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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L876	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens	Myotis grisescens		[MSW2] Subgenus Leuconoe.; [HMW] Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909 , “Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee ,” USA . Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group (24 species). Monotypic.														grisescens				grisescens	grisescens			grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Grey bat	Oklahoma – Kentucky – Georgia; *	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Myotis grisescens	U.S.A., Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.	A. H. Howell	1909	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22:46.	Distribution: Confined to the south-central United States.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Grey myotis	Oklahoma – Kentucky – Georgia; E	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	A. H. Howell	1909	Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:46.	Subgenus Leuconoe.	Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).	USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.		HOWELL	1909	Size medium (forearm length, 40-46 mm; condylobasal length, 14-16 mm). Margin of plagiopatagium attached to ankle of fairly large foot. No keel on calcar. Margin of uropatagium without a fringe of hair. Sagittal crest of braincase well developed. Rostrum of medium width. Middle upper premolar in toothrow.	Distribution: Confined to the south-central United States.	No subspecies.		107	species	M. grisescens	HOWELL	1909	Leuconoe	subgenus	Myotis grisescens				Size medium (forearm length, 40-46 mm; condylobasal length, 14-16 mm). Margin of plagiopatagium attached to ankle of fairly large foot. No keel on calcar. Margin of uropatagium without a fringe of hair. Sagittal crest of braincase well developed. Rostrum of medium width. Middle upper premolar in toothrow.	No subspecies.		59. M. grisescens HOWELL 1909 [levis group],	59	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae		Myotis grisescens	Myotis		grisescens	A. H. Howell		1909		Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	22		46		Gray Myotis	USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.	Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).	U.S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.			4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	937	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF546AEBFF7F97501614B8E3.xml	Myotis grisescens	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	Murin gris @fr | Graues Mausohr @de | Ratonero gris @es | Gray Bat @en	Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909 , “Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee ,” USA . Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group (24 species). Monotypic.	SE USA , in Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Illinois , and Indiana S to Alabama and NW Florida , and E to W Virginia and W North Carolina .	Head-body c.47 55 mm , tail 33-41 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 8-10 mm , forearm 40-6-45- 8 mm ; weight 7-16 g . Dorsal fur ranges from slate-gray to russet brown; ventral fur is lighter than dorsum, with gray or buffy bases and slighter paler tips. Traditionally, two color morphs have been described: gray (most frequent in July-August) and russet (most frequent in females in May andJuly). Russet morph probably occurs when ammonia fumes in summer roosts fade slate-gray winter coat. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril, and tragus has bluntly pointed tip. Membranes are dark brown, and plagiopatagium is attached to foot at ankle. There is no keel on calcar. Skull is moderate in size (greatest length of skull 15-5-16- 4 mm ), long, and broad; palate is broad; upslope profile of forehead is less pronounced than in other North American Myotis ; occipital region is rounded dorsally; and sagittal and lambdoidal crests are present and well developed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four submetacentric and 17 acrocentric autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric.	Karst areas with limestone caves and deciduous forests.	Gray Myotis foraged among trees in riparian vegetation and over waterways, catching insects in flight c¢. 5 m off the water or at ground surface. Diet consists of several genera and at least six species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and midges ( Diptera ). Other prey includes lepidopterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, homopterans, mecopterans, neuropterans, odonatans, plecopterans, thysanopterans, hymenopterans, and spiders.	