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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L908	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis lucifugus		[MSW2] Subgenus Leuconoe. Includes occultus; see Findley and Jones (1967). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980, Mammalian Species, 142).; [MSW3] Does not include occultus, see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).; [HMW] Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831 , type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to “Georgia, probably southern Liberty County,” USA . Subgenus Pyzonix; lucifugus species group. See M. evotis . Phylogenetic and gene flow analyses with mitochondrial and nuclear genes provide evidence that subspecies of M. luctfugus are paraphyletic, exchange alleles with other species of Myotis in regions of secondary contact, and should be considered independent evolutionary lineages despite their morphological similarity. These issues remain unresolved. Five subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Split into five species ( lucifugus , alascensis , carissima , pernox and relictus ) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings. Consequently, we follow Novaes (2019) and retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus ; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).; [MDD2022] previously included M. alascensis, M. carissima, M. pernox, and M. relictus; [IUCN] Myotis lucifugus does not include occultus . This species hybridizes with M. yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979). Apparently it is closely related to M. thysanodes .; [batnames2023] Split into five species ( lucifugus , alascensis , carissima , pernox and relictus ) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings; see Novaes (2019) and Francis and Simmons (2022). We therefore retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus ; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).; [MDD2023] tentatively includes alascensis, carissima, pernox, and relictus as subspecies/junior synonyms on the recommendation of Francis et al. (2022) given the current lack of conclusive evidence regarding their genetic distinctiveness, contra the previous conclusion of Morales & Carstens (2018); [MDD2025_2.0] tentatively includes alascensis, carissima, pernox, and relictus as subspecies/junior synonyms on the recommendation of Francis et al. (2022) given the current lack of conclusive evidence regarding their genetic distinctiveness, contra the previous conclusion of Morales & Carstens (2018); [batnames2025_1.7] Split into five species (lucifugus, alascensis, carissima, pernox and relictus) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings; see Novaes (2019) and Francis and Simmons (2022). We therefore retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).; [MDD2025_2.2] tentatively includes alascensis, carissima, pernox, and relictus as subspecies/junior synonyms on the recommendation of Francis et al. (2022) given the current lack of conclusive evidence regarding their genetic distinctiveness, contra the previous conclusion of Morales & Carstens (2018)				occultus		affinis, alascensis, albicinctus, altipetens, baileyi, brevirostris, carissima, carolii, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, lanceolatus, occultus, pernox, relictus, salarii, virginianus.	lucifugus, alascensis, pernox, relictus, carissima, occultus	lucifugus, alascensis, carissima, pernox, relictus	affinis, brevirostris, carolii, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, lanceolatus, salarii, virginianus; carissima - albicinctus, altipetens, baileyi	lucifugus, alascensis, carissimus, pernox, relictus		lucifugus, alascensis, carissima, pernox, relictus	lucifugus - affinis, brevirostris, carolii, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, lanceolatus, salarii, virginianus; carissima - albicinctus, altipetens, baileyi	lucifugus, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, salarii, lanceolatus, carolii, virginianus, brevirostris, affinis	Myotis lucifugus does not include occultus . This species hybridizes with M. yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979). Apparently it is closely related to M. thysanodes .	lucifugus, alascensis, carissima, pernox, relictus	lucifugus - affinis, brevirostris, carolii, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, lanceolatus, salarii, virginianus; carissima - albicinctus, altipetens, baileyi	lucifugus, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, salarii, lanceolatus, carolii, virginianus, brevirostris, affinis, alascensis, carissima, baileyi, pernox, altipetens, albicinctus, relictus	lucifugus, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, salarii, lanceolatus, carolii, virginianus, caroli, brevirostris, affinis, alascensis, carissimus, baileyi, pernox, bayleyi, altipetens, albicinctus, relictus	alascensis, carissima, lucifugus, pernox, relictus	carissima - albicinctus, altipetens, baileyi; lucifugus - affinis, brevirostris, carolii, crassus, domesticus, gryphus, lanceolatus, salarii, virginianus 	lucifugus (Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831)|crassus (F. Cuvier, 1832)|domesticus (Green, 1832)|gryphus (F. Cuvier, 1832)|salarii (F. Cuvier, 1832)|lanceolatus (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1839)|carolii (Temminck, 1840)|virginianus (Audubon & Bachman, 1841)|caroli (J. E. Gray, 1843) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|brevirostris (zu Wied-Neuwied, 1862)|affinis (H. Allen, 1864)|alascensis G. S. Miller, 1897|carissimus O. Thomas, 1904|baileyi Hollister, 1909|pernox Hollister, 1911|bayleyi Lydekker, 1913 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916|albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919|relictus A. H. Harris, 1974		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Little brown myotis	Alaska, S Canada – C Mexico; ref. 4.79	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Myotis lucifugus	U.S.A., Georgia, Liberty Co., near Riceboro.	