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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L930	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans	Myotis nigricans		[MSW2] Subgenus Selysius. Includes carteri; see Corbet and Hill (1980:65), but see Bogan (1978). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973fl). See Wilson and LaVal (1974, Mammalian Species, 39).; [MSW3] Includes carteri; see Corbet and Hill (1980), but see Bogan (1978). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973a). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.; [HMW] Vespertilio nigricans Schinz, 1821 , “Ostkiiste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil ].” Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to “ 42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State ], Brazil .” Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group. Based on morphology and molecular data, M. nigricans is a complex of undescribed cryptic species. Recent taxonomic revisions of population samples previously identified as M. nigricans have resulted in new species (e.g. M. lavali , M. clydejonesi , M. attenboroughi , M. handleyi , and M. diminutus ) and raising subspecies to species level (e.g. M. caucensis ). Nevertheless, thorough taxonomic revision of all populations currently referred to as M. nigricans is needed. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes carteri , which was considered a full species by Bogan (1978); we follow Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019) in considering carteri a subspecies of nigricans . Does not include caucensis , see Moratelli et al. (2013). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973 a ). See Wilson and LaVal(1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.; [MDD2022] previously included M. carteri and M. caucensis; [IUCN] Apparently closely related to levis . More than one species may be represented in this complex (Simmons 2005).; [batnames2023] Does not include carteri ; see Bogan (1978) and Ceballos et al. (2014), but see Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019). Does not include caucensis , see Moratelli et al. (2013). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973 a ). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.; [MDD2023] previously included M. carteri and M. caucensis; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included M. carteri, M. caucensis, and M. extremus and appears to still represent a species complex (with recent studies restricting tro M. nigricans to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil); [batnames2025_1.7] Does not include carteri; see Bogan (1978) and Ceballos et al. (2014), but see Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019). Does not include caucensis, see Moratelli et al. (2013). Does not include extremus; see Novaes et al. (2023). Novaes et al. (2024) found that Paraguayan specimens of nigricans are more closely related to clydejonesi from Suriname and Peru than to nigricans from Brazil. They refer to the Paraguayan specimens as Myotis cf. nigricans. Novaes et al. (2024) also suggested that nigricans sensu stricto may be restricted to the Atlantic forest of Brazil. The correct original spelling of the subspecies is osculati; see Cornalia, 1849. There is currently substantial confusion surrounding the status of osculati. Novaes et al. (2024) stated that they agreed with Moratelli et al. (2013) that it would be impossible to determine the taxonomic status of osculati due to a rudimentary description and loss of the type. However, Moratelli et al. (2013) had not examined specimens from Ecuador (the type locality of osculati) and were therefore unable to evaluate osculati and its relationships. Carrión Bonilla et al. (2024) also note (see abstract) that taxonomic revisions are needed to determine if osculati should be recognized as a full species. Given these circumstances, we retain osculati in nigricans at present. Neotype designated by LaVal (1973a). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included M. carteri, M. caucensis, and M. extremus and appears to still represent a species complex (with recent studies restricting M. nigricans to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil)				carteri		bondae, carteri, caucensis, chiriquensis, concinnus, dalquesti, esmeraldae, exiguus, extremus, maripensis, mundus, parvulus, punensis.	