slow and highly maneuverable. It shows a greater tendency and ability to fly in highly confined, cluttered spaces than most other bat species except the Cuban Lesser Funnel-eared Bat ( Chilonatalus macer ). Foraging activity of Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats starts after sunset and ends before sunrise, but because of the difficulty of spotting slow low-flying bats in the dark and in complicated terrain, like at the entrance of Cueva La Barca, its exodus has not been observed. No individuals have been seen inside the cave at 22:00-24:00 h suggesting they have left to forage or are using alternate roost sites late at night. Individuals collected early in the morning have full stomachs indicating that foraging activity ends shortly before daybreak. Individuals remain active while roosting during the day, taking flight at the slightest sign of disturbance, but usually some individuals allow extremely close proximity of an observer for a few seconds. If disturbance persists for some minutes, all individuals move to alternative roosting areas of the same or other chambers. When flying inside the cave, the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat alwaysflies extremely close to walls and at c. 1 m from the floor, forming a highly distinctive, continuous stream of individuals along the wall. Individuals taken outside of the cave dehydrate quickly, and their wing membranes become increasingly brittle starting at the wingtips. They can die within a couple of hours if not kept in a protected enclosure. The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is a low duty cycle echolocator. Its echolocation calls are composed of three harmonics nearly completely overlapped. Second and third harmonics are entirely frequency-modulated (FM), butfirst harmonic has short constant frequency (CF) component at ¢.73 kHz. Most energy is put into second harmonic, which is 65-115 kHz. Third harmonic is detectable but too faint for measuring. Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat’s FM calls are well suited for precise target location and correspond well with flight behavior close to the ground and within vegetation. Captive individuals are aggressive and frequently attack other bat species, even of larger size, if confined together in a small enclosure.	Given the slow flight of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat and its high susceptibility to dehydration,its foraging range 1s probably small. Cave colony size has been found to be relatively stable over a few years of observation, suggesting that seasonal migrations out of Cueva La Barca are unlikely. Roosting groups scatter on lower parts of walls at c. 1 m from the floor and occasionally on low roofs of wall niches. They hang from one or both feet without ventral contact with substrate and are regularly spaced from each other at distances of c. 10 cm . Eleven other bat species have also been found in Cueva La Barca. Although Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats have never been observed in mixed-species groups, they do roost adjacent to groups of the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops blainviller) that also often perch along walls.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Visual estimates of the population size of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat in Cueva La Barca range from several hundred to a few thousand individuals. Current population appears to be a relict of a once widespread species that ranged throughout most of Cuba , the Bahamas , and Grand Cayman Island—Ilocalities where it is known from bone remains. Cueva La Barca is located inside Guanahacabibes National Park, but despite the vulnerability of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat, it receives no form of official protection.	Anthony (1919) | Garcia & Mancina (2011) | Mancina, Echenique-Diaz et al. (2007) | Morgan (1989, 1994, 2001) | Sanchez et al. (2017) | Silva-Taboada (1979) | Tejedor (2011) | Tejedor, Silva & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2004) | Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005) | Tejedor, Tavares & Silva (2005)	https://zenodo.org/record/6811110/files/figure.png	5. Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat Natalus primus French: Grande Natalide / German: GroRRes Kuba-Trichterohr / Spanish: Natalido mayor de Cuba Taxonomy. Natalus primus Anthony, 1919 , “Daiquiri [= Daiquiri, Santiago de Cuba ], Cuba .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known only from a single locality in W Cuba . Descriptive notes. Ear 20-2-21-2 mm, forearm 46-1-51-2 mm (males) and 47-50-1 mm (females); weight 7-8-12.6 g (males) and 6-10-1 g (females). The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is the largest species of natalid. Pelage is dense and long. Dorsal hairs are bicolored; hair bases are lighter than tips, from drab with fuscous tips to buff with sepia tips; ventral pelage is unicolored. Medial and lateral ear margins are straight, eartip is rounded, and there are four ear pleats. Natalid organ of males is relatively flat and wedge-shaped and extends onto crown. Free margin of uropatagium has sparse fringe of thin hairs; ungual tufts are absent. It has distinctively shaped skull, having especially elongated rostrum with markedly projecting premaxilla. Braincase is greatly inflated, rising gently from rostrum. Premaxilla is not inflated; maxilla dorsal to molars is convex and not inflated; palate is present between pterygoids; caudal margins of maxilla in ventral view are almost perpendicular with longitudinal axis of skull; basisphenoid pits are deep and steep-sided; mesostylar crest is present