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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L958	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Myotis keenii [synonym of]	Myotis keenii [synonym of]	Myotis keenii [synonym of]	Myotis keenii septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis septentrionalis		[MSW3] Formerly included in keenii, but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).; [HMW] Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis Trouessart, 1897 , Halifax, Nova Scota, Canada . Subgenus Pizonyx (50 species); lucifugus species group (16 species). See Submyotodon latirostris . Myotis 1s the most speciose genus of bats with 127 species recognized here and new species being recognized regularly. Taxonomic history of subgenera under Myotis is complex, and separate subgenera have been recognized based solely on morphology, notably Myotis (typical mouse-eared myotis ), Leuconoe (large-footed myotis ), and Selysius (whiskered myotis ). Other subgenera include Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and African endemic myotis ), Pizonyx (only M. vivesi ), and Rickettia (only M. ricketti , now known as M. pilosus ), although these were often included under different subgenera or as distinct genera. Following several genetic studies, the three traditionally recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Instead, genetic data suggest there are two major clades in the genus Myotis , one in the New World (with two species from the Old World) and the other in the Old World. These can be broadly grouped into three subgenera, with Pizonyx being the oldest name available for the New World clade. In the Old World, two sister subgenera are recognized here: Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and endemically African species) and Myotis (all other Old World forms). Traditionally recognized subgenera Leuconoe and Selysius are included under the subgenus Myotis as synonyms for now. Within subgenera, species groups have been defined here primarily based on genetic data, but exact species composition of these groups is debatable. The New World lucifugus , ruber , vivesi , and albescens species groups along with the Old World brandtii species group are included in Pizonyx, and in the Old World, alcathoe , dasycneme , mystacinus , muricola , montivagus , capaccinu, siligorensis , horsfieldii , macrodactylus , daubentonii , and myotis species groups are recognized under the subgenus Myotis ; subgenus Chrysopteron does not have any species groups. Genus Cistugo has often been included as a synonym of Myotis or as a genus within Myotinae , but following recent genetic and morphological studies, it has been moved to its own family sister to Vespertilionidae , Cistugidae . In 1958, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature fixed the gender of Myotis to masculine. Myotis septentrionalis appears to be most closely related to M. auriculus . It has been included under M. keenii as a subspecies, but morphology and genetic data support their distinct specific status. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in keenii , but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).; [IUCN] Formerly included in keenii , but see Caceres and Barclay (2000).; [batnames2023] Formerly included in keenii , but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in keenii, but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).														septentrionalis	Formerly included in keenii , but see Caceres and Barclay (2000).			septentrionalis 	septentrionalis 			septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae		Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis		septentrionalis	Trouessart	y	1897		Catalog. Mammal. Vivent.			131		Northern Myotis	Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax.	E United States and Canada west to British Columbia, E Montana, E Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Panhandle.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).		Formerly included in keenii, but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).	4C3D87E8FF596AE7FA4F97FE18FFBA9D	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	924	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF596AE7FA4F97FE18FFBA9D.xml	Myotis septentrionalis	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	septentrionalis		1897	Murin nordique @fr | Nordamerika-Mausohr @de | Ratonero nérdico @es | Northern Bat @en | Northern Long-eared Bat @en | Northern Long-eared Myotis @en	Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis Trouessart, 1897 , Halifax, Nova Scota, Canada . Subgenus Pizonyx (50 species); lucifugus species group (16 species). See Submyotodon latirostris . Myotis 1s the most speciose genus of bats with 127 species recognized here and new species being recognized regularly. Taxonomic history of subgenera under Myotis is