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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L94	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx io		[MSW2] See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b, Mammalian Species, 313).; [MSW3] See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b).; [HMW] Balantiopteryx io Thomas, 1904 , “ R[ioJ. Dolores, near Coban [ Alta Verapaz ], Guatemala .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988 b ). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).; [IUCN] Balantiopteryx io ; ;and B. infusca are sister species with a strong support in molecular analysis. These species have allopatric distributions separately by approximately 1,500 km and B. io is not the sister species to parapatrically B. plicata (Lim et al. 2004).; [batnames2023] See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988 b ). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).; [batnames2025_1.7] See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).														io	Balantiopteryx io ; ;and B. infusca are sister species with a strong support in molecular analysis. These species have allopatric distributions separately by approximately 1,500 km and B. io is not the sister species to parapatrically B. plicata (Lim et al. 2004).			io	io			io O. Thomas, 1904		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Thomas' sac-winged bat	S Mexico – Guatemala	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Balantiopteryx io	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Rio Dolores (near Coban).	Thomas	1904	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 13:252.	Distribu tion: Confined to tropical Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Thomas's least sac-winged bat	S Mexico – Guatemala, Belize	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1904	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 13:252.	See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b, Mammalian Species, 313).	S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize.	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Rio Dolores (near Coban).		THOMAS	1904	Size small (forearm length, 35-39 mm; total length of skull, 12.3-12.9 mm). Wing and leg bones unusually slender. Rostrum not inflated posteriorly, with shallow frontal depression. Interpterygoid fossa broad anteriorly. Basial pit relatively long. No white line on edge of plagiopatagium.	Distribu tion: Confined to tropical Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.	No subspecies.		47	species	B. io	THOMAS	1904	Balantiopteryx	genus	Balantiopteryx io				Size small (forearm length, 35-39 mm; total length of skull, 12.3-12.9 mm). Wing and leg bones unusually slender. Rostrum not inflated posteriorly, with shallow frontal depression. Interpterygoid fossa broad anteriorly. Basial pit relatively long. No white line on edge of plagiopatagium.	No subspecies.		2. B. io THOMAS 1904.	2	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Emballonuridae	Emballonurinae		Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx		io	Thomas		1904		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	13		252		Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Río Dolores (near Coban).	S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).		See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b).	03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd	hash://md5/ffecff8affcf4c04ffa53577fff8ffe9	365	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/D5/87/03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.xml	Balantiopteryx io	Emballonuridae	Balantiopteryx	io	Thomas	1904	Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat @en | Emballonure de Thomas @fr | Thomas-Sackflügelfledermaus @de | Embalonurode sacos de Thomas @es | Least Sac-winged Bat @en	Balantiopteryx io Thomas, 1904 , “ R[ioJ. Dolores, near Coban [ Alta Verapaz ], Guatemala .” This species is monotypic.	Atlantic slope of Mexico and Central America from S Veracruz and Oaxaca to E Guatemala and Belize.	Head—body 38-44 mm, tail 8—18 mm, ear 10—13 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 36-41-4 mm; weight 3-4 g. Dorsal fur of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat is dark brown to black; venter is paler gray-brown. Flight membranes are black. Wings attach to ankles.	Semideciduous or evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of c .500 m. In the Maya Mountains of Belize, Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat occurs in semideciduous forest.	Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats forage on small, aerial insects. Although direct visual observations are difficult due to their late emergence from roost, echolocation call characteristics suggest that they hunt in clutter close to vegetation of forest habitats or over water.	Pregnant Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats have been recorded in March, May, and July, suggesting polyestry .	Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats are nocturnal. They roost widely and evenly spaced, often occupying dark recesses of large, limestone caves on ceilings of high chambers. Activity starts well after sunset, later than related species. Echolocation calls include long narrowband component and maximum amplitude on second harmonic. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats show slightly downward narrowband component that initially starts at 50-2 kHz and drops to 45-9 kHz, on average, and does not turn upward as in other genera of forest emballonurids. Average call duration is 7-8 milliseconds. During approach and terminal phases, call changes to obtain accurate target information after potential prey has been detected.	