Gray Myotis are polygynous, and mating occurs in autumn shortly after they enter hibernation caves. Females store sperm all winter, and fertilization is delayed until they emerge in spring. Implantation of one embryo almost always occurs in the right uterine horn, which is larger than the left horn. Pregnancy lasts ¢.50-60 days in April-May. During this period, females roost in maternity caves, and adult males and subadults of both sexes roost in bachelor caves. Females give birth in June. Gray Myotis are born completely naked, with their eyes closed, and weigh 2-4- 3-4 g . Growth rates of young vary with temperature in maternity roosts; neonates in warmer roosts grow more rapidly. Weaning occurs at ¢.2 months old, but only a few females are still lactating at the end of July. Young begin to fly ¢.20-25 days after birth in August. Sexual maturity is late, and male and female reproductive cycles are asynchronous. Females do not mate until two years old. Spermatogenesis in males begins in May of their second year oflife and is completed by September, preceding ovulation by c¢.7 months.	Gray Myotis are emerge from diurnal roosts at dusk, concentrating activity in the first four hours after sunset. A second peak of activity can occur just before dawn. Annual activity can be separated into spring migration (late March to late May); summer period (late May to late August), including a subunit, the maternity period (early June to early July); fall migration (late August to late November); and hibernation or winter period (late November to late March). Except for occasional reports of some individuals in an abandoned mines and buildings, Gray Myotis do not generally roost in trees or man-made structures, which leads to extremely restricted roosting opportunities. Due to its requirements for specific cave types, it can use less than 5% of available caves—95% ofthe total population hibernates in only nine caves in Tennessee , Missouri , Kentucky , Alabama , and Arkansas . It is one of the few bats that roosts in caves in winter and summer and is highly selective for caves providing specific temperatures and roost conditions. It prefers humid and warm (14-25°C) summer caves, usually with large streams running through them. These caves are within 1-2 km of a majorriver or lake. Winter caves often have multiple entrances, good airflow, and temperatures of 6-11°C.	Gray Myotis move seasonally between summer and winter caves, and they make long movements between diurnal roosts and foraging areas. Individuals from a hibernaculum in Kentucky moved seasonally to ten caves in Kentucky , Illinois , and Tennessee , covering 16,905 km * and moving at least 164 km . Individuals from hibernaculum in northern Tennessee migrated 775 km to a summer roost in Florida . Reports for other regions indicate that average one-way migration is 200 km . Transit or stopover caves are used along the way. Foraging individuals have been found as far as 25 km from their summer roosts. In general, females are relatively sedentary at maternity caves; males moved among caves as far as 30 km in the vicinity of maternity caves. Gray Myotis are colonial and form aggregations of up to 250,000 individuals in winter caves. They hibernate during winter, and densities can reach more than 1500 ind/m?. Bachelor caves are 1-35 km away from maternity caves. Populations are divided into discrete colonies with strong roost philopatry.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Despite its large population size, the Gray Myotis is vulnerable to potential massive mortality from White-nose Syndrome, caused by an exotic pathogenic fungus (Pseudogymnoascus destructans). Spread of this pathogen in eastern North America is threatening several species besides the Gray Myotis . Up to the 1990s, population decline was greater than 50%, and current scenarios are not favorable for many populations. Considering a time period of three generations (30 years), including the past twelve years and 18 years in the future,it is likely to decline by more than 30% across its distribution. There are several recovery programs, but long-term results are unknown.	Baker & Patton (1967) | Barbour & Davis (1969) | Best, Milam et al. (1997) | Decher & Choate (1995) | Elder & Gunier (1978) | Guthrie (1933a, 1933b) | Hall, E.R. (1981) | Hall, J.S. & Wilson (1966) | Hoffmeister (1989) | Howell (1909) | Lacki et al. (1995) | LaVal & LaVal (1980c) | LaVal et al. (1977) | Solari (2018l) | Timmerman & McDaniel (1992) | Tuttle (1975, 1976) | Wilson & Ruff (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398757/files/figure.png	394. Gray Myotis Myotis grisescens French: Murin gris / German: Graues Mausohr / Spanish: Ratonero gris Other common names: Gray Bat Taxonomy. Myotis grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909 , “Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee ,” USA . Subgenus Pizonyx; albescens species group (24 species). Monotypic. Distribution. SE USA , in Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Illinois , and Indiana S to Alabama and NW Florida , and E to W Virginia and W North Carolina . Descriptive notes. Head-body c.47 55 mm , tail 33-41 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 8-10 mm , forearm 40-6-45- 8 mm ; weight 7-16 g . Dorsal fur ranges from slate-gray to russet brown; ventral fur is lighter than dorsum, with gray or buffy bases and slighter paler tips. Traditionally, two color morphs have been described: gray (most frequent in July-August) and russet (most frequent in females in May andJuly). Russet morph probably occurs when ammonia fumes in summer roosts fade slate-gray winter coat. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril, and tragus has bluntly pointed tip. Membranes are dark brown, and plagiopatagium is attached to foot at ankle. There is no keel on calcar. Skull is moderate in size (greatest length of skull 15-5-16- 4 mm ), long, and broad; palate is broad; upslope profile of forehead is less pronounced than in other North American Myotis ; occipital region is rounded dorsally; and sagittal and lambdoidal crests are present and well developed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four submetacentric and 17 acrocentric autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric. Habitat. Karst areas with limestone caves and deciduous forests. Food and Feeding. Gray Myotis foraged among trees in riparian vegetation and over waterways, catching insects in flight c¢. 5 m off the water or at ground surface. Diet consists of several genera and at least six species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and midges ( Diptera ). Other prey includes lepidopterans, coleopterans, orthopterans, hemipterans, homopterans, mecopterans, neuropterans, odonatans, plecopterans, thysanopterans, hymenopterans, and spiders. Breeding. Gray Myotis are polygynous, and mating occurs in autumn shortly after they enter hibernation caves. Females store sperm all winter, and fertilization is delayed until they emerge in spring. Implantation of one embryo almost always occurs in the right uterine horn, which is larger than the left horn. Pregnancy lasts ¢.50-60 days in April-May. During this period, females roost in maternity caves, and adult males and subadults of both sexes roost in bachelor caves. Females give birth in June. Gray Myotis are born completely naked, with their eyes closed, and weigh 2-4- 3-4 g . Growth rates of young vary with temperature in maternity roosts; neonates in warmer roosts grow more rapidly. Weaning occurs at ¢.2 months old, but only a few females are still lactating at the end of July. Young begin to fly ¢.20-25 days after birth in August. Sexual maturity is late, and male and female reproductive cycles are asynchronous. Females do not mate until two years old. Spermatogenesis in males begins in May of their second year oflife and is completed by September, preceding ovulation by c¢.7 months. Activity patterns. Gray Myotis are emerge from diurnal roosts at dusk, concentrating activity in the first four hours after sunset. A second peak of activity can occur just before dawn. Annual activity can be separated into spring migration (late March to late May); summer period (late May to late August), including a subunit, the maternity period (early June to early July); fall migration (late August to late November); and hibernation or winter period (late November to late March). Except for occasional reports of some individuals in an abandoned mines and buildings, Gray Myotis do not generally roost in trees or man-made structures, which leads to extremely restricted roosting opportunities. Due to its requirements for specific cave types, it can use less than 5% of available caves—95% ofthe total population hibernates in only nine caves in Tennessee , Missouri , Kentucky , Alabama , and Arkansas . It is one of the few bats that roosts in caves in winter and summer and is highly selective for caves providing specific temperatures and roost conditions. It prefers humid and warm (14-25°C) summer caves, usually with large streams running through them. These caves are within 1-2 km of a majorriver or lake. Winter caves often have multiple entrances, good airflow, and temperatures of 6-11°C. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gray Myotis move seasonally between summer and winter caves, and they make long movements between diurnal roosts and foraging areas. Individuals from a hibernaculum in Kentucky moved seasonally to ten caves in Kentucky , Illinois , and Tennessee , covering 16,905 km * and moving at least 164 km . Individuals from hibernaculum in northern Tennessee migrated 775 km to a summer roost in Florida . Reports for other regions indicate that average one-way migration is 200 km . Transit or stopover caves are used along the way. Foraging individuals have been found as far as 25 km from their summer roosts. In general, females are relatively sedentary at maternity caves; males moved among caves as far as 30 km in the vicinity of maternity caves. Gray Myotis are colonial and form aggregations of up to 250,000 individuals in winter caves. They hibernate during winter, and densities can reach more than 1500 ind/m?. Bachelor caves are 1-35 km away from maternity caves. Populations are divided into discrete colonies with strong roost philopatry. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Despite its large population size, the Gray Myotis is vulnerable to potential massive mortality from White-nose Syndrome, caused by an exotic pathogenic fungus (Pseudogymnoascus destructans). Spread of this pathogen in eastern North America is threatening several species besides the Gray Myotis . Up to the 1990s, population decline was greater than 50%, and current scenarios are not favorable for many populations. Considering a time period of three generations (30 years), including the past twelve years and 18 years in the future,it is likely to decline by more than 30% across its distribution. There are several recovery programs, but long-term results are unknown. Bibliography. Baker & Patton (1967), Barbour & Davis (1969), Best, Milam et al. (1997), Decher & Choate (1995), Elder & Gunier (1978), Guthrie (1933a, 1933b), Hall, E.R. (1981), Hall, J.S. & Wilson (1966), Hoffmeister (1989), Howell (1909), Lacki et al. (1995), LaVal & LaVal (1980c), LaVal et al. (1977), Solari (2018l), Timmerman & McDaniel (1992), Tuttle (1975, 1976), Wilson & Ruff (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Myotis grisescens	Myotis	Unassigned-Myotis	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	22:46	Gray Myotis	None.	USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.	Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).	Not listed.	Vulnerable		Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Myotis grisescens	23	Gray Myotis	Gray Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	0	Myotis_grisescens	Howell, A. H. (1909). Description of a New Bat from Nickajack Cave, Tennessee. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 46.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/68547/1909%20proc%20Bio%20V%2022%20Howell%20Bat%20pp%2045-47.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 157517		"Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee," USA.			grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909	NA	NA	United States	North America	Nearctic	VU	0	0	0	Myotis_grisescens	0	sciname match	Myotis_grisescens	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14132	Myotis grisescens	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Myotis	grisescens	A.H. Howell, 1909		20000000	Myotis grisescens	Vulnerable	A4bce	2018	2017-02-24 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Vulnerable; it has been considered Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, but there are several recuperation programs for this species reaching at the moment few million individuals. Despite large population size and good recovery, the species is regarded as being vulnerable to potential massive mortality from white-nose syndrome. Considering a time period of three generations (30 years), including both past (12 years) and future (18 years), this species is likely to decline by more than 30% across its geographic range. The expansion of WNS in eastern North America is threatening several species, like Myotis grisescens , causing that the species may reach the criteria for Vulnerable, considering that previous to 1990's the declining in the population was larger than 50%, and the current scenarios are not favourable for many of these populations.	About 95% of entire known population hibernates in nine caves, over half in one cave. Roost sites are nearly exclusively restricted to caves throughout the year (Hall and Wilson 1966, Tuttle 1976), though only a few percent of available caves are suitable (Tuttle 1979). They are known to migrate up to 300 miles between summer and winter caves. Winter roosts are in deep vertical caves with domed halls. Large summer colonies utilize caves that trap warm air and provide restricted rooms or domed ceilings, maternity caves often have a stream flowing through them and are separate from the caves used in summer by males. Occasionally non-cave roost sites are used. There are occasional reports of mines (Sealander 1979, Brack et al.  1984, Harvey and McDaniel 1988) and buildings (Gunier and Elder 1971) being used as roost sites. Winter caves are deep and vertical and provide a large volume of air below the lowest entrance that acts as a cold air trap (Tuttle 1976). Cold air flows in and is trapped during successive winters, providing mean annual temperatures 6 °C or more below the above-ground mean annual temperature; winter cave temperatures range from 6 to 11°C (Tuttle 1976, 