Le Conte	1831	In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom Cuvier, l(App.):431.	Distribution: Ranging from Alaska to eastern Canada and south to central Mexico.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Little brown myotis	Alaska, SE Canada – C Mexico	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Le Conte	1831	In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom, l(App.):431.	Subgenus Leuconoe. Includes occultus; see Findley and Jones (1967). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980, Mammalian Species, 142).	Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to Distrito Federal (Mexico).	USA, Georgia, Liberty Co., near Riceboro.		LE CONTE	1831	Size fairly small (forearm length, 33-41 mm; condylobasal length, 13-16 mm). Margin of plagiopatagium attached to side of foot. Margin of uropatagium without a fringe of hair. No keel on the calcar. Braincase relatively low, without a sagittal crest. Rostrum varying from medium width to relatively slender. Middle upper premolar varying from being within toothrow to absent. Fur usually glossy.	Distribution: Ranging from Alaska to eastern Canada and south to central Mexico.	Six subspecies are currently recognized:	M. I. lucifugus (central Alaska to eastern Canada and most of the eastern United States), M. I. alascensis (southeastern Alaska to California, mostly in coastal regions), M. I. pernox (a small area in western Alberta), M. I. relictus (a small area in eastern California), M. I. carissima (from southwestern Canada through much of western United States),	108	species	M. lucifugus	LE CONTE	1831	Leuconoe	subgenus	Myotis lucifugus				Size fairly small (forearm length, 33-41 mm; condylobasal length, 13-16 mm). Margin of plagiopatagium attached to side of foot. Margin of uropatagium without a fringe of hair. No keel on the calcar. Braincase relatively low, without a sagittal crest. Rostrum varying from medium width to relatively slender. Middle upper premolar varying from being within toothrow to absent. Fur usually glossy.	Six subspecies are currently recognized:		73. M. lucifugus (LE CONTE 1831) [albescens group].	73	_M. l. alascensis_ Miller, 1897; _M. l. carissimus_ Thomas, 1904 (synonyms: _albicinctus_ Allen, 1919, _altipetens_ Grinnell, 1916, _baileyi_ Hollister, 1909); _M. l. lucifugus_ (Le Conte, 1831) (synonyms: _affinis_ (Allen, 1864), _brevirostris_ (Wied-Neuwied, 1862), _carolii_ (Temminck, 1840), _crassus_ (Cuvier, 1832), _domesticus_ (Green, 1832), _gryphus_ (Cuvier, 1832), _lanceolatus_ (Wied-Neuwied, 1839), _salarii_ (Cuvier, 1832), _virginianus_ (Audubon & Bachman, 1841)); _M. l. pernox_ Hollister, 1911; _M. l. relictus_ Harris, 1974			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae		Myotis lucifugus	Myotis		lucifugus	Le Conte	y	1831		In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom	1	(App.)	431		Little Brown Myotis	USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).	Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to S California, N Arizona, N New Mexico (USA).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	affinis H. Allen, 1864; brevirostris Wied-Neuwied, 1862; carolii Temminck, 1840; crassus F. Cuvier, 1832; domesticus Green, 1832; gryphus F. Cuvier, 1832; lanceolatus Wied, 1839; salarii F. Cuvier, 1832; virginianus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; alascensis Miller, 1897; carissima Thomas, 1904; albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919; altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916; baileyi Hollister, 1909; pernox Hollister, 1911; relictus Harris, 1974.	Does not include occultus, see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).	4C3D87E8FF5E6AE2FA93915F1DB9B6BE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	927	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF5E6AE2FA93915F1DB9B6BE.xml	Myotis lucifugus	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	lucifugus		1831	Murin brun @fr | Kleines Nordamerika-Mausohr @de | Ratonero marrén pequeno @es | Little Brown Bat @en	Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831 , type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to “Georgia, probably southern Liberty County,” USA . Subgenus Pyzonix; lucifugus species group. See M. evotis . Phylogenetic and gene flow analyses with mitochondrial and nuclear genes provide evidence that subspecies of M. luctfugus are paraphyletic, exchange alleles with other species of Myotis in regions of secondary contact, and should be considered independent evolutionary lineages despite their morphological similarity. These issues remain unresolved. Five subspecies recognized.	