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authorityParentheses originalNameCombination authoritySpeciesCitation authoritySpeciesLink typeVoucher typeKind typeVoucherURIs typeLocality typeLocalityLatitude typeLocalityLongitude taxonomyNotes taxonomyNotesCitation distributionNotes distributionNotesCitation subregionDistribution countryDistribution continentDistribution biogeographicRealm iucnStatus extinct domestic flagged CMW_sciName diffSinceCMW MSW3_matchtype MSW3_sciName diffSinceMSW3 docOrigin_batnames2025 Family Genus Subgenus Species Author Date Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses) Citation Pages Common Name Synonyms Type Locality Distribution CITES IUCN Comments column3781 column3791 subtribe CONCAT_ALTNAMES line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L981 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata [MSW3] Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) have argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously (e.g., by Hill and Daniel, 1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon.; [HMW] Mystacina tuberculata J. E. Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843, “ New Zealand .” Three subspecies recognized based on morphological characteristics, but they are not well supported based on molecular evidence.; [batnames2022] Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006).; [IUCN] There are three subspecies and five evolutionary significant units (ESUs) recognized by the New Zealand Bat Recovery Group and the New Zealand Department of Conservation (Lloyd 2003a,b; O’Donnell et al. 2018).; [batnames2023] Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006).; [batnames2025_1.7] Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006). aupourica, rhyacobia, velutina. tuberculata aupourica, rhyacobia, velutina tuberculata, aupourica, rhyacobia tuberculata tuberculata - aupourica, rhyacobia, velutina tuberculata, velutina, aupourica, rhyacobia There are three subspecies and five evolutionary significant units (ESUs) recognized by the New Zealand Bat Recovery Group and the New Zealand Department of Conservation (Lloyd 2003a,b; O’Donnell et al. 2018). tuberculata tuberculata - aupourica, rhyacobia, velutina tuberculata, velutina, aupourica, rhyacobia novaeseelandiae, tuberculata, velutina, aupourica, rhyacobia tuberculata tuberculata - aupourica, rhyacobia, velutina novaeseelandiae (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|tuberculata J. E. Gray, 1843|velutina F. W. Hutton, 1872 [fully suppressed | nomen novum]|aupourica J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985|rhyacobia J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985 Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp. New Zealand short-tailed New Zealand, Stewart I bat Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp. Mystacina tuberculata New Zealand. Gray 1843 Voy. "Sulphur," Zool., p. 23. Distribution: Same as for genus. Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5 New Zealand lesser shorttailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) New Zealand; Solomon I, Big South Cape I, Codfish I, Jacky Lee I; V New Zealand lesser-short tailed bat Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp. Gray 1843 Mammalia, in Voy. "Sulphur," Zool., p. 23. New Zealand. New Zealand. GRAY 1843 Size relatively small (forearm length, 40-46 mm; condylobasal length, 17-20 mm). Ears relatively long. Distribution: Same as for genus. Three subspecies are currently recognized, all occurring on North island, but only M. t. tuberculata occurring on South island. 135 species M. tuberculata GRAY 1843 Mystacina genus Mystacina tuberculata Size relatively small (forearm length, 40-46 mm; condylobasal length, 17-20 mm). Ears relatively long. Three subspecies are currently recognized, all occurring on North island, but only M. t. tuberculata occurring on South island. 1. M. tuberculata GRAY 1843. 1 NA Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). CHIROPTERA Mystacinidae Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Gray 1843 Mammalia, in Voy. "Sulphur," Zool. 23 New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat New Zealand. New Zealand. IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable. aupourica Hill and Daniel, 1985; rhyacobia Hill and Daniel, 1985; velutina Hutton, 1872 [see comments]. Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) have argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously (e.g., by Hill and Daniel, 1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. 