extremus, nigricans, caucensis, punensis, carteri	nigricans, carteri, extremus, osculatii	arsinoe, bondae, brasiliensis, chiriquensis, concinnus, dalquesti, esmeraldae, exiguus, hypothrix, maripensis, mundus, parvulus, punensis, spixii, splendidu; osculatii - caucensis, quixensis	nigricans, carteri, extremus, osculatii		nigricans, carteri, extremus, osculati	nigricans - arsinoe, bondae, brasiliensis, chiriquensis, concinnus, dalquesti, esmeraldae, exiguus, hypothrix, maripensis, mundus, parvulus, punensis, spixii, splendidus; osculati - quixensis	nigricans, brasiliensis, spixii, arsinoe, parvulus, hypothrix, osculatii, quixensis, splendidus, concinnus, exiguus, mundus, chiriquensis, bondae, esmeraldae, maripensis, extremus, dalquesti	Apparently closely related to levis . More than one species may be represented in this complex (Simmons 2005).	nigricans, osculati	nigricans - arsinoe, bondae, brasiliensis, chiriquensis, concinnus, dalquesti, esmeraldae, exiguus, hypothrix, maripensis, mundus, parvulus, spixii, splendidus; osculati - quixensis	nigricans, brasiliensis, spixii, arsinoe, parvulus, hypothrix, osculatii, quixensis, splendidus, concinnus, exiguus, mundus, chiriquensis, bondae, esmeraldae, maripensis, extremus, dalquesti	nigricans, brasiliensis, spixii, arsinoe, parvulus, splendidus, hypothrix, hypothryx, osculati, quixensis, quixensis, quixensis, concinnus, exiguus, mundus, osculatii, cincinnus, chiriquensis, bondae, esmeraldae, maripensis, dalquesti, nigracans, exiguous, osculatti	nigricans	nigricans - arsinoe, bondae, brasiliensis, chiriquensis, concinnus, dalquesti, esmeraldae, exiguus, hypothrix, maripensis, mundus, parvulus, spixii, splendidus; osculati - quixensis	nigricans (H. R. Schinz, 1821)|brasiliensis (von Spix, 1823) [preoccupied]|spixii (J. B. Fischer, 1829) [nomen novum]|arsinoe (Temminck, 1840)|parvulus (Temminck, 1840)|splendidus (J. A. Wagner, 1845)|hypothryx (d'Orbigny & P. Gervais, 1847) [incorrect original spelling]|osculati (Cornalia, 1849)|quixensis (Osculati in Cornalia, 1849) [nomen nudum]|quixensis (Osculati, 1850) [nomen nudum]|quixensis (Osculati, 1854) [nomen nudum]|concinnus (H. Allen, 1866)|exiguus (H. Allen, 1866)|mundus (H. Allen, 1866)|osculatii (Trouessart, 1878) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|cincinnus (H. Allen, 1895) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904|bondae J. A. Allen, 1914|esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914|maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914|dalquesti E. R. Hall & Álvarez Solórzano, 1961|nigracans R. J. Baker & R. G. Jordan, 1970 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|exiguous (R. D. Fisher & Ludwig, 2015) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|osculatti Novaes, Cláudio, D. E. Wilson, Weksler, & Moratelli, 2024 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Black myotis	W, NE Mexico – N Argentina, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Myotis nigricans	Brazil, Espirito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers.	Schinz	1821	Thierreich, 1:179.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico through Middle America and South America to Argentina, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru; also Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Black myotis	W, NE Mexico – N Argentina, Paraguay; Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Schinz	1821	Das Thierreich, 1:179.	Subgenus Selysius. Includes carteri; see Corbet and Hill (1980:65), but see Bogan (1978). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973fl). See Wilson and LaVal (1974, Mammalian Species, 39).	Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada (Lesser Antilles).	Brazil, Espirito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers.		SCHINZ	1821	Size medium to fairly small (forearm length, 31-40 mm; condylobasal length, 11-14 mm). Braincase of medium height, occiput not raised above it, and rostrum varying from medium to fairly broad. Keel on calcar absent or poorly developed.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico through Middle America and South America to Argentina, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru; also Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada.	Five subspecies are here recognized:	M. n. extremus (eastern Mexico), M. n. nigricans (Central and most of tropical South America north to Grenada), M. n. caucensis (eastern slopes of the Andes from northern Colombia to Peru), M. n. punensis (west of the Andes from Colombia to extreme northern Peru), M. n. carteri (westcentral Mexico). More than one species may be represented within this complex.	105	species	M. nigricans	SCHINZ	1821	Selysius	subgenus	Myotis nigricans				Size medium to fairly small (forearm length, 31-40 mm; condylobasal length, 11-14 mm). Braincase of medium height, occiput not raised above it, and rostrum varying from medium to fairly broad. Keel on calcar absent or poorly developed.	Five subspecies are here recognized:		43. M. nigricans (SCHINZ 1821) [nigricans group].	43	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae		Myotis nigricans	Myotis		nigricans	Schinz	y	1821		Das Thierreich	1		179		Black Myotis	Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.	Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	arsinoe Temminck, 1840; bondae J. A. Allen, 1914; brasiliensis Spix, 1823; chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904; concinnus H. Allen, 1866; dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, 1961; esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914; exiguus H. Allen, 1866; hypothrix D’Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914; mundus H. Allen, 1866; parvulus Temminck, 1840; punensis J. A. Allen, 1914; spixii J. B. Fischer, 1829; splendidus J. A. Wagner, 1855; carteri LaVal, 1973; extremus Miller and Allen, 1928; osculatii Cornalia, 1849; caucensis Miller and G. M. Allen, 1928; quixensis Osculati, 1854.	Includes carteri; see Corbet and Hill (1980), but see Bogan (1978). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973a). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.	4C3D87E8FF4C6AFCFA86929B1A7EBDAC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	945	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF4C6AFCFA86929B1A7EBDAC.xml	Myotis nigricans	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	nigricans		1821	Murin noiratre @fr | Schwarzes Mausohr @de | Ratonero hollinoso @es	Vespertilio nigricans Schinz, 1821 , “Ostkiiste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil ].” Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to “ 42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State ], Brazil .” Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group. Based on morphology and molecular data, M. nigricans is a complex of undescribed cryptic species. Recent taxonomic revisions of population samples previously identified as M. nigricans have resulted in new species (e.g. M. lavali , M. clydejonesi , M. attenboroughi , M. handleyi , and M. diminutus ) and raising subspecies to species level (e.g. M. caucensis ). Nevertheless, thorough taxonomic revision of all populations currently referred to as M. nigricans is needed. Four subspecies recognized.	M.n.nigricansSchinz,1821—SouthAmericaNof¢.26°S,includingTrinidadandTobagoIs. M.n.carteriLaVal,1973—PacificcoastofMexico,fromNayaritandMichoacantoBalsasBasininSMexicoState. M. n. extremus G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — Gulf coast of Mexico from S Tamaulipas S through Central America to Panama . M. n. osculatii Cornalia, 1849 — throughout the Andes from c. 5° N to c. 15° S .	Head-body ¢. 39-52 mm , tail 28-39 mm , ear 10-14 mm , hindfoot 6-9 mm , forearm 31-2-36- 5 mm ; weight 3-7 g . Fur is silky and moderately long (dorsal fur 6-9 mm ; ventral fur 5—7 mm ). Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with black bases (two-thirds the length) and blackish brown to medium brown tips (one-third). In some darker specimens, dorsal hairs are nearly unicolored. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with black bases and yellowish brown to ocherous buff tips. Ears are comparatively short (length), extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is long and slender, tapering slightly at tip. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish. Plagiopatagium is attached to feet by a broad band of membrane;fringe of hairs along trailing edge of uropatagium is absent. Skull is medium-sized (greatest length of skull 12- 8-15 mm ). Generally, parietals slope forward in lateral view, and occipital usually projects well behind posterior limit of occipital condyles; sagittal is normally absent, but if present,it is always low. P* usually is aligned in tooth row and visible in labial view, but in some individuals,it is displaced lingually and not clearly visible labially. Bacular sizes and proportions are extremely variable among localities; in Mexico , Central America, and South America, respectively, mean lengths are 0-67 mm , 0-68 mm , and 0-69 mm ; mean depths are 0-28 mm , 0-27 mm , and 0-3 mm ; and mean widths are 0-36 mm , 0-32 mm , and 0-31 mm . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with three large pairs and one small pair of metacentric and 17 pairs of medium to minute acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small submetacentric.	Virtually every tropical and subtropical forest formation, savannas, wetlands, scrublands, agricultural landscapes, and peri-urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2500 m (more common below 1000 m ).	The Common Black Myotis is forages in forests and forest edges and over water. It catches insects in flight, and usually forages near the surface of water or a few meters aboveground. Its diet includes various insects, especially Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , and Diptera , and other arthropods such as spiders. Small seeds were found in feces of an individual from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Plant remains were also found in the stomach of a specimen from Costa Rica . These observations suggest that the Common Black Myotis might be the only species of Myotis that eats plant parts, but rarity of these reports might suggest that plant consumption is incidental.	