complex, and separate subgenera have been recognized based solely on morphology, notably Myotis (typical mouse-eared myotis ), Leuconoe (large-footed myotis ), and Selysius (whiskered myotis ). Other subgenera include Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and African endemic myotis ), Pizonyx (only M. vivesi ), and Rickettia (only M. ricketti , now known as M. pilosus ), although these were often included under different subgenera or as distinct genera. Following several genetic studies, the three traditionally recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Instead, genetic data suggest there are two major clades in the genus Myotis , one in the New World (with two species from the Old World) and the other in the Old World. These can be broadly grouped into three subgenera, with Pizonyx being the oldest name available for the New World clade. In the Old World, two sister subgenera are recognized here: Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and endemically African species) and Myotis (all other Old World forms). Traditionally recognized subgenera Leuconoe and Selysius are included under the subgenus Myotis as synonyms for now. Within subgenera, species groups have been defined here primarily based on genetic data, but exact species composition of these groups is debatable. The New World lucifugus , ruber , vivesi , and albescens species groups along with the Old World brandtii species group are included in Pizonyx, and in the Old World, alcathoe , dasycneme , mystacinus , muricola , montivagus , capaccinu, siligorensis , horsfieldii , macrodactylus , daubentonii , and myotis species groups are recognized under the subgenus Myotis ; subgenus Chrysopteron does not have any species groups. Genus Cistugo has often been included as a synonym of Myotis or as a genus within Myotinae , but following recent genetic and morphological studies, it has been moved to its own family sister to Vespertilionidae , Cistugidae . In 1958, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature fixed the gender of Myotis to masculine. Myotis septentrionalis appears to be most closely related to M. auriculus . It has been included under M. keenii as a subspecies, but morphology and genetic data support their distinct specific status. Monotypic.	Canada from SW Yukon and S Northwest Territories E to S Quebec , including Nova Scotia and Anticosti and Prince Edwards Is, and C & E USA from E Montana to New England and S to NW Florida, with single records from W Montana, NC Louisiana, and S Texas.	Head-body 40-46 mm , tail 36-43 mm , ear 14-19 mm , hindfoot 7-10 mm , forearm 35-39 mm ; weight 4-11 g . Females are generally larger and heavier than males. Dorsal pelage of the Northern Myotis is variably dark brown, yellowish brown, or blond (hairs with dark bases); venter is whitish or creamy. Bare face is pinkish, and ears and membranes are dark blackish, except for lighter bases of ears. Ears are long, extending past nose when laid forward; tragus is long and narrow, with pointed tip. Calcar is either unkeeled or with indistinct keel. Baculum is short, with knobbed tip and notched and hollowed base, curving upward laterally at base and tip. Wings attach to bases of toes, and feet are relatively large (shorter than in the Gray Myotis , M. grisescens ). Skull is narrow, with relatively long rostrum; skull can be distinguished from that of Keen’s Myotis ( M. keenii ) by greater canine width at cingulum and generally narrower skull. Dental formula for all species of Myotis except M. ridleyi , M. yosseti, and M.. annectans , 1s 12/3, C 1/1. P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 38. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50.	Forested habitats, particularly boreal forests. Northern Myotis tend to prefer foraging in areas with closed canopies and avoid open spaces, including areas with substantial deforestation.	Northern Myotis feed primarily by aerial hawking but can glean prey from substrates, unlike most related species. Its longertail and greater wing area compared with other aerial-hawking myotis species allows it to glean, with more maneuverability during slow flight in cluttered areas. Foraging occurs under forest canopies, above standing water or streams, along paths and roads, and along forest edges. It eats various species of Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , Neuroptera , Diptera , Hemiptera, Homoptera , Hymenoptera , Orthoptera , and Araneae . In some places in its distribution, it primarily eats Lepidoptera and Coleoptera . In Indiana and Missouri , diets contained Lepidoptera (10-4-96% by volume), with smaller amounts of Coleoptera (0-4-64%), Trichoptera (0-54:-5%), Diptera (0-15-3%), and non-flying prey including Araneae and Lepidoptera larvae. Similarly, Lepidoptera (48:8% by volume) and Coleoptera (38:2%) dominated diets in Kentucky , Ohio , and Tennessee , with smaller amounts of Diptera , Hemiptera, Trichoptera , and other insects. Northern Myotis appear to feed opportunistically. They reportedly use calls of katydids to home in on individual insects, but if the katydids are able to identify that a bat is near, they stop calling which causes the bat to give up on finding the katydid. This suggests that bats rely on listening for katydid calls rather than using echolocation.	