M.l. lucifugus LeConte,1831—NorthwestTerritories(Canada)throughoutEsea-boardtoNFlorida(USA),andwhereothersubspeciesdonotoccur. M.l. alascensis G.S.Miller,1897—AlaskathroughBritishColumbiaandSintoPacificNWUSA. M.l.carissimusThomas,1904—C&WUSA,exceptforcoastalregions. M.l. pernox Hollister,1911—restrictedtoCborderarebetweenBritishColumbiaandAlberta(WCanada). M. l. relictus A. H. Harris, 1974 — mountains of California (SW USA ).	Head-body ¢. 32-53 mm , tail 28= 49 mm , ear 11-15 mm , hindfoot 8-10 mm , forearm 33-1-41- 4 mm ; weight 5-12 g . The Little Brown Myotis is morphologically similar to its Neotropical congeners. Fur is long, silky, and glossy. Dorsal hairs range from dark brown, golden brown, reddish, to olive brown, with bases darker than tips. Ventral hairs are lighter, with dark brown bases and pale yellowish tips. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is medium in height (length 7-9 mm ) and blunt. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish; plagiopatagium is broadly attached to foot at base of toes. Calcar has no keel; tibia is short relative to length of hindfoot. Skull is moderate in size (greatest skull lengths 14-15- 9 mm ); rostrum is shortened; forehead has upslope profile; braincase is flattened and subcircular when observed dorsally; sagittal crest is absent; and lambdoidal crests are absent or, when present, very low. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four metacentric or submetacentric and 17 acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric.	Temperate coniferous forests, lowland temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands, deserts, tundra, boreal forests and taiga, and temperate broadleaf forests. The Little Brown Myotis is most associated with forested areas near water.	The Little Brown Myotis catches prey by aerial hawking and gleaning. It prefers foraging on swarms of insects. Individuals usually return to areas where they have had prior feeding success. Differentstrategies of prey selection can be applied according to insect availability. In large swarms of insects, they concentrate on 1-2 species, but when insects are dispersed, they are less selective and consume multiple species. They generally select insects of 3-10 mm long, but pregnant females usually select larger insects. They typically eat one-half of their body weight each night, but lactating females eat c.110% of their body weight per night. They catch free-flying insects in wooded areas, fields, and over water bodies and also insects on the water surface. Midges ( Diptera ) are the primary food sources, but a large part of their diet comes from other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera). When available, beetles ( Coleoptera ), moths ( Lepidoptera ), and lacewings ( Neuroptera ) are eaten.	Breeding of Little Brown Myotis occurs in late summer and autumn, at night, and in hibernacula. During late July, adult males and non-parous females arrive at hibernacula. Females and subadults appear in early August. Mating occurs in two phases, active and passive. During the active phase, both partners are awake and alert. In the passive phase, active males mate with torpid individuals of both sexes (c.35% of passive phase mating is homosexual). Little Brown Myotis is polygynandrous, and females in active phase usually mate with more than one male. In active and passive phase mating, males mate with multiple females. Mating behavior begins when a male mounts a female from the rear and bites her back. If the female struggles, the male might emit a copulation call to ease the female. Females store sperm in their uteri through autumn and winter and ovulation and fertilization occursin spring (c.7 months after copulation). Females tend to congregate in nursery colonies, gestation lasts 50-60 days, and females give birth to one young thatis reared June-July. Timing of births varies from north to south and from higher to lower elevations. Neonates weigh ¢.25% of their mothers’ body weights. In the first 18 days, young ingest only milk. After, insects are included in the diet. Three weeks after birth, young are able to fly, but independence occurs at about four weeks of age when adult weightis reached. Males are not sexually mature until after their first year, and spermatogenesis starts in May and ends in August.	Little Brown Myotis are nocturnal and emerge from their roosts at dusk. Night activity occurs in two peaks: c.2-3 hours after dusk and before dawn. They usually enter daily torpor. In winter, hibernation time depends on altitude and location of roosts. It usually starts in September—November and ends in March—-May. Young remain active longer in autumn to build fat deposits to last the winter. There are three types of roosts: day, night, and hibernation roosts, and selection is taken based upon the presence of stable ambient temperatures. Day and night roosts are used by active bats and include buildings, trees, under rocks, and piles of wood. Day roosts have low luminosity and typically have south-western exposures to provide heat for arousal from daily torpor. Night roosts usually are confined spaces where large concentrations of individuals can cluster together to increase temperature in the roost. These roosts are primarily occupied when temperatures are less than 15°C. Night roosts are usually away from day roosts. Hibernation roosts include mainly abandoned mines or caves where temperature is continuously above freezing and humidity is high. Little Brown Myotis produce FM calls at 45 kHz. Calls last 1-5 milliseconds and sweep from 80 kHz to 40 kHz. Moving individuals produce c.20 calls/ second to detect prey and objects.	