1979). In the summer, maternity colonies prefer caves that act as warm air traps or that provide restricted rooms or domed ceilings that are capable of trapping the combined body heat from thousands of clustered individuals (Wilson and Ruff 1999). Hibernation sites often have multiple entrances, good air flow, and temperatures of approximately 5-9 C, though 1-4 C may be preferred (Tuttle and Kennedy 2005). Undisturbed summer colonies may contain up to 250,000 bats, and average 10,000 to 25,000 (Tuttle 1979). Summer caves are nearly always located within 1 km of a river or reservoir over which the bats forage (Tuttle 1979). Tuttle (1979) showed that forested areas along the banks of streams and lakes provide important protection for adults and young, which take shelter in forest areas near the entrance to cave roosts. These bats do most of their foraging over water, and are know to eat mayflies and other aquatic insects (Wilson and Ruff 1999), however, they do not feed in areas along rivers or reservoirs where the forest has been cleared (LaVal et al . 1977). Yearlings and adult males segregate into nomadic summer colonies that tend to roost in caves within a few kilometers of ones selected by adult females (Layne 1978, Wilson and Ruff 1999).	Populations of the Gray Myotis have declined by at least 50% from the 1960s to the early 1980s (Brady et al.  1982, Wilson and Ruff 1999). The number of occupied caves has substantially decreased. In Missouri, 26 of 66 caves used historically by this species and surveyed in 1994 showed no evidence of recent use, a similar decline has occurred in Florida (Layne 1978). ;Decline began with cave disturbance associated with saltpeter production during the Civil War. Some of the largest colonies were lost as a result of cave commercialization. Some caves were improperly gated. Cave disturbance has been the major factor in the decline. Cave protection efforts have greatly reduced this threat. The species is especially vulnerable due to its high fidelity to particular favored caves, which meet very specific roosting requirements, therefore, they are very sensitive to disturbance, including the mere presence of humans with lights, disturbance may result in bats moving to less favourable roosting places (Tuttle and Kennedy 2005). White-nose Syndome (WNS) has already killed roughly six million bats having spread over two thousand kilometres within North America, and most of its impact is on eastern populations of bats, like Myotis grisescens (Alves et al . 2014). This disease is considered as one of the major threats to populations of this species.  Habitat loss and degradation and contamination from pesticides also are considered a cause of decline. Natural flooding and impoundment of waterways has resulted in temporary impacts to some caves and the complete submersion and loss of other important cave sites. The use of forestry insecticides and crop pesticides in areas adjacent to riparian corridors where gray bats forage may reduce the prey base or kill bats that ingest contaminated insects (Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center). Some maternity and hibernating colonies are susceptible to human disturbance (Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center).	Total population was estimated at 1.6 million in the late 1990s (Wilson and Ruff 1999). About 10,000 are thought to occur in Florida in summer, a few hundred in winter (Humphrey 1992). ;Maternity colonies include from a few hundred to many thousands of individuals. Five gated maternity caves in Oklahoma each include 10,000 or 20,000 bats (Hensley 2003). Gray Bats have such specific cave requirements that fewer than five percent of caves are suitable. It is estimated that 90 percent of the species' range-wide population hibernates in only nine caves (USFWS 2009). Its populations had declined about 50% between 1965 and 1999. Since listing as Endangered by the US (in 1976), several critical hibernation caves have been gated, leading to stable and growing population in many areas. These combined conservation measures have slowed the prior rate of decline. However, the impact of the White-nose syndrome on its populations could lead them to a more critical situation (Alves et al . 2014), and the species is under continuous monitoring by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.	Increasing	The Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens ) occurs in the south-central and southeastern United States. Its range extends from southeastern Kansas and central Oklahoma east to western Virginia and western North Carolina, and from Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana south to southern Alabama and northwestern Florida (Decher and Choate 1995), occurs primarily in the cave region of Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama (Wilson and Ruff 1999). Summer and winter ranges are essentially the same.		