Northern Myotis mate from late July until September or early October, with more restricted breeding seasons in northern regions. When mating, the male mounts the female from behind and occasionally grabs her neck with his teeth. Females store sperm in their uteri through winter until ovulation occurs in spring. Gestation lasts c.50-60 days; young are born from mid-May to mid-June in the south-eastern part of the distribution and in mid-July in northern part. Females give birth to one young. Lactating females have been caught in mid-June in Missouri , and female with a young was captured in mid-June in Ohio and late June in Missouri . Pregnant females were collected in British Columbia , New York , and Iowa in late June and July. Females appear to wean young after about one month, and young start flying by c.18-21 days old. Volant young have been caught in early August in Missouri and Ohio and as early as July in Iowa and New Hampshire . Oldest wild-banded individual lived to be 18-5 years.	Northern Myotis roost mainly in trees but can be found in or on buildings and caves. Maternity colonies in New Hampshire , Michigan , and British Columbia roosted in tall, old, and early decaying trees, where they were found in crevices, hollows, or under bark. Adult males and non-reproductive females occasionally use caves and buildings as well as typical tree roosts. In autumn (August-September in Ontario ) after breeding, they move from summer roosts to hibernacula, commonly in caves and abandoned mines. They are easily overlooked in hibernacula because they prefer to hibernate deep within caves in crevices. Length of hibernation varies depending on latitude and other environmental factors and can begin in September to early November and last until March, April, or May. Leading up to hibernation in August—-October, weights increase 45% for males and 41% for females. There are two peaks in foraging activity throughout the night, one during first two hours after sunset and anotherjust before sunrise, both of which correspond with peaks in insect activity but there is no significant difference in diet composition between these two foraging bouts. Calls are steep FM sweeps, with high frequency of 126-60 kHz that has shorter duration (c.1 millisecond), broader bandwidth, and lower intensity (78 dB) than other species of Myotis that only forage by aerial hawking. Moths cannot easily detect calls of Northern Myotis , making them easier prey. In Ontario , average start frequency was 126-2 kHz, end frequency was 60-7 kHz, peak frequency was 97-4 kHz, and duration was c.1 millisecond.	Male and female Northern Myotis roost separately, with reproductive females forming small maternity colonies of less than 60 individuals in spring and summer. Males and non-breeding females roost alone or in small groups ofless than ten individuals. They do not move long distances except when foraging and transitioning from summer roosts to hibernacula. When transitioning, they can move as far as 56 km in large swarms. In Ontario , they were the second most common swarming species at Renfrew Mine, making up more than 10% of swarming bats captured. They will return to the same hibernacula in subsequent years but not always sequentially. Northern Myotis generally hibernate with other bat species, particularly the Little Brown Myotis ( M. lucifugus ), the Big Brown Bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ), and the Tricolored Bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ). One of the largest recorded hibernating populations included ¢.300 Northern Myotis and c.1000 Little Brown Myotis in an abandoned mine in Quebec . Northern Myotis occasionally move among hibernacula through winter. In summer, they frequently switch roosts, and individuals will switch among various trees in a cluster of trees. In Michigan , majority of the trees roosts used by females were in 20-ha, females traveled an average of 191 m between roosts, and they switched roosts about every two days. Roost trees in New Hampshire were an average of 602 m from foraging areas. While foraging, they will use night roosts to rest, frequently caves and tree hollows. Home ranges in West Virginia were 65 ha.