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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L993	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Natalus major	Natalus stramineus [synonym of]	Natalus stramineus [synonym of]	Natalus stramineus [synonym of]	Natalus stramineus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major	Natalus major		[MSW3] Formerly included in stramineus, but see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major, jamaicensis, and stramineus (although note that all were treated as stramineus). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major.; [HMW] Natalus major G. S. Miller, 1902 , “near Savaneta, Santo Domingo ,” Dominican Republic . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in stramineus , but see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major,  jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus ). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .; [IUCN] Formerly included in N. stramineus , see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of N. major , N. jamaicensis , and N. stramineus (although note that they were all treated as N. stramineus ).; [batnames2023] Formerly included in stramineus , but see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major,  jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus ). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in stramineus, but see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major, jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major.														major	Formerly included in N. stramineus , see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of N. major , N. jamaicensis , and N. stramineus (although note that they were all treated as N. stramineus ).			major 	major 			major G. S. Miller, 1902		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola		N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Natalidae			Natalus major	Natalus		major	Miller		1902		Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	54		398		Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat	Dominican Republic, near Savaneta.	Dominican Republic, Haiti.	IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).		Formerly included in stramineus, but see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major, jamaicensis, and stramineus (although note that all were treated as stramineus). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major.	290787FFFFA01876FA30938DE86D303D	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Natalidae_584.pdf.imf	hash://md5/d53eff87ffa41873ffba9505eb7b3516	593	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/29/07/87/290787FFFFA01876FA30938DE86D303D.xml	Natalus major	Natalidae	Natalus	major	G. S. Miller	1902	Natalide d'Hispaniola @fr | Grof3es Hispaniola-Trichterohr @de | Natéalido de La Espanola @es	Natalus major G. S. Miller, 1902 , “near Savaneta, Santo Domingo ,” Dominican Republic . This species is monotypic.	Hispaniola ( Haiti and Dominican Republic ).	Ear 13-18-9 mm, forearm 42-45 mm (males) and 41-1-44-8 mm (females); weight 6-10 g (males) and 5-5-7-6 g (females). Pelage is dense and long; dorsal hairs are bicolored, with buff bases and sepia to tawny-olive tips; ventral pelage is slightly bicolored, with buff bases and pinkish-buff tips, rarely unicolored. There are dense mustache-like hair tufts along lateral margins of upper lip and on dorsum of muzzle; dense, lax, irregularly arranged, and ventrally curved hairs form mustache. Medial ear margin is straight; lateral ear margins are deeply concave; there are 5-6 ear pleats; pinna have markedly pointed tip. Natalid organ of males is relatively flat, elliptical to wedge-shaped, and extends onto crown. Wings are relatively broad and attach to tibia above ankle; free margin of uropatagium has sparse fringe of thin hairs; ungual tufts are absent. Premaxilla is not inflated; maxilla dorsal to molars is convex and not inflated; postorbital region of skull in dorsal view has sides widely diverging rostrally; palate is present between pterygoids; caudal margins of maxilla in ventral view form acute angle with longitudinal axis of skull; basisphenoid pits are shallow; mesostylar crest on third molar is absent.	Wide variety of habitats from semiarid lowland thorn scrub to secondary wet forest at elevations of 0-1000 m. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat roosts in small to very large caves that are always humid and often contain water bodies and hot chambers, where minimal air circulation and decay of bat guano increases temperature to above 30°C. Most caves where Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found have phreatic origin with wide interiors but narrow entrances, including sea caves with floors inundated by high tides; some have fluvial origin and linear passages. On one occasion, the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat was found roosting inside a large hollow tree.	There is no specific information available for this species, but the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is certainly insectivorous.	Young adult Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found in late October suggesting that birth and lactation take place in July-September.	The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal. It begins its foraging activity shortly after sunset and might use night roosts between foraging bouts. At dayroosts, individuals are generallystill, usually tolerating disturbance for long periods. They occasionally can be caught by hand while roosting, but this happens only when a colony has not been disturbed for a long time. On second and third visits, individuals are much more alert and move to alternate roost areas in the cave at the slightest disturbance. While escaping from disturbance, individuals fly very close to the floor and wall of the caves. It dehydrates and dies quickly if taken outside of caves during the day.	The Hispaniolan Greater Funneleared Bat has a very slow and maneuverable flight. While foraging, it probably does not fly very far from its roostsites and uses small home ranges. While roosting, individuals aggregate in loose groups ofless than ten to more than 50 individuals. Individuals hang from one or both feet, without body contact with substrate and mostly keeping distances of c¢. 10 cm between each other. Pairs occasionally are found hanging back to back; whether individuals in such pairs are close relatives or mating partners is not known. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat shares its roosting caves with as many as ten other bat species but has never been found in multispecies groups.