Home ranges of Little Brown Myotis vary according to sex, reproductive condition, and geographical location. In New York, mean home range of both sexes was 143 ha. In Quebec , Canada , female home range averaged 30-1 ha during pregnancy and 17-6 ha during lactation. In New Brunswick , Canada , mean movement of males between roosts was 275 m , with mean minimum roosting areas of 3-9 ha, mean minimum foraging areas of 52 ha, mean distance between roosting and foraging areas of 254 m , and mean distances between capture sites and first roosts of 761 m . In western Montana , USA , average daily movement between roosts was 970 m (range 35-5154 m ). Little Brown Myotis spend winter hibernating in underground sites such as caves or abandoned mines and can make long-distance migrations of up to 1000 km between summer and winter roosts. Northern populations enter hibernation in early September and arise in mid-May. Southern populations enter hibernation in November and arise in mid-March. They are not territoriality in roosts, and large colonies of as many as 300,000 bats have been reported in a single roost. Hibernacula can be shared with other bat species, such as the Yuma Myotis (M. yumanensis ).	Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. It is expected that the total number of mature Little Brown Myotis will decline by more than 50% over the next three generations due to White-nose Syndrome, a fungal disease caused by an introduced pathogen. The disease has been expanding at an average rate of 200-250 km /year. At that rate, the entire population of Little Brown Myotisis likely to be affected within 12-18 years. There is no apparent containment of northward or westward spread of the disease, and proper growing conditions for the fungus exist throughout the remaining distribution of the Little Brown Myotis .	Anthony & Kunz (1977) | Barbour & Davis (1969) | Belwood & Fenton (1976) | Broders et al. (2006) | Coleman et al. (2014) | Fenton & Barclay (1980) | Fenton & Bell (1979) | Frick et al. (2010) | Hall (1981) | Henry et al. (2002) | Morales & Carstens (2018) | Norquay et al. (2013) | Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003) | Schowalter (1980) | Schwab (2006) | Simmons (2005) | Solari (2018n) | Wilson & Ruff (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398656/files/figure.png	376. Little Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus French: Murin brun / German: Kleines Nordamerika-Mausohr / Spanish: Ratonero marrén pequeno Other common names: Little Brown Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831 , type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to “Georgia, probably southern Liberty County,” USA . Subgenus Pyzonix; lucifugus species group. See M. evotis . Phylogenetic and gene flow analyses with mitochondrial and nuclear genes provide evidence that subspecies of M. luctfugus are paraphyletic, exchange alleles with other species of Myotis in regions of secondary contact, and should be considered independent evolutionary lineages despite their morphological similarity. These issues remain unresolved. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.l.lucifugusLeConte,1831—NorthwestTerritories(Canada)throughoutEsea-boardtoNFlorida(USA),andwhereothersubspeciesdonotoccur. M.l.alascensisG.S.Miller,1897—AlaskathroughBritishColumbiaandSintoPacificNWUSA. M.l.carissimusThomas,1904—C&WUSA,exceptforcoastalregions. M.l.pernoxHollister,1911—restrictedtoCborderarebetweenBritishColumbiaandAlberta(WCanada). M. l. relictus A. H. Harris, 1974 — mountains of California (SW USA ). Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 32-53 mm , tail 28= 49 mm , ear 11-15 mm , hindfoot 8-10 mm , forearm 33-1-41- 4 mm ; weight 5-12 g . The Little Brown Myotis is morphologically similar to its Neotropical congeners. Fur is long, silky, and glossy. Dorsal hairs range from dark brown, golden brown, reddish, to olive brown, with bases darker than tips. Ventral hairs are lighter, with dark brown bases and pale yellowish tips. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is medium in height (length 7-9 mm ) and blunt. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish; plagiopatagium is broadly attached to foot at base of toes. Calcar has no keel; tibia is short relative to length of hindfoot. Skull is moderate in size (greatest skull lengths 14-15- 9 mm ); rostrum is shortened; forehead has upslope profile; braincase is flattened and subcircular when observed dorsally; sagittal crest is absent; and lambdoidal crests are absent or, when present, very low. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four metacentric or submetacentric and 17 acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric. Habitat. Temperate coniferous forests, lowland temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands, deserts, tundra, boreal forests and taiga, and temperate broadleaf forests. The Little Brown Myotis is most associated with forested areas near water. Food and Feeding. The Little Brown Myotis catches prey by aerial hawking and gleaning. It prefers foraging on swarms of insects. Individuals usually return to areas where they have had prior feeding success. Differentstrategies of prey selection can be applied according to insect availability. In large swarms of insects, they concentrate on 1-2 species, but when insects are dispersed, they are less selective and consume multiple species. They