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Myotis is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act in the USA . It is considerably less common than other species of Nearctic vespertilionids. Its largest threat is White-nose Syndrome caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causing drastic declines in North American bats in eastern parts of the continent. Currently, Northern Myotis species has not been affected as much by the disease as other species of Myotis , but it is expected thatit will experience significant population decline in the future. White-nose Syndrome has been found in 25 of the 37 US states that Northern Myotis occur in. Currently, the best conservation action is stopping the spread of the disease by regulating cavers that can spread the disease on their clothing when working in multiple caves. Prescribed fires do not appear to represent a major threat to Northern Myotis because they seem to do well after fires have occurred. Nevertheless, deforestation is likely a threat in some regions because they rely heavily on old hardwood trees for roosting and foraging. In West Virginia , they were more commonly associated with areas with partial timber harvest and avoided areas that were severely damaged by excessive timber harvesting. Use of chemical and biological insecticides might also be a source of concern becauseit affects their food supply. Disturbances in cave and mine hibernacula and tree roosts are additional threats.	Alves et al. (2014) | Arnold (2007) | Baker & Patton (1967) | Brack & Whitaker (2001) | Brandon (1961) | Broders et al. (2013) | Brown et al. (2007) | Caceres & Barclay (2000) | Crnkovic (2003) | Faure et al. (1993) | Findley (1972) | Foster & Kurta (1999) | Garroway & Broders (2008) | Geluso et al. (2015) | Henderson et al. (2008) | Hendricks (2012) | Hitchcock (1949, 1965) | ter Hofstede et al. (2008) | ICZN (1958) | Johnson, Edwards & Ford (2011) | Johnson, Edwards, Ford & Gates (2009) | Johnson, Ford & Edwards (2012) | Jung et al. (2006) | Krochmal & Sparks (2007) | Krynak (2010) | Lacki, Cox, Dodd & Dickinson (2009) | Lausen etal. (2008) | Lee Yafu & McCracken (2004) | Lowe (2012) | Manning (1993) | Menzel et al. (2002) | Miller, G.S. & Allen (1928) | Miller, L.A. & Treat (1993) | Mills (1971) | Owen et al. (2003) | Park & Broders (2012) | Patriquin et al. (2013) | Platt et al. (2018) | Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003) | Reynolds et al. (2016) | Ruedi et al. (2013) | Sasse & Pekins (1996) | Sasse & Saugey (2008) | Silvis, Ford, Britzke, Beane & Johnson (2012) | Silvis, Ford, Britzke & Johnson (2014) | Solari (2018p) | Stadelmann et al. (2007) | Stein & White (2016) | Timpone et al. (2010) | Whitaker (1972, 1973) | Whitaker & Rissler (1992a, 1992b) | White et al. (2016) | Woodman (1993) | Wund (2006) | van Zyll de Jong (1979, 1984) | van Zyll de Jong & Nagorsen (1994)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398644/files/figure.png	370. Northern Myotis Myotis septentrionalis French: Murin nordique / German: Nordamerika-Mausohr / Spanish: Ratonero nérdico Other common names: Northern Bat , Northern Long-eared Bat , Northern Long-eared Myotis Taxonomy. Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis Trouessart, 1897 , Halifax, Nova Scota, Canada . Subgenus Pizonyx (50 species); lucifugus species group (16 species). See Submyotodon latirostris . Myotis 1s the most speciose genus of bats with 127 species recognized here and new species being recognized regularly. Taxonomic history of subgenera under Myotis is complex, and separate subgenera have been recognized based solely on morphology, notably Myotis (typical mouse-eared myotis ), Leuconoe (large-footed myotis ), and Selysius (whiskered myotis ). Other subgenera include Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and African endemic myotis ), Pizonyx (only M. vivesi ), and Rickettia (only M. ricketti , now known as M. pilosus ), although these were often included under different subgenera or as distinct genera. Following several genetic studies, the three traditionally recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Instead, genetic data suggest there are two major clades in the genus Myotis , one in the New World (with two species from the Old World) and the other in the Old World. These can be broadly grouped into three subgenera, with Pizonyx being the oldest name available for the New World clade. In the Old World, two sister subgenera are recognized here: Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and endemically African species) and Myotis (all other Old World forms). Traditionally recognized subgenera Leuconoe and Selysius are included under the subgenus Myotis as synonyms for now. Within subgenera, species groups have been defined here primarily based on genetic data, but exact species composition of these groups is debatable. The New World lucifugus , ruber , vivesi , and albescens species groups along with the Old World brandtii species group are included in Pizonyx, and in the Old World, alcathoe , dasycneme , mystacinus , muricola , montivagus , capaccinu, siligorensis , horsfieldii , macrodactylus , daubentonii , and myotis species groups are recognized under the subgenus Myotis ; subgenus Chrysopteron does not have any species groups. Genus Cistugo has often been included as a synonym of Myotis or as a genus within Myotinae , but following recent genetic and morphological studies, it has been moved to its own family sister to Vespertilionidae , Cistugidae . In 1958, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature fixed the gender of Myotis to masculine. Myotis septentrionalis appears to be most closely related to M. auriculus . It has been included under M. keenii as a subspecies, but morphology and genetic data support their distinct specific status. Monotypic. Distribution. Canada from SW Yukon and S Northwest Territories E to S Quebec , including Nova Scotia and Anticosti and Prince Edwards Is, and C & E USA from E Montana to New England and S to NW Florida, with single records from W Montana, NC Louisiana, and S Texas. Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-46 mm , tail 36-43 mm , ear 14-19 mm , hindfoot 7-10 mm , forearm 35-39 mm ; weight 4-11 g . Females are generally larger and heavier than males. Dorsal pelage of the Northern Myotis is variably dark brown, yellowish brown, or blond (hairs with dark bases); venter is whitish or creamy. Bare face is pinkish, and ears and membranes are dark blackish, except for lighter bases of ears. Ears are long, extending past nose when laid forward; tragus is long and narrow, with pointed tip. Calcar is either unkeeled or with indistinct keel. Baculum is short, with knobbed tip and notched and hollowed base, curving upward laterally at base and tip. Wings attach to bases of toes, and feet are relatively large (shorter than in the Gray Myotis , M. grisescens ). Skull is narrow, with relatively long rostrum; skull can be distinguished from that of Keen’s Myotis ( M. keenii ) by greater canine width at cingulum and generally narrower skull. Dental formula for all species of Myotis except M. ridleyi , M. yosseti, and M.. annectans , 1s 12/3, C 1/1. P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 38. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50. Habitat. Forested habitats, particularly boreal forests. Northern Myotis tend to prefer foraging in areas with closed canopies and avoid open spaces, including areas with substantial deforestation. Food and Feeding. Northern Myotis feed primarily by aerial hawking but can glean prey from substrates, unlike most related species. Its longertail and greater wing area compared with other aerial-hawking myotis species allows it to glean, with more maneuverability during slow flight in cluttered areas. Foraging occurs under forest canopies, above standing water or streams, along paths and roads, and along forest edges. It eats various species of Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , Neuroptera , Diptera , Hemiptera, Homoptera , Hymenoptera , Orthoptera , and Araneae . In some places in its distribution, it primarily eats Lepidoptera and Coleoptera . In Indiana and Missouri , diets contained Lepidoptera (10-4-96% by volume), with smaller amounts of Coleoptera (0-4-64%), Trichoptera (0-54:-5%), Diptera (0-15-3%), and non-flying prey including Araneae and Lepidoptera larvae. Similarly, Lepidoptera (48:8% by volume) and Coleoptera (38:2%) dominated diets in Kentucky , Ohio , and Tennessee , with smaller amounts of Diptera , Hemiptera, Trichoptera , and other insects. Northern Myotis appear to feed opportunistically. They reportedly use calls of katydids to home in on individual insects, but if the katydids are able to identify that a bat is near, they stop calling which causes the bat to give up on finding the katydid. This suggests that bats rely on listening for katydid calls rather than using echolocation. Breeding. Northern Myotis mate from late July until September or early October, with more restricted breeding seasons in northern regions. When mating, the male mounts the female from behind and occasionally grabs her neck with his teeth. Females store sperm in their uteri through winter until ovulation occurs in spring. Gestation lasts c.50-60 days; young are born from mid-May to mid-June in the south-eastern part of the distribution and in mid-July in northern part. Females give birth to one young. Lactating females have been caught in mid-June in Missouri , and female with a young was captured in mid-June in Ohio and late June in Missouri . Pregnant females were collected in British Columbia , New York , and Iowa in late June and July. Females appear to wean young after about one month, and young start flying by c.18-21 days old. Volant young have been caught in early August in Missouri and Ohio and as early as July in Iowa and New Hampshire . Oldest wild-banded individual lived to be 18-5 years. Activity patterns. Northern Myotis roost mainly in trees but can be found in or on buildings