Groups of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats commonly number 50 or more individuals and occasionally 1000—2000 individuals in large caves.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Thomas’s Sacwinged Bat because depends on highly fragile forested habitat, and it is estimated to have declined by more than 30% due to habitat loss and degradation in the last ten years, with remaining subpopulations fragmented. Adventure tourism leading to vandalism in caves has been and is a significant threat, particularly in Belize, Yucatan , and Guatemala. Needed conservation actions include management and protection of roost caves and additional protection of rapidly disappearing Atlantic forests.	Arroyo-Cabrales & Jones (1988b) | Lim, Engstrom et al. (2004) | Reid (2009) | Thomas (1904b) | Villa (1967)	https://zenodo.org/record/3747966/files/figure.png	35 . Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat Balantiopteryx io French: Emballonure de Thomas I German: Thomas-Sackflügelfledermaus / Spanish: Embalonuro de sacos de Thomas Other common names: Least Sac-winged Bat Taxonomy . Balantiopteryx io Thomas, 1904 , “ R[ioJ. Dolores, near Coban [ Alta Verapaz ], Guatemala .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Atlantic slope of Mexico and Central America from S Veracruz and Oaxaca to E Guatemala and Belize. Descriptive notes. Head—body 38-44 mm, tail 8—18 mm, ear 10—13 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 36-41-4 mm; weight 3-4 g. Dorsal fur of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat is dark brown to black; venter is paler gray-brown. Flight membranes are black. Wings attach to ankles. Habitat . Semideciduous or evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of c .500 m. In the Maya Mountains of Belize, Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat occurs in semideciduous forest. Food and Feeding . Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats forage on small, aerial insects. Although direct visual observations are difficult due to their late emergence from roost, echolocation call characteristics suggest that they hunt in clutter close to vegetation of forest habitats or over water. Breeding . Pregnant Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats have been recorded in March, May, and July, suggesting polyestry . Activity patterns. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats are nocturnal. They roost widely and evenly spaced, often occupying dark recesses of large, limestone caves on ceilings of high chambers. Activity starts well after sunset, later than related species. Echolocation calls include long narrowband component and maximum amplitude on second harmonic. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats show slightly downward narrowband component that initially starts at 50-2 kHz and drops to 45-9 kHz, on average, and does not turn upward as in other genera of forest emballonurids. Average call duration is 7-8 milliseconds. During approach and terminal phases, call changes to obtain accurate target information after potential prey has been detected. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats commonly number 50 or more individuals and occasionally 1000—2000 individuals in large caves. Status and Conservation . Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Thomas’s Sacwinged Bat because depends on highly fragile forested habitat, and it is estimated to have declined by more than 30% due to habitat loss and degradation in the last ten years, with remaining subpopulations fragmented. Adventure tourism leading to vandalism in caves has been and is a significant threat, particularly in Belize, Yucatan , and Guatemala. Needed conservation actions include management and protection of roost caves and additional protection of rapidly disappearing Atlantic forests. Bibliography. Arroyo-Cabrales & Jones (1988b), Lim, Engstrom et al. (2004), Reid (2009), Thomas (1904b), Villa (1967).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Emballonuridae	Balantiopteryx io	Balantiopteryx		io	Thomas	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 6, 13: 252	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	None.	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, R&iacute;o Dolores (near Coban).	S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize and Honduras (unvouchered).	Not listed.	Vulnerable	See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988 b ). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Balantiopteryx io	23	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	Least Sac-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	EMBALLONUROIDEA	EMBALLONURIDAE	EMBALLONURINAE	DICLIDURINI	Balantiopteryx	NA	io	O. Thomas	1904	0	Balantiopteryx_io	Thomas, O. (1904). New forms of Saimiri, Saccopteryx, Balantiopteryx, and Thrichomys from the Neotropical Region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser.7, 13, 252.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54611#page/272/mode/1up	BM 1886.9.3.1		"R[io]. Dolores, near Coban [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala."			io O. Thomas, 1904	NA	NA	Mexico|Guatemala|Belize	North America	Nearctic|Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Balantiopteryx_io	0	sciname match	Balantiopteryx_io	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	2532	Balantiopteryx io	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	EMBALLONURIDAE	Balantiopteryx	io	Thomas, 1904	Balantiopteryx io ; ;and B. infusca are sister species with a strong support in molecular analysis. These species have allopatric distributions separately by approximately 1,500 km and B. io is not the sister species to parapatrically B. plicata (Lim et al. 2004).	