61143626C158FFE5FF33F68CFD65FC06 Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 978-84-16728-19-0 hbmw_9_Mystacinidae_394.pdf.imf hash://md5/9d2d4e5ec159ffe7ff80f125ff8dffff 402 zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/61/14/36/61143626C158FFE5FF33F68CFD65FC06.xml Mystacina tuberculata Mystacinidae Mystacina tuberculata J. E. Gray 1843 Petite Mystacine @fr | Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus @de | Murciélagoneozelandés pequeno @es | New ZealandLesser Short-tailed Bat; Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat @en Mystacina tuberculata J. E. Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843, “ New Zealand .” Three subspecies recognized based on morphological characteristics, but they are not well supported based on molecular evidence. M.t.tuberculataJ.E.Gray,1843—SNorthIsland,SouthIsland,andCodfishI,NewZealand. M.t.aupouricaHill&:Daniel,1985-NNorthIslandandoffshoreLittleBarrierI,NewZealand. M. t. rhyacobia Hill & Daniel, 1985 — C North Island, NewZealand. Total length with tail folded up 60-70 mm (plus ¢. 20 mm for uropatagium), tail c. 7 mm , ear 17-4-19-1 mm, hindfoot ¢c. 6 mm , forearm 36-9-46-9 mm; weight 10-22 g (pre-feeding). Body weight of female Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats increases by ¢.35% during late pregnancy. Wingspans are 280-300 mm. Slight sexual dimorphism occurs in some populations, with females either heavier (4-3%) or heavier and possessing longer forearms (0-9%); some populations are monomorphic. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-3-19-1 mm. Pelage is brown (darker on dorsal surface than ventral) and covers body and head; ears, nose, wings, legs, andtail are bare. Skin is gray-brown. Nostrils are raised and cylindrical. Large basal talons on toes and thumb, reduced propatagium, and thickened proximal wing membranes aid in terrestrial locomotion. Males have permanently internal testes andlack bacula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 60. Large tracts of pristine, native forests from sealevel to high elevations. Native vegetationis required for roosting sites of Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats, including large native trees for communal roosts. They will sometimes forage over grassland, open scrub, exotic pine plantations, rural gardens, andcliff faces and will fly across largetracts (c. 2 km ) of grassland to reach foraging grounds. Historically, Lesser NewZealand Short-tailed Bats roosted in caves and burrows, but modern roosts have only been documented in trees and vegetation. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats eat arthropods, fruit, nectar, and pollen, with a flexible diet that is largely dictated bylocal and seasonal food availabilities. There is some evidence of feeding on ferns and fungi. Arthropods are pursued via aerial-hawking, surface gleaning, andterrestrial locomotion on the forest floor. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats have several adaptations to nectarivory, including a gap in front teeth to extend papillated tongue. They are important pollinators and seed dispersers of a numberofnative plant species, including the endemic native woodrose Dactylanthus taylorii ( Balanophoraceae ). Male Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats pursuea lek-breeding strategy when population densities are high, vocalizing nightly from singing roosts clustered around communal roosts used by females. Singing begins as early as September, peaking in January-February. Twoto five males share somesinging roosts in apparent longterm coalitions. Song output scales negatively with male size, and “timeshare” males are larger than solitary males. Smaller males appear to have higher paternity success. Females mate with males within their singing roosts, and vaginal plugs are formed during mating. Following mating, there is a delayin fertilization, implantation, or development. Females are monoestrous, giving birth once per year in December—January. Births are usually synchronized, taking place within a week ofeach other, and usually occurin a single communal roost selected as the maternity roost by the population (or young are carried to the maternity roost by the motherif born elsewhere). Females generally give birth to one young, although twins are possible. Young are hairless and c.5b g when born and arefully furred and volant by four weeks old. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats are active nightly 21-150 minutes after sunset, with activitylevels positively correlated with temperature and rainfall in winter, but uncorrelated with temperature in summer. Activity can be punctuated by periods of night roosting, depending on the population and moon phase. Individuals usually return to communal roosts within 30 minutes of the beginning of twilight. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats might use torpor daily and seasonally depending on food availabilities and daytime temperatures. They are generally active nightly even in subzero temperatures in winter. Wing morphology suggests high maneuverability and facilitates flying in cluttered environments, gleaning prey from surfaces, and ability to takeoff from the ground without sacrificing flight speed, estimated as high as 60 km /h. The Lesser New Zealand Shorttailed Bat is oneofthe most gregarious tree-roosting bats in the world, with communal roost trees containing thousands ofindividuals. Communal roosts are largest in spring and summer, and most individuals roosting alone in winter. Populations generally inhabit several communal roosts within their home range simultaneously, although coordinatedroost switching does occur, with all individuals leaving a single communal roost and inhabiting a new one overnight. Generally, individuals switch communal roosts every few days, although some communal roosts can be used continuously for months at a time. Many individuals also have solitary roosts that can be inhabited periodically year-round. Home range sizes vary among individuals and populations and are 0-05-62-2 km?*. Individuals can travel more than 10 km to reach nightly foraging grounds. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies aupourica, rhyacobia, and tuberculata are listed as “Nationally Vulnerable,” “Declining,” and “Recovering,” respectively, by the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It is estimated that there are currently fewer than 50,000 Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats in 13 known populations. Modern threats are competition and predation from introduced pests such as rats, feral cats, possums, and wasps. Pest management programs appear to be essential for the recovery and continued survival of the Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat. Arkins et al. (1999) | Bickham et al. (1980) | Borkin & Parsons (2010a) | Carter & Riskin (2006) | Christie (2006) | Christie & Simpson (2006) | Czenze et al. (2017a, 2017b) | Daniel (1976, 1979, 1990b) | Ecroyd (1996) | Gray (1843b) | Hill & Daniel (1985) | Jones et al. (2003) | Kunz & Lumsden (2003) | Lloyd (2001, 2003, 2005a) | O'Donnell (2008b) | O'Donnell, Borkin et al. (2018) | O'Donnell, Christie et al. (1999) | Peterson et al. (2006) | Sedgeley (2001a, 2003, 2006) | Toth & Parsons (2018) | Toth, Cummings et al. (2015) | Toth, Dennis et al. (2015) | Toth, Santure et al. (2018) | Winnington (1999) https://zenodo.org/record/6418935/files/figure.png 1. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Mystacina tuberculata French: Petite Mystacine / German: Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago neozelandés pequeno Other common names: New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat; Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat (aupourica), Southern Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat (tuberculata) , Volcanic Plateau Lesser New Zealand Shorttailed Bat (rhyacobia) Taxonomy. Mystacina tuberculata J. E. Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843, “ New Zealand .” Three subspecies recognized based on morphological characteristics, but they are not well supported based on molecular evidence. Subspecies and Distribution. M.t.tuberculataJ.E.Gray,1843—SNorthIsland,SouthIsland,andCodfishI,NewZealand. M.t.aupouricaHill&:Daniel,1985-NNorthIslandandoffshoreLittleBarrierI,NewZealand. M. t. rhyacobia Hill & Daniel, 1985 — C North Island, NewZealand. Descriptive notes. Total length with tail folded up 60-70 mm (plus ¢. 20 mm for uropatagium), tail c. 7 mm , ear 17-4-19-1 mm, hindfoot ¢c. 6 mm , forearm 36-9-46-9 mm; weight 10-22 g (pre-feeding). Body weight of female Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats increases by ¢.35% during late pregnancy. Wingspans are 280-300 mm. Slight sexual dimorphism occurs in some populations, with females either heavier (4-3%) or heavier and possessing longer forearms (0-9%); some populations are monomorphic. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-3-19-1 mm. Pelage is brown (darker on dorsal surface than ventral) and covers body and head; ears, nose, wings, legs, andtail are bare. Skin is gray-brown. Nostrils are raised and cylindrical. Large basal talons on toes and thumb, reduced propatagium, and thickened proximal wing membranes aid in terrestrial locomotion. Males have permanently internal testes andlack bacula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 60. Habitat. Large tracts of pristine, native forests from sealevel to high elevations. Native vegetationis required for roosting sites of Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats, including large native trees for communal roosts. They will sometimes forage over grassland, open scrub, exotic pine plantations, rural gardens, andcliff faces and will fly across largetracts (c. 2 km ) of grassland to reach foraging grounds. Historically, Lesser NewZealand Short-tailed Bats roosted in caves and burrows, but modern roosts have only been documented in trees and vegetation. Food and Feeding. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats eat arthropods, fruit, nectar, and pollen, with a flexible diet that is largely dictated bylocal and seasonal food availabilities. There is some evidence of feeding on ferns and fungi. Arthropods are pursued via aerial-hawking, surface gleaning, andterrestrial locomotion on the forest floor. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats have several adaptations to nectarivory, including a gap in front teeth to extend papillated tongue. They are important pollinators and seed dispersers of a numberofnative plant species, including the endemic native woodrose Dactylanthus taylorii ( Balanophoraceae ). Breeding. Male Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats pursuea lek-breeding strategy when population densities are high, vocalizing nightly from singing roosts clustered around communal roosts used by females. Singing begins as early as September, peaking in January-February. Twoto five males share somesinging roosts in apparent longterm coalitions. Song output scales negatively with male size, and “timeshare” males are larger than solitary males. Smaller males appear to have higher paternity success. Females mate with males within their singing roosts, and vaginal plugs are formed during mating. Following mating, there is a delayin fertilization, implantation, or development. Females are monoestrous, giving birth once per year in December—January. Births are usually synchronized, taking place within a week ofeach other, and usually occurin a single communal roost selected as the maternity roost by the population (or young are carried to the maternity roost by the motherif born elsewhere). Females generally give birth to one young, although twins are possible. Young are hairless and c.5b g when born and arefully furred and volant by four weeks old. Activity patterns. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats are active nightly 21-150 minutes after sunset, with activitylevels positively correlated with temperature and rainfall in winter, but uncorrelated with temperature in summer. Activity can be punctuated by periods of night roosting, depending on the population and moon phase. Individuals usually return to communal roosts within 30 minutes of the beginning of twilight. Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats might use torpor daily and seasonally depending on food availabilities and daytime temperatures. They are generally active nightly even in subzero temperatures in winter. Wing morphology suggests high maneuverability and facilitates flying in cluttered environments, gleaning prey from surfaces, and ability to takeoff from the ground without sacrificing flight speed, estimated as high as 60 km /h. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lesser New Zealand Shorttailed Bat is oneofthe most gregarious tree-roosting bats in the world, with communal roost trees containing thousands ofindividuals. Communal roosts are largest in spring and summer, and most individuals roosting alone in winter. Populations generally inhabit several communal roosts within their home range simultaneously, although coordinatedroost switching does occur, with all individuals leaving a single communal roost and inhabiting a new one overnight. Generally, individuals switch communal roosts every few days, although some communal roosts can be used continuously for months at a time. Many individuals also have solitary roosts that can be inhabited periodically year-round. Home range sizes vary among individuals and populations and are 0-05-62-2 km?*. Individuals can travel more than 10 km to reach nightly foraging grounds. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies aupourica, rhyacobia, and tuberculata are listed as “Nationally Vulnerable,” “Declining,” and “Recovering,” respectively, by the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It is estimated that there are currently fewer than 50,000 Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bats in 13 known populations. Modern threats are competition and predation from introduced pests such as rats, feral cats, possums, and wasps. Pest management programs appear to be essential for the recovery and continued survival of the Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat. Bibliography. Arkins et al. (1999), Bickham et al. (1980), Borkin & Parsons (2010a), Carter & Riskin (2006), Christie (2006), Christie & Simpson (2006), Czenze et al. (2017a, 2017b), Daniel (1976, 1979, 1990b), Ecroyd (1996), Gray (1843b), Hill & Daniel (1985), Jones et al. (2003), Kunz & Lumsden (2003), Lloyd (2001, 2003, 2005a), O'Donnell (2008b), O'Donnell, Borkin et al. (2018), O'Donnell, Christie et al. (1999), Peterson et al. (2006), Sedgeley (2001a, 2003, 2006), Toth & Parsons (2018), Toth, Cummings et al. (2015), Toth, Dennis et al. (2015), Toth, Santure et al. (2018), Winnington (1999). Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022. Mystacinidae Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina tuberculata Gray 1843 0 In Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand 0.2892 New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat aupourica Hill and Daniel, 1985; rhyacobia Hill and Daniel, 1985; velutina Hutton, 1872 [see comments] New Zealand New Zealand Not listed. Vulnerable Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006). Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023 Mystacina tuberculata 23 Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Southern Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Volcanic Plateau Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA VESPERTILIONIFORMES NA NA NOCTILIONOIDEA MYSTACINIDAE NA NA Mystacina NA tuberculata J. E. Gray 1843 0 "New Zealand." tuberculata J. E. Gray, 1843|velutina Hutton, 1872|aupourica J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985|rhyacobia J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985 NA NA New Zealand Oceania Oceania VU 0 0 0 Mystacina_tuberculata 0 sciname match Mystacina_tuberculata 0 IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. 14261 Mystacina tuberculata ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CHIROPTERA MYSTACINIDAE Mystacina tuberculata Gray, 1843 There are three subspecies and five evolutionary significant units (ESUs) recognized by the New Zealand Bat Recovery Group and the New Zealand Department of Conservation (Lloyd 2003a,b; O’Donnell et al. 2018). 20000000 Mystacina tuberculata Vulnerable A4bce 2021 2020-10-15 00:00:00 UTC 3.1 English Mystacina tuberculata is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion A4bce as its population and number of mature individuals is expected to continue to decline by 30–35% over three generations (generation length = 4 years; three generations = 12 years), including some estimated reduction in the past and projected reduction in the future (2012–2024). This species' population is severely fragmented and there are 12 geographically separated subpopulations remaining. Of 15 subpopulations known before 2000, three appear to have disappeared (Oparara, Tararua and Mamaku Plateau), the status of four subpopulations are uncertain because there are few recent sightings and no recent surveys (Waitotara-Tahupo, Raukumara, Kaimanawa, North Taranaki-Waitaanga), and two subpopulations appear to be very small (<200 bats) (Murchison Mountains, Omahuta-Puketi, O’Donnell et al. 2018, R. Jackson pers. comm.). Less than half the current subpopulations are subject to some conservation management, and it is estimated that unmanaged populations are declining by 1% per annum due to the loss of forest habitat and invasive species (O’Donnell et al. 2010). The remaining six populations are now being managed effectively and are stable or increasing (Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, Hauturu/Little Barrier Island, Whirinaki, Rangataua and Pureora forests (North Island) and Eglinton Valley (South Island) (S. Willis, M. Pryde, A. Beath pers.comm., O’Donnell et al. 2011, Edmonds et al. 2017). There is a continuing decline in its extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat, number of locations and subpopulations, and the number of mature individuals. Lesser Short-tailed Bats are associated with old-growth temperate forest, with large trees available for colonial roosts, abundant epiphytes and deep leaf-litter (Parsons and Toft 2021). Colonial breeding trees per colony number only 20–30 (Sedgeley 2003, 2006; Christie and O’Donnell 2015). These roosts have very specific physical and microhabitat characteristics, which are now very rare in New Zealand forests because of the history of logging (Sedgeley 2003, 2006). The species has been recorded at low numbers in logged forest, shrubland, pine plantations, and farmland in areas adjacent to unlogged old-growth forest (Parsons and Toft 2021). Although the species primarily roosts in tree cavities, there are records of the species using caves for roosting (Parsons and Toft 2021). Lesser