on third molar. Habitat. Karst plain covered in semideciduous dry forest at an elevation of 16 m . The only known extant population of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat inhabits one cave, Cueva La Barca, in westernmost Cuba . Cueva La Barca has several warm and humid chambers where temperatures remain near 24-5°C and humidity at 99% and a hot chamber where temperatures are higher at 28-30°C. The Cuban Greater Funneleared Bat usually occupies the warm chambers, roosting along protected, sinuous walls that are farther from entrances. Food and Feeding. The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat feeds on insects, including moths, crickets, small beetles,flying ants, lacewings,flies, leathoppers, and true bugs. The permanent pool in Cueva La Barca might serve as drinking water. Breeding. Pregnant Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found in early May, each carrying a single large embryo, and lactating females in September, suggesting that parturition takes place around July. Activity patterns. The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal. Its flight is extremely slow and highly maneuverable. It shows a greater tendency and ability to fly in highly confined, cluttered spaces than most other bat species except the Cuban Lesser Funnel-eared Bat ( Chilonatalus macer ). Foraging activity of Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats starts after sunset and ends before sunrise, but because of the difficulty of spotting slow low-flying bats in the dark and in complicated terrain, like at the entrance of Cueva La Barca, its exodus has not been observed. No individuals have been seen inside the cave at 22:00-24:00 h suggesting they have left to forage or are using alternate roost sites late at night. Individuals collected early in the morning have full stomachs indicating that foraging activity ends shortly before daybreak. Individuals remain active while roosting during the day, taking flight at the slightest sign of disturbance, but usually some individuals allow extremely close proximity of an observer for a few seconds. If disturbance persists for some minutes, all individuals move to alternative roosting areas of the same or other chambers. When flying inside the cave, the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat alwaysflies extremely close to walls and at c. 1 m from the floor, forming a highly distinctive, continuous stream of individuals along the wall. Individuals taken outside of the cave dehydrate quickly, and their wing membranes become increasingly brittle starting at the wingtips. They can die within a couple of hours if not kept in a protected enclosure. The Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat is a low duty cycle echolocator. Its echolocation calls are composed of three harmonics nearly completely overlapped. Second and third harmonics are entirely frequency-modulated (FM), butfirst harmonic has short constant frequency (CF) component at ¢.73 kHz. Most energy is put into second harmonic, which is 65-115 kHz. Third harmonic is detectable but too faint for measuring. Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat’s FM calls are well suited for precise target location and correspond well with flight behavior close to the ground and within vegetation. Captive individuals are aggressive and frequently attack other bat species, even of larger size, if confined together in a small enclosure. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Given the slow flight of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat and its high susceptibility to dehydration,its foraging range 1s probably small. Cave colony size has been found to be relatively stable over a few years of observation, suggesting that seasonal migrations out of Cueva La Barca are unlikely. Roosting groups scatter on lower parts of walls at c. 1 m from the floor and occasionally on low roofs of wall niches. They hang from one or both feet without ventral contact with substrate and are regularly spaced from each other at distances of c. 10 cm . Eleven other bat species have also been found in Cueva La Barca. Although Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bats have never been observed in mixed-species groups, they do roost adjacent to groups of the Antillean Ghostfaced Bat (Mormoops blainviller) that also often perch along walls. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Visual estimates of the population size of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat in Cueva La Barca range from several hundred to a few thousand individuals. Current population appears to be a relict of a once widespread species that ranged throughout most of Cuba , the Bahamas , and Grand Cayman Island—Ilocalities where it is known from bone remains. Cueva La Barca is located inside Guanahacabibes National Park, but despite the vulnerability of the Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat, it receives no form of official protection. Bibliography. Anthony (1919), Garcia & Mancina (2011), Mancina, Echenique-Diaz et al. (2007), Morgan (1989, 1994, 2001), Sanchez et al. (2017), Silva-Taboada (1979), Tejedor (2011), Tejedor, Silva & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2004), Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005), Tejedor, Tavares & Silva (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Natalidae	Natalus primus	Natalus		primus	Anthony	1919	0	Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.	71:12:00	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Cuba, Oriente, Daiquiri, Cuevos de los Indios.	Cuba, Isle of Pines.