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is the most common of Greater Antillean species of Natalus , and it is one of the most frequently encountered bats on Hispaniola. It 1s known from 30 localities of which at least ten have been used as roost sites. In caves, it can form colonies of several hundred individuals. It occurs widely on Hispaniola, especially in the moist north-eastern part of the island. Hispaniola contains large, only marginally explored karst regions with many caves, some of which have protected status in national parks (e.g. Jaragua and Los Haitises). A significant number of these unexplored caves might harbor Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats, and if so,its conservation status might be more adequately regarded as Least Concern. Nevertheless, as with any species restricted to a single island, adequate population assessments need to be undertaken to accurately evaluate status and conservation needs of the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat.	Goodwin (1959b) | Hoyt & Baker (1980) | Miller (1902a) | Tejedor (2011) | Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005) | Tejedor, Tavares & Silva (2005)	https://zenodo.org/record/6811114/files/figure.png	7. Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat Natalus major French: Natalide d'Hispaniola / German: Grof3es Hispaniola-Trichterohr / Spanish: Natéalido de La Espanola Taxonomy. Natalus major G. S. Miller, 1902 , “near Savaneta, Santo Domingo ,” Dominican Republic . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Hispaniola ( Haiti and Dominican Republic ). Descriptive notes. Ear 13-18-9 mm, forearm 42-45 mm (males) and 41-1-44-8 mm (females); weight 6-10 g (males) and 5-5-7-6 g (females). Pelage is dense and long; dorsal hairs are bicolored, with buff bases and sepia to tawny-olive tips; ventral pelage is slightly bicolored, with buff bases and pinkish-buff tips, rarely unicolored. There are dense mustache-like hair tufts along lateral margins of upper lip and on dorsum of muzzle; dense, lax, irregularly arranged, and ventrally curved hairs form mustache. Medial ear margin is straight; lateral ear margins are deeply concave; there are 5-6 ear pleats; pinna have markedly pointed tip. Natalid organ of males is relatively flat, elliptical to wedge-shaped, and extends onto crown. Wings are relatively broad and attach to tibia above ankle; free margin of uropatagium has sparse fringe of thin hairs; ungual tufts are absent. Premaxilla is not inflated; maxilla dorsal to molars is convex and not inflated; postorbital region of skull in dorsal view has sides widely diverging rostrally; palate is present between pterygoids; caudal margins of maxilla in ventral view form acute angle with longitudinal axis of skull; basisphenoid pits are shallow; mesostylar crest on third molar is absent. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from semiarid lowland thorn scrub to secondary wet forest at elevations of 0-1000 m. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat roosts in small to very large caves that are always humid and often contain water bodies and hot chambers, where minimal air circulation and decay of bat guano increases temperature to above 30°C. Most caves where Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found have phreatic origin with wide interiors but narrow entrances, including sea caves with floors inundated by high tides; some have fluvial origin and linear passages. On one occasion, the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat was found roosting inside a large hollow tree. Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is certainly insectivorous. Breeding. Young adult Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats have been found in late October suggesting that birth and lactation take place in July-September. Activity patterns. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal. It begins its foraging activity shortly after sunset and might use night roosts between foraging bouts. At dayroosts, individuals are generallystill, usually tolerating disturbance for long periods. They occasionally can be caught by hand while roosting, but this happens only when a colony has not been disturbed for a long time. On second and third visits, individuals are much more alert and move to alternate roost areas in the cave at the slightest disturbance. While escaping from disturbance, individuals fly very close to the floor and wall of the caves. It dehydrates and dies quickly if taken outside of caves during the day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Hispaniolan Greater Funneleared Bat has a very slow and maneuverable flight. While foraging, it probably does not fly very far from its roostsites and uses small home ranges. While roosting, individuals aggregate in loose groups ofless than ten to more than 50 individuals. Individuals hang from one or both feet, without body contact with substrate and mostly keeping distances of c¢. 10 cm between each other. Pairs occasionally are found hanging back to back; whether individuals in such pairs are close relatives or mating partners is not known. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat shares its roosting caves with as many as ten other bat species but has never been found in multispecies groups. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat is the most common of Greater Antillean species of Natalus , and it is one of the most frequently encountered bats on Hispaniola. It 1s known from 30 localities of which at least ten have been used as roost sites. In caves, it can form colonies of several hundred individuals. It occurs widely on Hispaniola, especially in the moist north-eastern part of the island. Hispaniola contains large, only marginally explored karst regions with many caves, some of which have protected status in national parks (e.g. Jaragua and Los Haitises). A significant number of these unexplored caves might harbor Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bats, and if so,its conservation status might be more adequately regarded as Least Concern. Nevertheless, as with any species restricted to a single island, adequate population assessments need to be undertaken to accurately evaluate status and conservation needs of the Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat. Bibliography. Goodwin (1959b), Hoyt & Baker (1980), Miller (1902a), Tejedor (2011), Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005), Tejedor, Tavares & Silva (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Natalidae	Natalus major	Natalus		major	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	60:38:00	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Dominican Republic, near Savaneta.	Dominican Republic, Haiti.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Formerly included in stramineus , but see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major,  jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus ). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Natalus major	23	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	NATALIDAE	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	major	G. S. Miller	1902	0	Natalus_major	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1902). Twenty New American Bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 398.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309529	USNM 101395		"near Savaneta, Santo Domingo," Dominican Republic.			major G. S. Miller, 1902	NA	NA	Haiti|Dominican Republic	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Natalus_major	0	sciname match	Natalus_major	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136548	Natalus major	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	NATALIDAE	Natalus	major	Miller, 1902	Formerly included in N. stramineus , see Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of N. major , N. jamaicensis , and N. stramineus (although note that they were all treated as N. stramineus ).	20000000	Natalus major	Near Threatened		2016	2016-05-23 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Near Threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is dependent upon a highly fragile and threatened habitat (caves with very specific requirements). Given the current threats to these caves, and the fact that they seem to be increasing in recent years, it could qualify as Vulnerable under criterion A3c, due to a suspected population decline in the future - ;it is suspected that within the next three generations (approximately 17 years), the population decline will be 20-25%.	This species is found throughout dry areas. Natalus major has been found almost exclusively in caves, the exception being one report of nine individuals (2 females and 7 males) found roosting inside a large hollow tree in semiarid lowlands in the northern Dominican Republic (Timm and Genoways 2003). Its delicate wing membrane is subject to rapid dehydration; thus, this species probably require caves with relative humidity for day time roosts. There is no reproductive information available (Hoyt and Baker 1980). It is insectivorous (Nowak 1999). It probably forages in rather cluttered vegetation and over relatively small home ranges (Tejedor et al. 2004).	Some of the caves where the species is known to roost are subject to modification for touristic activities, as well as for mining exploitation in Dominican Republic (Inchaustegui, pers. comm.). Other known threats come from access to caves for Guano extraction, or mining of caves for material construction (Rodriguez-Duran and Turvey, pers. comm.). This kind of disturbance can affect the suitability of caves for bats.	Natalus major is known from 30 localities of which at least 10 have been roost sites, nine of them caves and one a large hollow tree (Timm and Genoways 2003). The caves where N. major has been found range from small to very large, are always humid, and often contain ;hot chambers and bodies of water. The species roosts in loose groups of less than 10 to more than 50 individuals, occupying areas of low ceilings or cave ;walls; roosting colonies may reach a few hundred ;individuals (Tejedor 2011). ;It may be locally common in specific areas (Hoyt and Baker 1980).	Decreasing	This species is known from Hispaniola, including both Dominican Republic, and Haiti (Simmons 2005, Tejedor 2011).		Terrestrial	Considering that this species is restricted to Hispaniola, adequate population assessments should be undertaken to evaluate its potential conservation needs (Tejedor 2011), as well as further awareness on the protection of caves.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Natalidae	Natalus		major	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	60:38:00	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Dominican Republic, near Savaneta.	Dominican Republic, Haiti.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Formerly included in stramineus , but see Morgan (1989 b ) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major,  jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus ). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959 b ) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .	Natalus major	1005276	23	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Natalidae	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	major	G. S. Miller	1902	0	Natalus_major	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1902). Twenty New American Bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 398.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309529	USNM 101395		"near Savaneta, Santo Domingo," Dominican Republic.			major G. S. Miller, 1902	NA	NA				Haiti|Dominican Republic	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Natalus_major	0	sciname match	Natalus_major	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Natalus_major	1005276	23	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Natalidae	NA	NA	Natalus	NA	major	G. S. Miller	0	Natalus major	Miller, G.S., Jr. 1902-09-12. Twenty new American bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 54(2):389-412.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309529	USNM:MAMM:101395	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/384191153-485d-4720-a897-c1f390e7c519	"near Savaneta, Santo Domingo," Dominican Republic.			NA	NA				Haiti|Dominican Republic	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Natalus_major	0	sciname match	Natalus_major	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Natalidae	Natalus		major	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	54(1902): 398	Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat	None.	Dominican Republic, near Savaneta.	Dominican Republic, Haiti.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136548/21992984/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	Formerly included in stramineus, but see Morgan (1989b) and Morgan and Czaplewski (2003), although also see Timm and Genoways(2003). Does not include jamaicensis or primus (A. Tejedor, pers. comm.). See Arroyo-Cabrales et al. (1997), who reviewedgenetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major, jamaicensis, and stramineus (although notethat all were treated as stramineus). Reviewed by Goodwin (1959b) and Hoyt and Baker (1980), but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Natalus major; Natalus major; Natalus major; Natalus major; Natalus major; Natalus major; major; Natalide d'Hispaniola; Grof3es Hispaniola-Trichterohr; Natéalido de La Espanola; Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat; Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat; Hispaniolan Greater Funnel-eared Bat; N. major