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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L10	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Aethalops alecto [synonym of]	N/A	Aethalops alecto [synonym of]	Aethalops alecto aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops aequalis		[MSW3] Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993a).; [HMW] Aethalops aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938 , “Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo ,altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m ],” Sabah , Malaysia . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993 a ).; [IUCN] Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but Kitchener et al. (2000) elevated it to full species status, which could indicate that the Javan subspecies A. a ocypete and the Sumatran/Malayan subspecies A. a. alecto are also distinct species, especially as these are montane species. Genetic data using 12S RNA gene showed a rather high genetic distance between Aethalops aequalis from Malaysian Borneo and A. aequalis of Kalimantan (3.5-8%), and between A. aequalis (Borneo) and A. alecto (Lombok, Bali, Sumatra, Java) ranging from 5.4-12.1% (Maharadatunkamsi and Syamsul Arifin Zein 2006, R. Chaya, pers. comm. 2012). Further study is needed to resolve taxonomic uncertainty.; [batnames2023] Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993 a ).; [batnames2025_1.7] Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993a).														aequalis	Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but Kitchener et al. (2000) elevated it to full species status, which could indicate that the Javan subspecies A. a ocypete and the Sumatran/Malayan subspecies A. a. alecto are also distinct species, especially as these are montane species. Genetic data using 12S RNA gene showed a rather high genetic distance between Aethalops aequalis from Malaysian Borneo and A. aequalis of Kalimantan (3.5-8%), and between A. aequalis (Borneo) and A. alecto (Lombok, Bali, Sumatra, Java) ranging from 5.4-12.1% (Maharadatunkamsi and Syamsul Arifin Zein 2006, R. Chaya, pers. comm. 2012). Further study is needed to resolve taxonomic uncertainty.			aequalis	aequalis			aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops		aequalis	G. M. Allen		1938		J. Mammal.	19		497		Borneo Fruit Bat	Malaysia (N Borneo), Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 5,500 ft. (1,833 m).	Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate as A. alecto aequalis. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.		Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993a).	03AD87FAFFCBF63A8C65385AFCECF629	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	73	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCBF63A8C65385AFCECF629.xml	Aethalops aequalis	Pteropodidae	Aethalops	aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	Cynoptere de Bornéo @fr | Borneo-Zwergflughund @de | Aethalops de Borneo @es | Bornean Fruit Bat @en | Borneo Fruit Bat @en	Aethalops aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938 , “Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo ,altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m ],” Sabah , Malaysia . This species is monotypic.	Endemic to the C Mts of Borneo.	Head-body 55- 70 mm (tailless), ear 9-12 mm , hindfoot 7-10- 5 mm , forearm 40-48 mm ; weight 14-18 g . Head of the Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat has moderately elongated muzzle and is almost naked, with blackish skin; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves; and lower lip pads are triangular. Eyes are moderately large; iris is dark olive-brown to blackish brown. Ears are short and rounded, and pinna is black, with slightly paler medial rim. Head pelage is short, soft, and fuscous or blackish brown, continuing onto nape; dorsum has longer, darker, and woollier pelage, with browner dorsal flanks to bases of forearms. Uropatagium is reduced to a strip, uropatagium and tibia are thickly furred on both surfaces and dark cinnamon-brown, calcar is absent, and claws are whitish. Throat is thinly haired; chest and belly are mouse-gray, with soft brown-tipped hairs; and sides of neck are glandular and dark yellowish brown. Wing membranes are black from sides of body and attach between first and second toes. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, with rather pointed rostrum, gently sloping to forehead; orbit is large; zygomatic root is only slightly above alveolar line; zygoma is very thin and arched posteriorly; and braincase is globose. Dorsally, rostrum is moderately thin and pointed; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing blunt postorbital process; there is no postorbital foramina; postorbital constriction is barely noticeable; and skull is rounded, with almost no trace of temporal lines or nuchal crest. Ventrally, palate is flat; tooth rows are slightly arched; post-dental palate is long, ending straight with spine inconspicuous and joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly, edged internally by long entotympanic. Mandible is thin and straight; coronoid is long, low, and sloping; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is salient ventrally and slightly pointed posteriorly. Dental formula for all species of Aethalopsis12/1,C1/1, P3/3,M 1/2 (x2) = 28. Long upper incisors are of equal length; I' is thin and straight; I? is more robust, with longer roots and crowns bent medially; C' is small, weak, and slightly decurved; P' is minute; next premolar (P°) is large and almost triangular in lateral view; and last cheekteeth decrease in height and have rectangular outline. I is very small and distinctly bifid, with longer innerside; I, is absent; C, is very small and slightly decurved; P|is conspicuously pointed; P,is very large,laterally triangular, and as high as C; and posterior cheekteeth are low and small. Diploid number is 2n = 34, with ten metacentric and submetacentric pairs and seven acrocentric pairs of chromosomes.	Bornean submontane and montane rainforests at elevations above 550 m but most frequently 1000-2700 m . The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat prefers forest understories.	