Terrestrial	Cave protection efforts have led to recent population increases. By 1991, the range-wide population was stable and perhaps growing, apparently due to successful cave protection efforts. Since 1981, the maternity colony population in Oklahoma has increased from 56,000 to almost 150,000 (Hensley 2003). The recovery plan criteria for change from endangered status to threatened status is documentation of permanent protection of 90% of Priority 1 hibernacula and documentation of stable or increasing populations at 75% of Priority 1 maternity caves during a period of five years; recent studies indicate that these criteria have been met (Harvey and Currie 2002). The Tennessee Valley Authority sponsored a recovery project that resulted in the protection of two critical maternity sites: the Hambrick and Nickajack caves in Tennessee. Blowing Wind Cave in northern Alabama, the most important summer cave known for gray bats, has been acquired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and a gate has been placed across the entrance. Fern Cave, the largest known gray bat hibernaculum, has also been purchased by the Fish and Wildlife Service and is being managed for protection of the bats. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service also has acquired and protects additional caves in Alabama. To protect habitat, The Nature Conservancy has established six voluntary protection agreements with private landowners for gray bat maternity sites. The National Park Service restricts human access to six Gray Bat maternity caves on its lands and monitors them for possible disturbance. The Indiana Bat and Gray Bat Comprehensive Plan contains a detailed list of caves that have been protected or are currently being managed. Identify all caves used for different stages of the life history. Occupied caves should be protected from human disturbance. A buffer of undisturbed vegetation should be left around the entrances of caves inhabited by gray bats; wooded travel corridors between roosting and foraging sites should be protected; the use of herbicides and pesticides in areas adjacent to foraging and roost sites should be carefully controlled and monitored for unanticipated adverse effects (Alabama Forestry Commission).	Nearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Unassigned - Myotis	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	22:46	Gray Myotis	None.	USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.	Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).	Not listed.	Vulnerable		Myotis grisescens	1005413	23	Gray Myotis	Gray Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	MYOTINAE	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	0	Myotis_grisescens	Howell, A. H. (1909). Description of a New Bat from Nickajack Cave, Tennessee. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 46.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/68547/1909%20proc%20Bio%20V%2022%20Howell%20Bat%20pp%2045-47.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 157517		"Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee," USA.			grisescens A. H. Howell, 1909	NA	NA			USA(IL,IN,OH,WV,VA,NC,MO,AR,MS,KY,TN,GA,AL,FL)	United States	North America	Nearctic	VU	0	0	0	Myotis_grisescens	0	sciname match	Myotis_grisescens	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Myotis_grisescens	1005413	23	Gray Myotis	Gray Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Myotinae	NA	Myotis	Pizonyx	grisescens	A. H. Howell	0	Myotis grisescens	Howell, A.H. 1909-03-10. Description of a new bat from Nickajack Cave, Tennessee. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 22:45-47.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3330005	USNM:MAMM:157517	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/31ead6dc4-5577-4406-b619-40aa61361c11	"Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound, Marion County, Tennessee," USA.			NA	NA			USA(IL,IN,OH,WV,VA,NC,MO,AR,MS,KY,TN,GA,AL,FL)	United States	North America	Nearctic	VU	0	0	0	Myotis_grisescens	0	sciname match	Myotis_grisescens	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Myotis	Pizonyx	grisescens	A. H. Howell	1909	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	22:46	Gray Myotis	None.	USA, Tennessee, Marion Co., Nickajack Cave, near Shellmound.	Florida Panhandle to Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, E Kansas and NE Oklahoma (USA).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14132/22051652/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>			Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Myotis grisescens; Myotis grisescens; Myotis grisescens; Myotis grisescens; Myotis grisescens; Myotis grisescens; grisescens; Murin gris; Graues Mausohr; Ratonero gris; Gray Bat; Gray Myotis; Gray Bat; Gray Myotis; Gray Myotis; Gray Bat; M. grisescens