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Formerly included in stramineus , but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Natalus primus	23	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	NATALIDAE	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	primus	Anthony	1919	0	Natalus_primus	Anthony, H. E. (1919). Mammals collected in Eastern Cuba in 1917. With descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 642.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1358	AMNH 41009		"Daiquiri [= Daiquirí, Santiago de Cuba], Cuba."			primus Anthony, 1919	NA	NA	Cuba	North America	Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Natalus_primus	0	sciname match	Natalus_primus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136777	Natalus primus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	NATALIDAE	Natalus	primus	Anthony, 1919	This species was formerly included in N. stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989), Morgan and Czaplewski (2003) and Simmons (2005).	20000000	Natalus primus	Vulnerable	D2	2016	2014-10-21 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Vulnerable because it is only known from a single cave (and therefore, one location), with an area of occupancy (AOO) under 20 km<sup>2</sup>, and with a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat that might result in the taxon becoming Critically Endangered or Extinct in a very short time.	This species roosts in caves. It is known from a single cave (Tejedor et al.  2005). This species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals (Tejedor et al . 2005). Copulation in N. primus has been observed to take place in April, and pregnant females of this species have been captured in May (Tejedor et al . 2004). It ;has been found to feed mostly on moths, crickets and beetles, and less frequently on other insect orders: Hymenoptera (Formicidae ), Neuroptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Hemiptera (Tejedor et al . 2004).	Habitat loss and human intrusion in the cave are the main threats (Tejedor et al. 2004, Mancina 2012). In addition the ongoing collapse of the roof of the cave can upset the thermal balance in this hot cave. Climatic changes could also interrupt the thermal cave balance and result in extinction of this species (L. Dávalos pers. comm.)	This species is known from a single cave, probably including a few thousand individuals (Tejedor et al.  2005). Fossil remains suggest a former wider distribution throughout Cuba and Isla de Pinos (Silva-Taboada 1979), the Bahamas and Cayman Islands (Tejedor 2011).	Decreasing	Rediscovered in 1992, this species was previously thought to be extinct. A recent subpopulation of this species is known from one cave on the western tip of Cuba (Tejedor et al.  2004, Mancina 2012), but fossils occur at several sites on Cuba and the Isla de Pinos (Silva Taboada 1979).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	Protecting the cave is the most important priority, this must include limitation of access by non-authorized personnel (Tejedor et al. 2004, Mancina 2012).	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Natalidae	Natalus		primus	Anthony	1919	0	Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.	51:42:00	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Cuba, Oriente, Daiquiri, Cuevos de los Indios.	Cuba, Isle of Pines.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Formerly included in stramineus , but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ).	Natalus primus	1005278	23	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Natalidae	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	primus	Anthony	1919	0	Natalus_primus	Anthony, H. E. (1919). Mammals collected in Eastern Cuba in 1917. With descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 642.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1358	AMNH 41009		"Daiquiri [= Daiquirí, Santiago de Cuba], Cuba."			primus Anthony, 1919	NA	NA				Cuba	North America	Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Natalus_primus	0	sciname match	Natalus_primus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Natalus_primus	1005278	23	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Natalidae	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	primus	H. E. Anthony	0	Natalus primus	Anthony, H.E. 1919-12-30. Mammals collected in eastern Cuba in 1917. With descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41(20):625-643.	https://hdl.handle.net/2246/1358	AMNH M-41009	holotype	http://portal.vertnet.org/o/amnh/mammals?id=urn-catalog-amnh-mammals-m-41009	"Daiquiri [= Daiquirí, Santiago de Cuba], Cuba."			NA	NA				Cuba	North America	Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Natalus_primus	0	sciname match	Natalus_primus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Natalidae	Natalus		primus	Anthony	1919	0	Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.	41(20): 642	Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Cuba, Oriente, Daiquiri, Cuevos de los Indios.	Cuba, Isle of Pines.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136777/22032828/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	Formerly included in stramineus, but clearly distinct from that species; see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003).Also distinct from major and jamaicensis (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Natalus primus; Natalus primus; Natalus primus; Natalus primus; Natalus primus; Natalus primus; primus; Grande Natalide; Gro RRes Kuba-Trichterohr; Natalido mayor de Cuba; Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat; Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat; Cuban Greater Funnel-eared Bat; N. primus