The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous, but it do use flowers such as banana flowers ( Musa sp. , Musaceae ).	Female Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bats are pregnant in September—November. Adult-sized young with cartilaginous wingjoints are caught in April.	No information.	The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is apparently solitary or lives in very small groups.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Overall population of the Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is not fragmented despite its montane habitat, and all Bornean subpopulations are genetically similar. It is locally common in montane forests.	Allen (1938a) | Benda (2010a) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Harada & Kobayashi (1980) | Kitchener, Hisheh et al. (1993) | Kumaran, Ketol et al. (2016) | Kumaran, Struebig & Tingga (2016) | Olson et al. (2001) | Phillipps & Phillipps (2016) | Tingga & Abdullah (2012a, 2012b)		21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat Aethalops aequalis French: Cynoptere de Bornéo / German: Borneo-Zwergflughund / Spanish: Aethalops de Borneo Other common names: Bornean Fruit Bat , Borneo Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Aethalops aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938 , “Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo ,altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m ],” Sabah , Malaysia . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the C Mts of Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 55- 70 mm (tailless), ear 9-12 mm , hindfoot 7-10- 5 mm , forearm 40-48 mm ; weight 14-18 g . Head of the Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat has moderately elongated muzzle and is almost naked, with blackish skin; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves; and lower lip pads are triangular. Eyes are moderately large; iris is dark olive-brown to blackish brown. Ears are short and rounded, and pinna is black, with slightly paler medial rim. Head pelage is short, soft, and fuscous or blackish brown, continuing onto nape; dorsum has longer, darker, and woollier pelage, with browner dorsal flanks to bases of forearms. Uropatagium is reduced to a strip, uropatagium and tibia are thickly furred on both surfaces and dark cinnamon-brown, calcar is absent, and claws are whitish. Throat is thinly haired; chest and belly are mouse-gray, with soft brown-tipped hairs; and sides of neck are glandular and dark yellowish brown. Wing membranes are black from sides of body and attach between first and second toes. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, with rather pointed rostrum, gently sloping to forehead; orbit is large; zygomatic root is only slightly above alveolar line; zygoma is very thin and arched posteriorly; and braincase is globose. Dorsally, rostrum is moderately thin and pointed; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing blunt postorbital process; there is no postorbital foramina; postorbital constriction is barely noticeable; and skull is rounded, with almost no trace of temporal lines or nuchal crest. Ventrally, palate is flat; tooth rows are slightly arched; post-dental palate is long, ending straight with spine inconspicuous and joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly, edged internally by long entotympanic. Mandible is thin and straight; coronoid is long, low, and sloping; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is salient ventrally and slightly pointed posteriorly. Dental formula for all species of Aethalopsis12/1,C1/1, P3/3,M 1/2 (x2) = 28. Long upper incisors are of equal length; I' is thin and straight; I? is more robust, with longer roots and crowns bent medially; C' is small, weak, and slightly decurved; P' is minute; next premolar (P°) is large and almost triangular in lateral view; and last cheekteeth decrease in height and have rectangular outline. I is very small and distinctly bifid, with longer innerside; I, is absent; C, is very small and slightly decurved; P|is conspicuously pointed; P,is very large,laterally triangular, and as high as C; and posterior cheekteeth are low and small. Diploid number is 2n = 34, with ten metacentric and submetacentric pairs and seven acrocentric pairs of chromosomes. Habitat. Bornean submontane and montane rainforests at elevations above 550 m but most frequently 1000-2700 m . The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat prefers forest understories. Food and Feeding. The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous, but it do use flowers such as banana flowers ( Musa sp. , Musaceae ). Breeding. Female Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bats are pregnant in September—November. Adult-sized young with cartilaginous wingjoints are caught in April. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is apparently solitary or lives in very small groups. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Overall population of the Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat is not fragmented despite its montane habitat, and all Bornean subpopulations are genetically similar. It is locally common in montane forests. Bibliography. Allen (1938a), Benda (2010a), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Harada & Kobayashi (1980), Kitchener, Hisheh et al. (1993), Kumaran, Ketol et al. (2016), Kumaran, Struebig & Tingga (2016), Olson et al. (2001), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Tingga & Abdullah (2012a, 2012b).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Aethalops aequalis	Aethalops		aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	0	J. Mammal.	1.1368	Borneo Fruit Bat	None.	Malaysia (N Borneo), Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 5,500 ft. (1,833 m).	Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993 a ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Aethalops aequalis	23	Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat	Bornean Fruit Bat|Borneo Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Aethalops	NA	aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	0	Aethalops_aequalis	Allen, G. M. (1938). A new pygmy fruit bat from Borneo. Journal of Mammalogy, 19(4), 497.	https://www.jstor.org/stable/1374243?