and caves. Maternity colonies in New Hampshire , Michigan , and British Columbia roosted in tall, old, and early decaying trees, where they were found in crevices, hollows, or under bark. Adult males and non-reproductive females occasionally use caves and buildings as well as typical tree roosts. In autumn (August-September in Ontario ) after breeding, they move from summer roosts to hibernacula, commonly in caves and abandoned mines. They are easily overlooked in hibernacula because they prefer to hibernate deep within caves in crevices. Length of hibernation varies depending on latitude and other environmental factors and can begin in September to early November and last until March, April, or May. Leading up to hibernation in August—-October, weights increase 45% for males and 41% for females. There are two peaks in foraging activity throughout the night, one during first two hours after sunset and anotherjust before sunrise, both of which correspond with peaks in insect activity but there is no significant difference in diet composition between these two foraging bouts. Calls are steep FM sweeps, with high frequency of 126-60 kHz that has shorter duration (c.1 millisecond), broader bandwidth, and lower intensity (78 dB) than other species of Myotis that only forage by aerial hawking. Moths cannot easily detect calls of Northern Myotis , making them easier prey. In Ontario , average start frequency was 126-2 kHz, end frequency was 60-7 kHz, peak frequency was 97-4 kHz, and duration was c.1 millisecond. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male and female Northern Myotis roost separately, with reproductive females forming small maternity colonies of less than 60 individuals in spring and summer. Males and non-breeding females roost alone or in small groups ofless than ten individuals. They do not move long distances except when foraging and transitioning from summer roosts to hibernacula. When transitioning, they can move as far as 56 km in large swarms. In Ontario , they were the second most common swarming species at Renfrew Mine, making up more than 10% of swarming bats captured. They will return to the same hibernacula in subsequent years but not always sequentially. Northern Myotis generally hibernate with other bat species, particularly the Little Brown Myotis ( M. lucifugus ), the Big Brown Bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ), and the Tricolored Bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ). One of the largest recorded hibernating populations included ¢.300 Northern Myotis and c.1000 Little Brown Myotis in an abandoned mine in Quebec . Northern Myotis occasionally move among hibernacula through winter. In summer, they frequently switch roosts, and individuals will switch among various trees in a cluster of trees. In Michigan , majority of the trees roosts used by females were in 20-ha, females traveled an average of 191 m between roosts, and they switched roosts about every two days. Roost trees in New Hampshire were an average of 602 m from foraging areas. While foraging, they will use night roosts to rest, frequently caves and tree hollows. Home ranges in West Virginia were 65 ha. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Myotis is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act in the USA . It is considerably less common than other species of Nearctic vespertilionids. Its largest threat is White-nose Syndrome caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causing drastic declines in North American bats in eastern parts of the continent. Currently, Northern Myotis species has not been affected as much by the disease as other species of Myotis , but it is expected thatit will experience significant population decline in the future. White-nose Syndrome has been found in 25 of the 37 US states that Northern Myotis occur in. Currently, the best conservation action is stopping the spread of the disease by regulating cavers that can spread the disease on their clothing when working in multiple caves. Prescribed fires do not appear to represent a major threat to Northern Myotis because they seem to do well after fires have occurred. Nevertheless, deforestation is likely a threat in some regions because they rely heavily on old hardwood trees for roosting and foraging. In West Virginia , they were more commonly associated with areas with partial timber harvest and avoided areas that were severely damaged by excessive timber harvesting. Use of chemical and biological insecticides might also be a source of concern becauseit affects their food supply. Disturbances in cave and mine hibernacula and tree roosts are additional threats. Bibliography. Alves et al. (2014), Arnold (2007), Baker & Patton (1967), Brack & Whitaker (2001), Brandon (1961), Broders et al. (2013), Brown et al. (2007), Caceres & Barclay (2000), Crnkovic (2003), Faure et al. (1993), Findley (1972), Foster & Kurta (1999), Garroway & Broders (2008), Geluso et al. (2015), Henderson et al. (2008), Hendricks (2012), Hitchcock (1949, 1965), ter Hofstede et al. (2008), ICZN (1958), Johnson, Edwards & Ford (2011), Johnson, Edwards, Ford & Gates (2009), Johnson, Ford & Edwards (2012), Jung et al. (2006), Krochmal & Sparks (2007), Krynak (2010), Lacki, Cox, Dodd & Dickinson (2009), Lausen etal. (2008), Lee Yafu & McCracken (2004), Lowe (2012), Manning (1993), Menzel et al. (2002), Miller, G.S. & Allen (1928), Miller, L.A. & Treat (1993), Mills (1971), Owen et al. (2003), Park & Broders (2012), Patriquin et al. (2013), Platt et al. (2018), Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003), Reynolds et al. (2016), Ruedi et al. (2013), Sasse & Pekins (1996), Sasse & Saugey (2008), Silvis, Ford, Britzke, Beane & Johnson (2012), Silvis, Ford, Britzke & Johnson (2014), Solari (2018p), Stadelmann et al. (2007), Stein & White (2016), Timpone et al. (2010), Whitaker (1972, 1973), Whitaker & Rissler (1992a, 1992b), White et al. (2016), Woodman (1993), Wund (2006), van Zyll de Jong (1979, 1984), van Zyll de Jong & Nagorsen (1994).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Myotis septentrionalis	Myotis	Unassigned-Myotis	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1897	1	Catalog. Mammal. Vivent.	p. 131	Northern Myotis	None.	Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax.	E United States and Canada west to British Columbia, E Montana, E Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Panhandle.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Formerly included in keenii , but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Myotis septentrionalis	23	Northern Myotis	Northern Bat|Northern Long-eared Bat|Northern Long-eared Myotis	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1897	1	Vespertilio_gryphus_var._septentrionalis	Trouessart, E. L. (1897). Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium. Berlin, R. Friedlander und Sohn, 1, 131.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124908#page/151/mode/1up	USNM 8188/38663 [lectotype]		Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.			septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)	NA	NA	Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	NT	0	0	0	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	sciname match	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14201	Myotis septentrionalis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Myotis	septentrionalis	(Trouessart, 1897)	Formerly included in keenii , but see Caceres and Barclay (2000).	20000000	Myotis septentrionalis	Near Threatened	A3bce	2018	2018-02-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened because of the wide spread of the white-nose syndrome that is affecting its populations (hibernacula) and might continue as WNS increase its expansion in North America. Despite its presumed large population and occurrence in a number of protected areas, a decline at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category is very likely.	Northern bats are associated with boreal forests. In British Columbia they are found in the wet forests of the interior cedar-hemlock biogeoclimatic zone. In areas of North America and Canada these bats choose maternity roosts in buildings, under loose bark, and in the cavities of trees. Adults, males and females, roost singly or in small groups (less than 10 individuals) in or on buildings, caves or trees. Caves and underground mines are their choice sites for hibernating (Caceres and Barclay 2000). This species feeds on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diprea, Hemiptera, Homoptera, and Hymenoptera; the diet varies between localities and seasons. The Northern Myotis is an opportunistic forager and is probably limited only by the size of the prey (Caceres and Barclay 2000).	Timber harvesting may interfere with these bats' ability to utilize trees for nursery colonies and day roosts. It also may prove detrimental to their foraging habits in forested areas. Use of chemical and biological insecticides is another source of concern affecting their food supply. A less vital, yet very real threat to M. septentrionalis is the disturbance they face in the caves (where recreational "caving" is popular) or mines (which are often closed after being abandoned) where they hibernate. A solution to the problem of disturbance at hibernacula is to put up gates that permit the bats to pass while excluding humans (Thomas 1993). Recently, the white-nose syndrome (WNS) has become a major threat for this and other North American bats (Alves et al . 2014). Although the impact on its populations has been already recorded, with a larger expansion of the disease it might result in a severe impact on caves and hibernacula that are used by the species.	