Short-tailed Bats are primarily insectivorous but also consume nectar, pollen, and fruit (Parsons and Toft 2021). Lesser short-tailed bats undergo periods of torpor and seasonal hibernation (Czenze et al. 2016, 2017). The species uses a lek mating system (Toth et al. 2018.). Females annually give birth to a single young (Parsons and Toft 2021). The species is non-migratory and the colonies have large home ranges (ca 150 km², Christie and O’Donnell 2015). Old-growth roost trees are very important to the species. Lesser Short-tailed Bats are thought to have declined through forest clearance following human settlement of New Zealand. Predation by introduced stoats and rats (Ship Rats, Pacific Rats) has also been, and continues to be, a major threat to this species (O’Donnell et al. 2010). This is evident from the increase in bats on Codfish Island following the removal of Pacific rats, as well as increases in the Eglinton Valley following the initiation of comprehensive rat and stoat control (O’Donnell et al. 2011, Edmonds et al. 2017). Stoats and rats are also known to visit colonial roosts and are suspected as the reason for the critical status of the Northland subpopulation in areas where no logging has occurred. Furthermore, these bats disappeared from the southern Titi Islands when ship rats were introduced. In addition, feral cats have been identified as predators, deep into the forest. In one instance, a feral cat killed >100 short-tailed bats before it was trapped (Scrimgeour et al. 2012). Populations of this species also appear to be minimally impacted by poisoning through consumption of bait distributed in New Zealand forests to control invasive vertebrate species, and also through secondary poisoning resulting from consumption of invertebrates that have fed on poisoned bait (O’Donnell et al. 2011, Edmonds et al. 2017, Dennis and Gartrell 2015). Large numbers have been recorded in several unlogged old-growth forests (Parsons and Toft 2021). The largest colony count was 8,412 bats (including young of the year) from a managed site (Rangataua) in 2019 (A. Beath 2019). Maximum counts from known colonies sum to >24,535 individuals (post 2000). These largely reflect increasing numbers in six subpopulations that are being actively managed (Whenua Hou/Codfish Island >2,000, Hauturu/Little Barrier Island (>2,000), Whirinaki (>5,146), Rangataua >8,412, Pureora >960, Eglinton Valley >29,47). Annual survival of ca 50% without predator control in the Eglinton Valley would have been catastrophic if unmanaged. However, since predator control was initiated, numbers have steadily increased from ca 400 to >3,000 (R. Jackson pers. comm., Edmonds et al. 2017). The remaining nine subpopulations (60%) known prior to 2000 have now either disappeared, are very small and/or are declining. They are largely unmanaged are likely to be declining (>30% over three generations, O’Donnell 2010), Thus, overall, the population is suspected to still be declining. The geographic range of the species is now very limited. Colony home ranges span ca 150 km² apiece (O'Donnell et al. 1999, Christie and O’Donnell 2015). Within these, the range covering the core roosting/breeding sites are much smaller (17 ha in one study; Christie and O’Donnell 2015). Colonial breeding trees per colony number only 20–30, and they have very specific physical and microhabitat characteristics, which are now very rare in New Zealand forests because of the history of logging (Sedgeley 2003, 2006). Decreasing New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat is endemic to New Zealand where it was once widespread on North Island, South Island and several offshore islands. It now occupies less than 30% of its historical geographic range (C. O'Donnell pers. comm.). The species is currently distributed on North Island in the Omahuta-Puketi Forest, in Northland, and throughout tracts of indigenous forest remnants ranging from Taranaki to East Cape (Parsons and Toft 2021). On South Island, populations are now only known from the Eglinton Valley and Murchison Mountains (R. Jackson pers. comm., Edmonds et al. 2017). Large populations of this species are also present on the offshore islands of Hauturu/Little Barrier Island and Whenua Hou/Codfish Island (Parsons and Toft 2021). Lesser Short-tailed Bats range from close to sea level to the upper altitudinal limits of forest cover (Parsons and Toft 2021). Terrestrial Mystacina tuberculata is protected by New Zealand's Wildlife Act of 1953. Conservation is occurring using guidance from a national Bat Recovery Plan (Molloy 1995), with ongoing assessments and annual work plans being co-ordinated by the national Bat Recovery Group (O’Donnell 2009). Management includes eradications of introduced predators from offshore islands (rats have already been eliminated from islands containing two large offshore populations), predator control at mainland sites (this is just beginning), habitat protection, trial translocations to new habitats, and general advocacy. This species occurs in a number of protected areas. More research is needed to determine the area of occupancy for the species. There are three subspecies and five evolutionary significant units (ESUs) recognised by the New Zealand Bat Recovery Group and the New Zealand Department of Conservation (Lloyd 2003a,b). The national (non-IUCN) listings for these populations are as follows (O’Donnell et al . 