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents	MCZ 36582		"Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo, altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m]," Sabah, Malaysia.			aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938	NA	NA	Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Aethalops_aequalis	0	sciname match	Aethalops_aequalis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136541	Aethalops aequalis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Aethalops	aequalis	G.M. Allen, 1938	Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but Kitchener et al. (2000) elevated it to full species status, which could indicate that the Javan subspecies A. a ocypete and the Sumatran/Malayan subspecies A. a. alecto are also distinct species, especially as these are montane species. Genetic data using 12S RNA gene showed a rather high genetic distance between Aethalops aequalis from Malaysian Borneo and A. aequalis of Kalimantan (3.5-8%), and between A. aequalis (Borneo) and A. alecto (Lombok, Bali, Sumatra, Java) ranging from 5.4-12.1% (Maharadatunkamsi and Syamsul Arifin Zein 2006, R. Chaya, pers. comm. 2012). Further study is needed to resolve taxonomic uncertainty.	20000000	Aethalops aequalis	Least Concern		2016	2015-12-16 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern as the species has a relatively wide range and is common in hill forests. However, it may be undergoing some localized declines in parts of its range, due mainly to habitat loss.	The species occurs in montane and submontane ; forest. It is often netted along the forest trails and also forest edges (R. Chaya pers. comm. 2012) and also near wild banana plants (Jayaraj pers. comm. 2015). For populations in Malaysian Borneo, most females were found to be pregnant from September to November (R. Chaya pers. comm. 2012).	Deforestation at montane and submontane forests in Sabah and Sarawak is one of the major reasons for the decline of A. aequalis populations (R. Chaya pers. comm. 2012).	The species is confined to montane and submontane forests and is generally caught in low numbers.	Unknown	This species is found in Borneo and has been recorded in Sabah (Mt. Kinabalu 1,833 m), several highlands in Sarawak (Jayaraj et al. 2006, Jayaraj et al. 2011), Brunei, and it occurs in Kayan Mentarang National Park (Puri 1997, I. Maryanto pers. comm.), and several other protected areas in Kalimantan (Indonesia). Has been recorded as low as approximately 550 m asl at Mount Mulu, 845 m asl at Mount Pueh, and 746 m asl at Mount Penrissen. <p> </p>		Terrestrial	This bat is protected under two pieces of legislation in Malaysia: Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 and Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. ; Urgent conservation action is required as this bat is under threat due to deforestation. Highlands such as Kelabit highlands, Mt. Penrissen, Mt. Pueh, and Mt. Murud of Sarawak are not gazetted as protected areas. (R. Chaya pers. comm. 2012).  <u>Research needs</u> The taxonomic uncertainty in Aethalops needs to be resolved as Studies are needed on the population sizes, distribution, and extent of occurrence throughout its range. Ecological Niche Modelling would provide baseline expected area of occupancy. Monitoring of population sizes and locations over time are also important to establish whether these are stable or experiencing trends of decline.  The threats to these bats are poorly understood. Studies are needed on the species’ habitat requirements and on the effects of forest loss and degradation on the species’ population sizes/distribution.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Aethalops		aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	0	J. Mammal.	1.136806	Borneo Fruit Bat	None.	Malaysia (N Borneo), Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 5,500 ft. (1,833 m).	Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993 a ).	Aethalops aequalis	1004357	23	Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat	Bornean Fruit Bat|Borneo Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Aethalops	NA	aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	0	Aethalops_aequalis	Allen, G. M. (1938). A new pygmy fruit bat from Borneo. Journal of Mammalogy, 19(4), 497.	https://www.jstor.org/stable/1374243?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents	MCZ 36582		"Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo, altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m]," Sabah, Malaysia.			aequalis G. M. Allen, 1938	NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Aethalops_aequalis	0	sciname match	Aethalops_aequalis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Aethalops_aequalis	1004357	23	Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat	Bornean Fruit Bat|Borneo Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Balionycterini	Aethalops	NA	aequalis	G. M. Allen	0	Aethalops aequalis	Allen, G.M. 1938. A new pygmy fruit Bat from Borneo. Journal of Mammalogy 19(4):496-498.	https://www.jstor.org/stable/1374243	MCZ:Mamm:36582	holotype	https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Mamm:36582	"Lumu Lumu, Mt. Kinabalu, British North Borneo, altitude 5500 feet [= 1676 m]," Sabah, Malaysia.			NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Aethalops_aequalis	0	sciname match	Aethalops_aequalis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Aethalops		aequalis	G. M. Allen	1938	0	J. Mammal.	1.136806	Borneo Fruit Bat	None.	Malaysia (N Borneo), Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 5,500 ft. (1,833 m).	Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak (Borneo).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136541/21977630/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Considered a subspecies of alecto by many authors, but see D. J. Kitchener et al. (1990, 1993a).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Aethalops aequalis; Aethalops aequalis; Aethalops aequalis; Aethalops aequalis; Aethalops aequalis; Aethalops aequalis; aequalis; Cynoptere de Bornéo; Borneo-Zwergflughund; Aethalops de Borneo; Bornean Fruit Bat; Borneo Fruit Bat; Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat; Bornean Fruit Bat; Borneo Fruit Bat; Borneo Fruit Bat; Borneo Fruit Bat; A. aequalis