generally select insects of 3-10 mm long, but pregnant females usually select larger insects. They typically eat one-half of their body weight each night, but lactating females eat c.110% of their body weight per night. They catch free-flying insects in wooded areas, fields, and over water bodies and also insects on the water surface. Midges ( Diptera ) are the primary food sources, but a large part of their diet comes from other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera). When available, beetles ( Coleoptera ), moths ( Lepidoptera ), and lacewings ( Neuroptera ) are eaten. Breeding. Breeding of Little Brown Myotis occurs in late summer and autumn, at night, and in hibernacula. During late July, adult males and non-parous females arrive at hibernacula. Females and subadults appear in early August. Mating occurs in two phases, active and passive. During the active phase, both partners are awake and alert. In the passive phase, active males mate with torpid individuals of both sexes (c.35% of passive phase mating is homosexual). Little Brown Myotis is polygynandrous, and females in active phase usually mate with more than one male. In active and passive phase mating, males mate with multiple females. Mating behavior begins when a male mounts a female from the rear and bites her back. If the female struggles, the male might emit a copulation call to ease the female. Females store sperm in their uteri through autumn and winter and ovulation and fertilization occursin spring (c.7 months after copulation). Females tend to congregate in nursery colonies, gestation lasts 50-60 days, and females give birth to one young thatis reared June-July. Timing of births varies from north to south and from higher to lower elevations. Neonates weigh ¢.25% of their mothers’ body weights. In the first 18 days, young ingest only milk. After, insects are included in the diet. Three weeks after birth, young are able to fly, but independence occurs at about four weeks of age when adult weightis reached. Males are not sexually mature until after their first year, and spermatogenesis starts in May and ends in August. Activity patterns. Little Brown Myotis are nocturnal and emerge from their roosts at dusk. Night activity occurs in two peaks: c.2-3 hours after dusk and before dawn. They usually enter daily torpor. In winter, hibernation time depends on altitude and location of roosts. It usually starts in September—November and ends in March—-May. Young remain active longer in autumn to build fat deposits to last the winter. There are three types of roosts: day, night, and hibernation roosts, and selection is taken based upon the presence of stable ambient temperatures. Day and night roosts are used by active bats and include buildings, trees, under rocks, and piles of wood. Day roosts have low luminosity and typically have south-western exposures to provide heat for arousal from daily torpor. Night roosts usually are confined spaces where large concentrations of individuals can cluster together to increase temperature in the roost. These roosts are primarily occupied when temperatures are less than 15°C. Night roosts are usually away from day roosts. Hibernation roosts include mainly abandoned mines or caves where temperature is continuously above freezing and humidity is high. Little Brown Myotis produce FM calls at 45 kHz. Calls last 1-5 milliseconds and sweep from 80 kHz to 40 kHz. Moving individuals produce c.20 calls/ second to detect prey and objects. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of Little Brown Myotis vary according to sex, reproductive condition, and geographical location. In New York, mean home range of both sexes was 143 ha. In Quebec , Canada , female home range averaged 30-1 ha during pregnancy and 17-6 ha during lactation. In New Brunswick , Canada , mean movement of males between roosts was 275 m , with mean minimum roosting areas of 3-9 ha, mean minimum foraging areas of 52 ha, mean distance between roosting and foraging areas of 254 m , and mean distances between capture sites and first roosts of 761 m . In western Montana , USA , average daily movement between roosts was 970 m (range 35-5154 m ). Little Brown Myotis spend winter hibernating in underground sites such as caves or abandoned mines and can make long-distance migrations of up to 1000 km between summer and winter roosts. Northern populations enter hibernation in early September and arise in mid-May. Southern populations enter hibernation in November and arise in mid-March. They are not territoriality in roosts, and large colonies of as many as 300,000 bats have been reported in a single roost. Hibernacula can be shared with other bat species, such as the Yuma Myotis (M. yumanensis ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. It is expected that the total number of mature Little Brown Myotis will decline by more than 50% over the next three generations due to White-nose Syndrome, a fungal disease caused by an introduced pathogen. The disease has been expanding at an average rate of 200-250 km /year. At that rate, the entire population of Little Brown Myotisis likely to be affected within 12-18 years. There is no apparent containment of northward or westward spread of the disease, and proper growing conditions for the fungus exist throughout the remaining distribution of the Little Brown Myotis . Bibliography. Anthony & Kunz (1977), Barbour & Davis (1969), Belwood & Fenton (1976), Broders