2018): Australasian FALSE FALSE Global Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 Mystacinidae Mystacina tuberculata Gray 1843 0 In Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand 0.289155 New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat aupourica Hill and Daniel, 1985; rhyacobia Hill and Daniel, 1985; velutina Hutton, 1872 [see comments] New Zealand New Zealand Not listed. Vulnerable Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006). Mystacina tuberculata 1004869 23 Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Southern Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Volcanic Plateau Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA VESPERTILIONIFORMES NA NA NOCTILIONOIDEA Mystacinidae NA NA Mystacina NA tuberculata J. E. Gray 1843 0 "New Zealand." tuberculata J. E. Gray, 1843|velutina Hutton, 1872|aupourica J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985|rhyacobia J. Edwards Hill & Daniel, 1985 NA NA New Zealand Oceania Oceania VU 0 0 0 Mystacina_tuberculata 0 sciname match Mystacina_tuberculata 0 Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393 Mystacina_tuberculata 1004869 23 Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Southern Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat|Volcanic Plateau Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Yangochiroptera NA NA Noctilionoidea Mystacinidae NA NA Mystacina NA tuberculata J. E. Gray 0 Mystacina tuberculata Gray, J.E. 1843. _Vespertilio tuberculatus_, p. 181. P. 296 in Dieffenbach, E. (eds.). Travels in New Zealand; with contributions to the geography, geology, botany, and natural history of that country. Vol. II. John Murray, London, 396 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20760273 lost (number not known) syntypes "New Zealand." NA NA New Zealand Oceania (Continent) Australasia VU 0 0 0 Mystacina_tuberculata 0 sciname match Mystacina_tuberculata 0 Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586 Mystacinidae Mystacina tuberculata Gray 1843 0 In Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand 0.289155 New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat aupourica Hill and Daniel, 1985; rhyacobia Hill and Daniel, 1985; velutina Hutton, 1872 [see comments] New Zealand New Zealand Not Listed Vulnerable Mayer et al. (1999) and Mayer and Kirsch (2000) argued that the correct name for this species is velutina Hutton, 1872. However, Spencer and Lee (1999, 2000) disagreed, and filed a petition with the International Commission on Zoological Nomeclature to conserve tuberculata as the name for this species. This petition was upheld in Opinion 1994 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002), which conserved tuberculata Gray, 1843 as the name for this species and which placed velutina Hutton, 1872 on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Subspecies limits recognized previously by Hill and Daniel (1985) do not correspond to observed patterns of genetic variation (Lloyd, 2003); accordingly no subspecies are recognized here pending a thorough revision of this taxon. See also Carter and Riskin (2006). Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505 NA Mystacina tuberculata; Mystacina tuberculata; Mystacina tuberculata; Mystacina tuberculata; Mystacina tuberculata; Mystacina tuberculata; aupourica; rhyacobia; velutina; tuberculata; aupourica; rhyacobia; aupourica; rhyacobia; velutina; tuberculata; velutina; aupourica; rhyacobia; Petite Mystacine; Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus; Murciélagoneozelandés pequeno; New ZealandLesser Short-tailed Bat; Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat; Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat; Kauri Forest Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat; Southern Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat; Volcanic Plateau Lesser New Zealand Short-tailed Bat; New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat; New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat; M. tuberculata