At most sites they are much less common than other species (Wilson and Ruff 1999). During the summer northern bats are commonly found in higher densities around the northern areas of their range, as they are especially reliant upon the richly forested habitats in the north around this time (Altringham 1996). Occasionally, these bats may be found roosting with other bat species, although they are much less social than other members of the genus Myotis . The sexes roost separately; however, reproductive females may form small maternity colonies of less than 60 individuals (Altringham 1996). It is uncommon at western extremes of its range (Caceres and Barclay 2000). Under the spread of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a pessimistic scenario of population decline revealed that nine North American species (including M. septentrionalis ), would be susceptible to WNS and expected to lose over 25% of their entire population. This species presented stable populations before the onset of the disease, but now it is confirmed with negative population trends due to WNS (Alves ;et al . 2014).	Decreasing	This species is found in eastern United States and Canada west to British Columbia, Eastern Montana, Eastern Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and northern Florida (Simmons 2005).		Terrestrial	Although this species occurs in several protected areas, some measurements for habitat management are necessary to protect it. Additional studies to directly assess the potential consequences of WNS to the conservation status of susceptible North American bat species are needed.	Nearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Unassigned - Myotis	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1897	1	Catalog. Mammal. Vivent.	p. 131	Northern Myotis	None.	Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax.	E United States and Canada west to British Columbia, E Montana, E Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Panhandle.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Formerly included in keenii , but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).	Myotis septentrionalis	1005470	23	Northern Myotis	Northern Bat|Northern Long-eared Bat|Northern Long-eared Myotis	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1897	1	Vespertilio_gryphus_var._septentrionalis	Trouessart, E. L. (1897). Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium. Berlin, R. Friedlander und Sohn, 1, 131.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124908#page/151/mode/1up	USNM 8188/38663 [lectotype]		Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.			septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897)	NA	NA			USA(ND,SD,MN,WI,MI,NE,IA,IL,IN,OH,MO,KS,AR,MS,AL,GA,SC,NC,TN,KY,VA,WV,MD,DC,DE,NJ,PA,NY,CT,RI,MA,VT,NH,ME)	Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	NT	0	0	0	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	sciname match	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Myotis_septentrionalis	1005470	23	Northern Myotis	Northern Bat|Northern Long-eared Bat|Northern Long-eared Myotis	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1	Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis	Trouessart, É.L. 1897. Fasciculus 1. Pp. 1–218 in Trouessart, É.L. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Tomus I. R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, 664 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40404811	USNM:MAMM:8188 (= USNM:MAMM:A38663)	lectotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/352645c27-6a6d-4103-a8e4-4b809d744b9a	Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.			NA	NA			USA(ND,SD,MN,WI,MI,NE,IA,IL,IN,OH,MO,KS,AR,MS,AL,GA,SC,NC,TN,KY,VA,WV,MD,DC,DE,NJ,PA,NY,CT,RI,MA,VT,NH,ME)	Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	NT	0	0	0	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	sciname match	Myotis_septentrionalis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Pizonyx	septentrionalis	Trouessart	1897	1	Catalog. Mammal. Vivent.	p. 131	Northern Myotis	None.	Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax.	E United States and Canada west to British Columbia, E Montana, E Wyoming; south to Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Panhandle.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14201/22064312/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	Formerly included in keenii, but see van Zyll de Jong (1979) and Caceres and Barclay (2000).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Myotis septentrionalis; Myotis septentrionalis; Myotis septentrionalis; Myotis septentrionalis; Myotis septentrionalis; Myotis septentrionalis; septentrionalis; Murin nordique; Nordamerika-Mausohr; Ratonero nérdico; Northern Bat; Northern Long-eared Bat; Northern Long-eared Myotis; Northern Myotis; Northern Bat; Northern Long-eared Bat; Northern Long-eared Myotis; Northern Myotis; Northern Myotis; M. septentrionalis