In tropical climates, the Common Black Myotis seems to be polyestrous. Observations from Barro Colorado Island, Panama , show that mating and implantation occur in late December and earlyJanuary. Gestation lasts c.60 days, and first parturition peak occurs in February. Parturition is followed by postpartum estrus and repeat of the reproductive cycle resulting in second birth peak in April-May and third in August. After third birth peak, reproductive activity declines until late December when the new annual cycle begins. First birth peak results in a maximum number of young that are weaned in April, coinciding with onset of rainy season and increased insect availability. Decrease in reproductive activity from August seems to be correlated with seasonal insect supply, such that no young are weaned during dry season when insects are relatively scarce. Spermatogenic cycle of males is in synchrony with female cycle. Spermatogenesis slows or stops in September—-November, and no sperm storage occurs. Common Black Myotis from Mexico have a pattern of reproduction more similar to that of species in temperate zones, with one annual reproductive peak. Females give birth to one young that remain attached to them for the three first days oflife; then they are left in large nursery groups when mothers leave to feed at night. Males become reproductively active at 15-17 weeks old, and females can mate when they are ¢.8 weeks old.	Common Black Myotis often emerge from diurnal roosts before sunset. Activity peaks occur immediately after dusk and just before dawn, periods that correspond to periods of greatest abundance of flying diurnal and nocturnal insects. In Brazilian Atlantic Forest, individuals returned to roosts ¢.b hours after sunset and leave again to forage c.1 hour before dawn. Roosts include hollow trees, under foliage, caves, rock crevices, buildings (e.g. roofs), bridges, and mines.	On Barro Colorado Island, Panama , some Common Black Myotis could return to the roost from distances of up to 50 km . Common Black Myotis are colonial and form groups of hundreds of individuals. Small to large clusters of females, young of both sexes, and few adult males suggest a social hierarchy such as harem formation. Most of males in roosts are solitary. Common Black Myotis usually share roosts with other bat species, such as Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus molossus) and the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Black Myotis is widespread and presumably has a large population.	Bogan (1978) | Larsen, Knapp et al. (2012) | LaVal (1973b) | Lopez-Gonzélez et al. (2001) | Moratelli & Morielle-Versute (2007) | Moratelli & Wilson (2011) | Moratelli, Gardner et al. (2013) | Moratelli, Peracchi et al. (2011) | Moratelli, Wilson, Gardner et al. (2016) | Moratelli, Wilson, Novaes et al. (2017) | Novaes et al. (2015) | Solari (2019j) | Wied-Neuwied (1826) | Wilson (1971, 2008b, 2014b) | Wilson & LaVal (1974)		417. Common Black Myotis Myotis nigricans French: Murin noiratre / German: Schwarzes Mausohr / Spanish: Ratonero hollinoso Taxonomy. Vespertilio nigricans Schinz, 1821 , “Ostkiiste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil ].” Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to “ 42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State ], Brazil .” Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group. Based on morphology and molecular data, M. nigricans is a complex of undescribed cryptic species. Recent taxonomic revisions of population samples previously identified as M. nigricans have resulted in new species (e.g. M. lavali , M. clydejonesi , M. attenboroughi , M. handleyi , and M. diminutus ) and raising subspecies to species level (e.g. M. caucensis ). Nevertheless, thorough taxonomic revision of all populations currently referred to as M. nigricans is needed. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.n.nigricansSchinz,1821—SouthAmericaNof¢.26°S,includingTrinidadandTobagoIs. M.n.carteriLaVal,1973—PacificcoastofMexico,fromNayaritandMichoacantoBalsasBasininSMexicoState. M. n. extremus G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — Gulf coast of Mexico from S Tamaulipas S through Central America to Panama . M. n. osculatii Cornalia, 1849 — throughout the Andes from c. 5° N to c. 15° S . Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 39-52 mm , tail 28-39 mm , ear 10-14 mm , hindfoot 6-9 mm , forearm 31-2-36- 5 mm ; weight 3-7 g . Fur is silky and moderately long (dorsal fur 6-9 mm ; ventral fur 5—7 mm ). Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with black bases (two-thirds the length) and blackish brown to medium brown tips (one-third). In some darker specimens, dorsal hairs are nearly unicolored. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with black bases and yellowish brown to ocherous buff tips. Ears are comparatively short (length), extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is long and slender, tapering slightly at tip. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish. Plagiopatagium is attached to feet by a broad band of membrane;fringe of hairs along trailing edge of uropatagium is absent. Skull is medium-sized (greatest length of skull 12- 8-15 mm ). Generally, parietals slope forward in lateral view, and occipital usually projects well behind posterior limit of occipital condyles; sagittal is normally absent, but if present,it is always low. P* usually is aligned in tooth row and visible in labial view, but in some individuals,it is displaced lingually and not clearly visible labially. Bacular sizes and proportions are extremely variable among localities; in Mexico , Central America, and South America, respectively, mean lengths are 0-67 mm , 0-68 mm , and 0-69 mm ; mean depths are 0-28 mm , 0-27 mm , and 0-3 mm ; and mean widths are 0-36 mm , 0-32 mm , and 0-31 mm . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with three large pairs and one small pair of metacentric and 17 pairs of medium to minute acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small submetacentric. Habitat. Virtually every tropical and subtropical forest formation, savannas, wetlands, scrublands, agricultural landscapes, and peri-urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2500 m (more common below 1000 m ). Food and Feeding. The Common Black Myotis is forages in forests and forest edges and over water. It catches insects in flight, and usually forages near the surface of water or a few meters aboveground. Its diet includes various insects, especially Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , and Diptera , and other arthropods such as spiders. Small seeds were found in feces of an individual from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Plant remains were also found in the stomach of a specimen from Costa Rica . These observations suggest that the Common Black Myotis might be the only species of Myotis that eats plant parts, but rarity of these reports might suggest that plant consumption is incidental. Breeding. In tropical climates, the Common Black Myotis seems to be polyestrous. Observations from Barro Colorado Island, Panama , show that mating and implantation occur in late December and earlyJanuary. Gestation lasts c.60 days, and first parturition peak occurs in February. Parturition is followed by postpartum estrus and repeat of the reproductive cycle resulting in second birth peak in April-May and third in August. After third birth peak, reproductive activity declines until late December when the new annual cycle begins. First birth peak results in a maximum number of young that are weaned in April, coinciding with onset of rainy season and increased insect availability. Decrease in reproductive activity from August seems to be correlated with seasonal insect supply, such that no young are weaned during dry season when insects are relatively scarce. Spermatogenic cycle of males is in synchrony with female cycle. Spermatogenesis slows or stops in September—-November, and no sperm storage occurs. Common Black Myotis from Mexico have a pattern of reproduction more similar to that of species in temperate zones, with one annual reproductive peak. Females give birth to one young that remain attached to them for the three first days oflife; then they are left in large nursery groups when mothers leave to feed at night. Males become reproductively active at 15-17 weeks old, and females can mate when they are ¢.8 weeks old. Activity patterns. Common Black Myotis often emerge from diurnal roosts before sunset. Activity peaks occur immediately after dusk and just before dawn, periods that correspond to periods of greatest abundance of flying diurnal and nocturnal insects. In Brazilian Atlantic Forest, individuals returned to roosts ¢.b hours after sunset and leave again to forage c.1 hour before dawn. Roosts include hollow trees, under foliage, caves, rock crevices, buildings (e.g. roofs), bridges, and mines. Movements, Home range and Social organization. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama , some Common Black Myotis could return to the roost from distances of up to 50 km . Common Black Myotis are colonial and form groups of hundreds of individuals. Small to large clusters of females, young of both sexes, and few adult males suggest a social hierarchy such as harem formation. Most of males in roosts are solitary. Common Black Myotis usually share roosts with other bat species, such as Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus molossus) and the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Black Myotis is widespread and presumably has a large population. Bibliography. Bogan (1978), Larsen, Knapp et al. (2012), LaVal (1973b), Lopez-Gonzélez et al. (2001), Moratelli & Morielle-Versute (2007), Moratelli & Wilson (2011), Moratelli, Gardner et al. (2013), Moratelli, Peracchi et al. (2011), Moratelli, Wilson, Gardner et al. (2016), Moratelli, Wilson, Novaes et al. (2017), Novaes et al. (2015), Solari (2019j), Wied-Neuwied (1826), Wilson (1971, 2008b, 2014b), Wilson & LaVal (1974).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Myotis nigricans	Myotis	Unassigned-Myotis	nigricans	Schinz	1821	1	Das Thierreich	0.166	Black Myotis	 arsinoe Temminck, 1840; bondae J. A. Allen, 1914; brasiliensis Spix, 1823; chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904; concinnus H. Allen, 1866; dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, 1961; esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914; exiguus H. Allen, 1866; hypothrix D&#39;Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914; mundus H. Allen, 1866; parvulus Temminck, 1840; punensis J. A. Allen, 1914; spixii J. B. Fischer, 1829; splendidus J. A. Wagner, 1855; <b>carteri</b> LaVal, 1973; <b> extremus </b> Miller and Allen, 1928; <b> osculati</b> Cornalia, 1849; quixensis Osculati, 1854.	Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.	Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes carteri , which was considered a full species by Bogan (1978); we follow Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019) in considering carteri a subspecies of nigricans . Does not include caucensis , see Moratelli et al. (2013). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973 a ). See Wilson and LaVal(1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Myotis nigricans	23	Common Black Myotis		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	nigricans	Schinz	1821	1	Vesp[ertilio]._nigricans	Schinz, H. R. (1821). In G. Cuvier. Das Thierreich, eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von den Herrn Ritter von Cuvier Erster Band, Säugethiere und Vögel. Stuttgart and Tubingen, 179.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210202#page/221/mode/1up	LACM 36877 [neotype]		"Östküste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil]." Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to "42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil."			nigricans (Schinz, 1821)|brasiliensis (Spix, 1823) [preoccupied by brasiliensis Desmarest, 1822, a species of Eptesicus]|spixii (J. B. Fischer, 1822)|arsinoe (Temminck, 1840)|parvulus (Temminck, 1840)|hypothrix (d'Orbigny & P. Gervais, 1847)|osculatii (Cornalia, 1849)|quixensis (Osculati, 1854)|splendidus (J. A. Wagner, 1855)|concinnus (H. Allen, 1866)|exiguus (H. Allen, 1866)|mundus (H. Allen, 1866)|chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904|bondae J. A. Allen, 1914|esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914|maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914|extremus G. S. Miller & J. A. Allen, 1928|dalquesti E. R. Hall & Alvarez, 1961	previously included M. carteri and M. caucensis	Moratelli, R., Gardner, A. L., Oliveira, J. A. D., & Wilson, D. E. (2013). Review of Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from northern South America, including description of a new species. American Museum Novitates, (3780), 1-36.|Ceballos, G. (Ed.). (2014). Mammals of Mexico. JHU Press.	Mexico|Guatemala|El Salvador|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myotis_nigricans	0	sciname match	Myotis_nigricans	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14185	Myotis nigricans	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Myotis	nigricans	(Schinz, 1821)	Apparently closely related to levis . More than one species may be represented in this complex (Simmons 2005).	20000000	Myotis nigricans	Least Concern		2019	2019-02-11 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is confirmed as Least Concern in because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	Myotis nigricans is the most widely distributed and abundant species of the genus in South America. This species occurs in virtually every tropical and subtropical forest association on the vegetation map, as well as in areas of savanna and scrub (Wilson and LaVal 1974). Low, middle, and higher elevation forests, gardens, agricultural areas; nocturnal; flies in more open areas, along trails, streams, etc.; roosts in trees, rock crevices, buildings. Insectivorous feeding habits; mostly small flies, mosquitoes, but also small moths. In Panama, fertilization and implantation occur in late December and early January; first parturition peak happens in February. A second and third birth peaks appear in April-May and August, respectively (Wilson and LaVal 1974). It maintains large colonies, from hundred to thousands; presence of both sexes and juveniles is usual, but males are always on small proportions, suggesting some social hierarchy within the group. The colony becomes usually active for foraging during the first hour after sunset, remaining active all night and returning to the roost just one hour before sunrise (Wilson and LaVal 1974).	