et al. (2006), Coleman et al. (2014), Fenton & Barclay (1980), Fenton & Bell (1979), Frick et al. (2010), Hall (1981), Henry et al. (2002), Morales & Carstens (2018), Norquay et al. (2013), Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003), Schowalter (1980), Schwab (2006), Simmons (2005), Solari (2018n), Wilson & Ruff (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Myotis lucifugus	Myotis	Unassigned-Myotis	lucifugus	Le Conte	1831	1	In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom	1(App.): 431	Little Brown Myotis	 affinis H. Allen, 1864; brevirostris Wied-Neuwied, 1862; carolii Temminck, 1840; crassus F. Cuvier, 1832; domesticus Green, 1832; gryphus F. Cuvier, 1832; lanceolatus Wied, 1839; salarii F. Cuvier, 1832;  virginianus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <b> alascensis </b> Miller, 1897; <b> carissima </b> Thomas, 1904; albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919; altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916; baileyi Hollister, 1909; <b>pernox</b> Hollister, 1911; <b>relictus</b> Harris, 1974.	USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).	Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to S California, N Arizona, N New Mexico (USA).	Not listed.	Endangered	Split into five species ( lucifugus , alascensis , carissima , pernox and relictus ) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings. Consequently, we follow Novaes (2019) and retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus ; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Myotis lucifugus	23	Eastern Little Brown Myotis	Little Brown Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	lucifugus	Le Conte	1831	1	Vespertilio_lucifugus	Le Conte, J. in McMurtrie, H. (1831). The Animal Kingdom by the Baron Cuvier. New York, Carvill, 1, 431.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18066#page/467/mode/1up	USNM 4741 [syntype]		type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to "Georgia, probably southern Liberty County," USA.			lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)|crassus (G. Cuvier, 1832)|domesticus (Green, 1832)|gryphus (F. Cuvier, 1832)|salarii (F. Cuvier, 1832)|lanceolatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1839)|carolii (Temminck, 1840)|virginianus (Audubon & Bachman, 1841)|brevirostris (Wied-Neuwied, 1862)|affinis (H. Allen, 1864)	previously included M. alascensis, M. carissima, M. pernox, and M. relictus	Morales, A. E., & Carstens, B. C. (2018). Evidence that Myotis lucifugus "subspecies" are five nonsister species, despite gene flow. Systematic Biology, 67(5), 756-769.	Alaska|Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	EN	0	0	0	Myotis_lucifugus	0	sciname match	Myotis_lucifugus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14176	Myotis lucifugus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Myotis	lucifugus	(Le Conte, 1831)	Myotis lucifugus does not include occultus . This species hybridizes with M. yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979). Apparently it is closely related to M. thysanodes .	200000000	Myotis lucifugus	Endangered	A3be	2021	2018-02-09 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is assessed as Endangered A3be because it is suspected that a reduction in the total number of mature individuals of more than 50% will occur over the next three generations (15-30 years) based on predicted infection rates of the remaining populations within 12-18 years at similar mortality levels as recorded in the eastern range (94% decline in known winter hibernacula population). Approximately 50% of the global range of this small bat is found in eastern North America, subpopulations in these part of the range have been devastated by white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease caused by an introduced pathogen. This disease was first detected in North America in 2006, and to date has caused &gt;90% overall decline in known numbers of hibernating Myotis bats in several areas of Canada and the US. The current range of the disease has been expanding at an average rate of 200-250 km per year. At that rate, the entire population is likely to be affected within 12 to 18 years. There is no apparent containment of the northward or westward spread of the pathogen, and proper growing conditions for it exist throughout the remaining range.	Little Brown Bats inhabit forested lands near water, but some subspecies can be found in dry climates where water is not readily available. In those habitats, drinking water is provided by moisture on cave walls or condensation on the fur. This species occurs over a wide latitudinal and elevational range, but tend to be more abundant in areas with suitable hibernation sites (Wilson and Ruff 1999). They feed mainly on aquatic insects such as caddis flies, mayflies and midges, sometimes, they eat mosquitoes too. This is a species most commonly found flying around houses in North America. During the winter, hibernation time depends on altitude and location of the roosts. It usually starts between September and November and ends in March to May. They do not migrate long distances for hibernation roosts. Individuals travel only up to 100 miles. This species does not show territoriality at roosts, and large colonies of as many as 300,000 bats have been reported in a single roost (Barbour and Davis 1969). The lifespan of this species is extended by their ability to find food and inhabit a variety of roosts. These characteristics allow expansion of their habitat to new ranges, but also contribute to their survival. ;Myotis lucifugus ;lives approximately 6 to 7 years and often live well beyond 10 years. A 31 year-old male was discovered in southeastern Ontario. Evidence indicates that males tend to live longer than females (Humphrey and Cope 1976).	