20000000	Balantiopteryx io	Vulnerable	A2c	2015	2014-09-11 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Vulnerable because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is dependent upon a highly fragile forested habitat and dependent on caves as roost sites. The species is estimated to have declined by more than 30% due to habitat loss and degradation in the last ten years and remaining subpopulations are fragmented.	This species can be found in semi-deciduous or evergreen forest. It roosts in rather dark recesses of large, limestone caves. Groups may number 50 or more, with individuals widely and evenly spaced, often roosting in crevices on the ceiling of high chambers. ;In the Maya Mountains (Bladden Drainage), in Belize, colonies were observed in continuous forest setting (McCarthy pers. comm.). ;Activity starts well after sunset, later than related species, and, as a result, flight and foraging behaviour are difficult to observe. Pregnant females have been recorded between March and July (Arroyo-Cabrales and Knox-Jones 1988).	Habitat loss and vandalism in the caves are the main threats. ;It is threatened by adventure tourism in caves in Belize (800 people by day), ;Yucatan (B. Miller pers. comm.) ;and parts of Guatemala (Reid 2009). ;It is highly threatened in Belize (B. Miller pers. comm.). In Mexico it has been evaluated as Vulnerable because of 45% habitat loss in the last 10 years (Cuaron and de Grammont pers. comm.).	This bat is locally common in semi-deciduous or evergreen forests. The population is declining.	Decreasing	This species occurs on the Atlantic versant from southern Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to east central Guatemala and Belize (Simmons 2005). It occurs from lowlands to 500 m asl (Reid 2009).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	The recommended conservation action is to avoid habitat destruction and this requires implementation of a cave management system. It is found in some protected areas in Mexico (Arroyo-Cabrales pers. comm.).	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Emballonuridae	Balantiopteryx		io	Thomas	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 6, 13: 252	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	None.	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, R&iacute;o Dolores (near Coban).	S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize and Honduras (unvouchered).	Not listed.	Vulnerable	See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988 b ). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).	Balantiopteryx io	1004777	23	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	Least Sac-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	EMBALLONUROIDEA	Emballonuridae	EMBALLONURINAE	DICLIDURINI	Balantiopteryx	NA	io	O. Thomas	1904	0	Balantiopteryx_io	Thomas, O. (1904). New forms of Saimiri, Saccopteryx, Balantiopteryx, and Thrichomys from the Neotropical Region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser.7, 13, 252.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54611#page/272/mode/1up	BM 1886.9.3.1		"R[io]. Dolores, near Coban [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala."			io O. Thomas, 1904	NA	NA				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize	North America	Nearctic|Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Balantiopteryx_io	0	sciname match	Balantiopteryx_io	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Balantiopteryx_io	1004777	23	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	Least Sac-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Emballonuroidea	Emballonuridae	Emballonurinae	Diclidurini	Balantiopteryx	NA	io	O. Thomas	0	Balantiopteryx io	Thomas, O. 1904-04-01. New forms of _Saimiri_, _Saccopteryx_, _Balantiopteryx_, and _Thrichomys_ from the Neotropical region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)13(76):250-255.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108338	BMNH:Mamm:1886.9.3.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/fd0750bd-df13-4851-8759-44fb584d75e2	"R[io]. Dolores, near Coban [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala."			NA	NA				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize	North America	Nearctic|Neotropic	VU	0	0	0	Balantiopteryx_io	0	sciname match	Balantiopteryx_io	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Emballonuridae	Balantiopteryx		io	Thomas	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 13: 252	Thomas's Sac-winged Bat	None.	Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, R&iacute;o Dolores (near Coban).	S Veracruz and Oaxaca (Mexico) to EC Guatemala and Belize and Honduras (unvouchered).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2532/22030080/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	See Arroyo-Cabrales and Jones (1988b). Reported from Honduras by Divoll and Buck (2013), but there are no vouchered specimens of this species from Honduras (see Turcios-Casco et al, 2020).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Balantiopteryx io; Balantiopteryx io; Balantiopteryx io; Balantiopteryx io; Balantiopteryx io; Balantiopteryx io; io; Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat; Emballonure de Thomas; Thomas-Sackflügelfledermaus; Embalonurode sacos de Thomas; Least Sac-winged Bat; Thomas's Sac-winged Bat; Least Sac-winged Bat; Thomas's Sac-winged Bat; Thomas's Sac-winged Bat; B. io