No major threats have been identified for this species. It may become a pest because of its propensity to roost in buildings; also known to carry rabies (Wilson and LaVal 1974) which may require control of populations at some specific sites.	This species (or species complex) is abundant and widespread through its geographic range	Stable	This species is found from Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles) (Bogan 1978; Larsen et al . 2012; Moratelli et al . 2011, 2013; Wilson 2008). Variation in morphological dimensions as well as molecular divergence found in museum specimens assigned to M. nigricans suggests that the species continues to be a composite (Larsen et al . 2012, Moratelli et al . 2013).		Terrestrial	It needs integrative taxonomic revision; morphological and molecular analyses indicate it is still a composite. Occurs in several protected areas. The northern population in Mexico needs protection - subspecies (J. Arroyo-Cabrales, pers. comm.).	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Unassigned - Myotis	nigricans	Schinz	1821	1	Das Thierreich	0.165972	Black Myotis	 arsinoe Temminck, 1840; bondae J. A. Allen, 1914; brasiliensis Spix, 1823; chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904; concinnus H. Allen, 1866; dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, 1961; esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914; exiguus H. Allen, 1866; hypothrix D&#39;Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914; mundus H. Allen, 1866; parvulus Temminck, 1840; punensis J. A. Allen, 1914; spixii J. B. Fischer, 1829; splendidus J. A. Wagner, 1855; <b>carteri</b> LaVal, 1973; <b> extremus </b> Miller and Allen, 1928; <b> osculati</b> Cornalia, 1849; quixensis Osculati, 1854.	Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.	Nayarit and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Does not include carteri ; see Bogan (1978) and Ceballos et al. (2014), but see Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019). Does not include caucensis , see Moratelli et al. (2013). Neotype designated by LaVal (1973 a ). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.	Myotis nigricans	1005447	23	Common Black Myotis		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	nigricans	Schinz	1821	1	Vesp[ertilio]._nigricans	Schinz, H. R. (1821). In G. Cuvier. Das Thierreich, eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von den Herrn Ritter von Cuvier Erster Band, Säugethiere und Vögel. Stuttgart and Tubingen, 179.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210202#page/221/mode/1up	LACM 36877 [neotype]		"Östküste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil]." Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to "42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil."			nigricans (Schinz, 1821)|brasiliensis (Spix, 1823) [preoccupied by brasiliensis Desmarest, 1822, a species of Eptesicus]|spixii (J. B. Fischer, 1822)|arsinoe (Temminck, 1840)|parvulus (Temminck, 1840)|hypothrix (d'Orbigny & P. Gervais, 1847)|osculatii (Cornalia, 1849)|quixensis (Osculati, 1854)|splendidus (J. A. Wagner, 1855)|concinnus (H. Allen, 1866)|exiguus (H. Allen, 1866)|mundus (H. Allen, 1866)|chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904|bondae J. A. Allen, 1914|esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914|maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914|extremus G. S. Miller & J. A. Allen, 1928|dalquesti E. R. Hall & Alvarez, 1961	previously included M. carteri and M. caucensis	Moratelli, R., Gardner, A. L., Oliveira, J. A. D., & Wilson, D. E. (2013). Review of Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from northern South America, including description of a new species. American Museum Novitates, (3780), 1-36.|Ceballos, G. (Ed.). (2014). Mammals of Mexico. JHU Press.				Mexico|Guatemala|El Salvador|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myotis_nigricans	0	sciname match	Myotis_nigricans	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Myotis_nigricans	1005447	23	Common Black Myotis		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	nigricans	H. R. Schinz	1	Vespertilio nigricans	Schinz, H.R. 1821. Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, Stuttgart, 894 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51528936	LACM:Mamm:36877	neotype	http://portal.vertnet.org/o/lacm/mammals?id=033b7aba-7e0d-4a7c-ac08-0e9c6c77dd6d	"Östküste von Brasilien [= east coast of Brazil]." Based on neotype selection, restricted by R. K. LaVal in 1973 to "42 km S Rio de Janeiro [Seropédica Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil."	-22.75	-43.6833	previously included M. carteri, M. caucensis, and M. extremus and appears to still represent a species complex (with recent studies restricting M. nigricans to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil)	Moratelli, R., Gardner, A. L., Oliveira, J. A. D., & Wilson, D. E. (2013). Review of Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from northern South America, including description of a new species. American Museum Novitates, (3780), 1-36.|Ceballos, G. (Ed.). (2014). Mammals of Mexico. JHU Press.|Novaes, R. L. M., Cláudio, V. C., Wilson, D. E., Weksler, M., & Moratelli, R. (2023). Taxonomic status of Myotis extremus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Mesoamerica, with comments on the distribution and systematics of Myotis nigricans. Zoologischer Anzeiger.				El Salvador|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myotis_nigricans	0	sciname match	Myotis_nigricans	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Pizonyx	nigricans	Schinz	1821	1	Das Thierreich	0.165972	Black Myotis	arsinoe Temminck, 1840; bondae J. A. Allen, 1914; brasiliensis Spix, 1823; chiriquensis J. A. Allen, 1904; concinnus H. Allen, 1866; dalquesti Hall and Alvarez, 1961; esmeraldae J. A. Allen, 1914; exiguus H. Allen, 1866; hypothrix D&#39;Orbigny and Gervais, 1847; maripensis J. A. Allen, 1914; mundus H. Allen, 1866; parvulus Temminck, 1840; punensis J. A. Allen, 1914; spixii J. B. Fischer, 1829; splendidus J. A. Wagner, 1855; carteri LaVal, 1973; extremus Miller and Allen, 1928; osculati Cornalia, 1849; quixensis Osculati, 1854.	Brazil, Espírito Santo, between Itapemirin and Iconha Rivers, Fazenda de Aga.	El Salvador and Honduras S to Peru, Bolivia, N Argentina, Paraguay, and S Brazil; Trinidad and Tobago; St. Martin, Montserrat, Grenada (Lesser Antilles).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14185/22066939/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Does not include carteri; see Bogan (1978) and Ceballos et al. (2014), but see Corbet and Hill (1980), Simmons (2005), and Haslaeur, (2019). Does not include caucensis, see Moratelli et al. (2013). Does not include extremus; see Novaes et al. (2023). Novaes et al. (2024) found that Paraguayan specimens of nigricans are more closely related to clydejonesi from Suriname and Peru than to nigricans from Brazil. They refer to the Paraguayan specimens as Myotis cf. nigricans. Novaes et al. (2024) also suggested that nigricans sensu stricto may be restricted to the Atlantic forest of Brazil. The correct original spelling of the subspecies is osculati; see Cornalia, 1849. There is currently substantial confusion surrounding the status of osculati. Novaes et al. (2024) stated that they agreed with Moratelli et al. (2013) that it would be impossible to determine the taxonomic status of osculati due to a rudimentary description and loss of the type. However, Moratelli et al. (2013) had not examined specimens from Ecuador (the type locality of osculati) and were therefore unable to evaluate osculati and its relationships. Carrión Bonilla et al. (2024) also note (see abstract) that taxonomic revisions are needed to determine if osculati should be recognized as a full species. Given these circumstances, we retain osculati in nigricans at present. Neotype designated by LaVal (1973a). See Wilson and LaVal (1974). Reviewed in part by López-González et al. (2001). Apparently closely related to levis; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). More than one species may be represented in this complex.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Myotis nigricans; Myotis nigricans; Myotis nigricans; Myotis nigricans; Myotis nigricans; Myotis nigricans; nigricans; carteri; extremus; osculatii; arsinoe; bondae; brasiliensis; chiriquensis; concinnus; dalquesti; esmeraldae; exiguus; hypothrix; maripensis; mundus; parvulus; punensis; spixii; splendidu; osculatii - caucensis; quixensis; nigricans; carteri; extremus; osculatii; carteri; extremus; osculati; arsinoe; bondae; brasiliensis; chiriquensis; concinnus; dalquesti; esmeraldae; exiguus; hypothrix; maripensis; mundus; parvulus; punensis; spixii; splendidus; osculati - quixensis; nigricans; brasiliensis; spixii; arsinoe; parvulus; hypothrix; osculatii; quixensis; splendidus; concinnus; exiguus; mundus; chiriquensis; bondae; esmeraldae; maripensis; extremus; dalquesti; Murin noiratre; Schwarzes Mausohr; Ratonero hollinoso; Common Black Myotis; Black Myotis; Black Myotis; M. nigricans