Major threats to this species at present include a fungal disease known as white-nose syndrome (WNS) affecting hibernating colonies of several temperate bat species, that ;has devastated eastern North American bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007 (Frick et al . 2010, BCI 2012). ;Wind power is another emerging threat to bats: wind turbines have been shown to fatally impact all bat species in Wisconsin (Arnett et al . 2008). Wind-turbine blades cause mortality through direct impact or through the pressure differential caused by the motion of the spinning blades. More research is under way to better understand bat wind-turbine vulnerabilities, but current studies suggest that bats face the greatest risk during migration from summer foraging sites to wintering grounds (tree bats) or hibernacula (cave bats) (Kunz et al . 2007, Frick et al . 2010). Model predictions for Myotis lucifugus in northeastern US predict 99% probability of functional extirpation by 2026. In addition, these bats use to inhabit attics, roofs, trees, and other areas in close proximity to humans, therefore, homeowners have spent large amounts of money trying to eradicate M. lucifugus from these areas (Fenton and Barclay 1980).	Population size is unknown but M. lucifugus was likely over six million prior to the 2007 arrival of White-nose Syndrome (WNS) to America (Frick et al . 2010). As of 2006, regional mean growth suggested that the northeastern core population of this species was stable or slightly increasing (Frick et al. 2010b), and, pre-WNS population of this species was viable and did not face imminent risk of extinction. This species was considered to be common in much of their range in eastern Canada and northeastern US (Wilson and Ruff 1999), and is still common in Canada outside the range of WNS. ;Mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90% (BCI 2012). ;As emerging science has confirmed, the best available evidence conservatively predicts a 99% chance of Little Brown Bat extinction in the northeastern U.S. by at least 2026, and potentially much sooner depending on the actualized mortality rates that result as the disease continues its rapid spread (Frick et al . 2010).	Decreasing	Myotis lucifugus is found from Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to Southern California, Northern Arizona, Northern New Mexico (USA) (Simmons 2005). Mexican populations usually listed under this name actually correspond to M. occultus , a distinct species (Piaggio et al . 2002). Little Brown Bats are absent from much of Florida, the southern Great Plains regions of the U.S., southern California, and parts of coast Virginia and the Carolinas (Fenton and Barclay 1980).		Terrestrial	Natural hibernacula can be managed to encourage bat use. For example, closing but not sealing the entrance to an abandoned mine not only buffers temperature and humidity, but also reduces disturbance from humans and predators. Eliminating disturbance from humans, except for WNS surveillance, is the best management activity for natural cave hibernacula. ;Therefore, avoid entering hibernacula during winter hibernation (October through May) unless conducting approved and permitted management, surveillance, or research.	Nearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Unassigned - Myotis	lucifugus	Le Conte	1831	1	In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom	1(App.): 431	Little Brown Myotis	 affinis H. Allen, 1864; brevirostris Wied-Neuwied, 1862; carolii Temminck, 1840; crassus F. Cuvier, 1832; domesticus Green, 1832; gryphus F. Cuvier, 1832; lanceolatus Wied, 1839; salarii F. Cuvier, 1832;  virginianus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; <b> alascensis </b> Miller, 1897; <b> carissima </b> Thomas, 1904; albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919; altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916; baileyi Hollister, 1909; <b>pernox</b> Hollister, 1911; <b>relictus</b> Harris, 1974.	USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).	Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to S California, N Arizona, N New Mexico (USA).	Not listed.	Endangered	Split into five species ( lucifugus , alascensis , carissima , pernox and relictus ) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings; see Novaes (2019) and Francis and Simmons (2022). We therefore retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus ; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes ; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).	Myotis lucifugus	1005432	23	Little Brown Myotis	Little Brown Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	lucifugus	Le Conte	1831	1	Vespertilio_lucifugus	Le Conte, J. in McMurtrie, H. (1831). The Animal Kingdom by the Baron Cuvier. New York, Carvill, 1, 431.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18066#page/467/mode/1up	USNM 4741 [syntype]		type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to "Georgia, probably southern Liberty County," USA.			lucifugus (Le Conte, 1831)|crassus (G. Cuvier, 1832)|domesticus (Green, 1832)|gryphus (F. Cuvier, 1832)|salarii (F. Cuvier, 1832)|lanceolatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1839)|carolii (Temminck, 1840)|virginianus (Audubon & Bachman, 1841)|brevirostris (Wied-Neuwied, 1862)|affinis (H. Allen, 1864)|alascensis G. S. Miller, 1897|carissima O. Thomas, 1904|baileyi Hollister, 1909|pernox Hollister, 1911|altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916|albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919|relictus A. H. Harris, 1974	tentatively includes alascensis, carissima, pernox, and relictus as subspecies/junior synonyms on the recommendation of Francis et al. (2022) given the current lack of conclusive evidence regarding their genetic distinctiveness, contra the previous conclusion of Morales & Carstens (2018)	Morales, A. E., & Carstens, B. C. (2018). Evidence that Myotis lucifugus "subspecies" are five nonsister species, despite gene flow. Systematic Biology, 67(5), 756-769.|Francis, C. M. and Simmons, N. B. on behalf of the G. B. T. W. G. of the IUCN SSC Bat Specialist Group (2022). On the taxonomy of Myotis lucifugus. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7338575			USA(AK,ND,SD,NE,MN,KS,IA,MO,MI,WI,IL,IN,OH,KY,OK,TX,AR,LA,MS,AL,GA,FL,TN,SC,NC,VA,DC,WV,MD,DE,NJ,PA,NY,CT,RI,MA,VT,NH,ME,WA,OR,CA,UT,NV,AZ,NM,CO,WY,MT,ID)	Alaska|Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	EN	0	0	0	Myotis_lucifugus	0	sciname match	Myotis_lucifugus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Myotis_lucifugus	1005432	23	Little Brown Myotis	Little Brown Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	lucifugus	Le Conte in McMurtrie	1	Vespertilio lucifugus	McMurtrie, H. 1831. The Animal Kingdom, Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, by the Baron Cuvier. Volume I. G. & C. & H. Carvill, New York, 448 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28834562	BMNH:Mamm:1907.1.1.534 (= USNM:MAMM:4741)	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/db154e00-257a-456e-8c68-4884ded3d8d7	type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to "Georgia, probably southern Liberty County," USA.			tentatively includes alascensis, carissima, pernox, and relictus as subspecies/junior synonyms on the recommendation of Francis et al. (2022) given the current lack of conclusive evidence regarding their genetic distinctiveness, contra the previous conclusion of Morales & Carstens (2018)	Morales, A. E., & Carstens, B. C. (2018). Evidence that Myotis lucifugus "subspecies" are five nonsister species, despite gene flow. Systematic Biology, 67(5), 756-769.|Francis, C. M. and Simmons, N. B. on behalf of the G. B. T. W. G. of the IUCN SSC Bat Specialist Group (2022). On the taxonomy of Myotis lucifugus. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7338575			USA(AK,ND,SD,NE,MN,KS,IA,MO,MI,WI,IL,IN,OH,KY,OK,TX,AR,LA,MS,AL,GA,FL,TN,SC,NC,VA,DC,WV,MD,DE,NJ,PA,NY,CT,RI,MA,VT,NH,ME,WA,OR,CA,UT,NV,AZ,NM,CO,WY,MT,ID)	Canada|United States	North America	Nearctic	EN	0	0	0	Myotis_lucifugus	0	sciname match	Myotis_lucifugus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Pizonyx	lucifugus	Le Conte	1831	1	In McMurtie, Animal Kingdom	1(App.): 431	Little Brown Myotis	affinis H. Allen, 1864; brevirostris Wied-Neuwied, 1862; carolii Temminck, 1840; crassus F. Cuvier, 1832; domesticus Green, 1832; gryphus F. Cuvier, 1832; lanceolatus Wied, 1839; salarii F. Cuvier, 1832;  virginianus Audubon and Bachman, 1841; alascensis Miller, 1897; carissima Thomas, 1904; albicinctus G. M. Allen, 1919; altipetens H. W. Grinnell, 1916; baileyi Hollister, 1909; pernox Hollister, 1911; relictus Harris, 1974.	USA, Georgia, possibly Liberty Co., LeConte Plantation near Riceboro (but see Davis and Rippy, 1968).	Alaska (USA) to Labrador and Newfoundland (Canada), south to S California, N Arizona, N New Mexico (USA).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14176/208031565/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	Split into five species (lucifugus, alascensis, carissima, pernox and relictus) by Morales and Carstens (2108), however, a full revision is needed to confirm these findings; see Novaes (2019) and Francis and Simmons (2022). We therefore retain these taxa as subspecies, pending additional review. Does not include occultus; see Piaggio et al. (2002). Hybridizes with yumanensis in some areas; see Parkinson (1979), but see Herd and Fenton (1983). See Fenton and Barclay (1980). Apparently closely related to thysanodes; see Ruedi and Mayer (2001). Status of the type and type locality was discussed by Davis and Rippy (1968).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Myotis lucifugus; Myotis lucifugus; Myotis lucifugus; Myotis lucifugus; Myotis lucifugus; Myotis lucifugus; lucifugus; alascensis; carissima; pernox; relictus; affinis; brevirostris; carolii; crassus; domesticus; gryphus; lanceolatus; salarii; virginianus; carissima - albicinctus; altipetens; baileyi; lucifugus; alascensis; carissimus; pernox; relictus; alascensis; carissima; pernox; relictus; affinis; brevirostris; carolii; crassus; domesticus; gryphus; lanceolatus; salarii; virginianus; carissima - albicinctus; altipetens; baileyi; lucifugus; crassus; domesticus; gryphus; salarii; lanceolatus; carolii; virginianus; brevirostris; affinis; Murin brun; Kleines Nordamerika-Mausohr; Ratonero marrén pequeno; Little Brown Bat; Eastern Little Brown Myotis; Little Brown Bat; Little Brown Myotis; Little Brown Myotis; M. lucifugus