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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L804	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Myonycteris torquata [synonym of]	Myonycteris torquata leptodon	Myonycteris torquata [synonym of]	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris leptodon		[HMW] Myonycteris leptodon K. Andersen, 1908 , “ Sierra Leone ; Libera.” Mpyonycteris leptodon was considered a subspecies or synonym of M. torquata . Analyses of cytochrome-b sequences in specimens from West Africa differed considerably (by 69 mutations) from M. ftorquata populations in Central Africa; therefore, the species name proposed by K. Andersen was reinstated. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Distinct from torquata ; see Nesi et al. (2013).; [MDD2022] split from M. torquata; [IUCN] Nesi et al. (2013) recently elevated the taxon Myonycteris leptodon to species rank. This species was originally described by Anderson (1908), but synonymised with Myonytceris torquata by Bergmans (1976) and has remained in synonymy since then (e.g. Simmons 2005). However, recent molecular analyses have shown that M. leptodon from West Africa differs by 4.8-6.6% in its Cytochrome_b sequence from M. torquata from Central Africa (Nesi et al. 2013). The two species are morphologically similar, but their distributions appear to be non-overlapping.; [batnames2023] Distinct from torquata ; see Nesi et al. (2013).; [MDD2023] split from M. torquata; [MDD2025_2.0] split from M. torquata; [batnames2025_1.7] Distinct from torquata; see Nesi et al. (2013).; [MDD2025_2.2] split from M. torquata														leptodon	Nesi et al. (2013) recently elevated the taxon Myonycteris leptodon to species rank. This species was originally described by Anderson (1908), but synonymised with Myonytceris torquata by Bergmans (1976) and has remained in synonymy since then (e.g. Simmons 2005). However, recent molecular analyses have shown that M. leptodon from West Africa differs by 4.8-6.6% in its Cytochrome_b sequence from M. torquata from Central Africa (Nesi et al. 2013). The two species are morphologically similar, but their distributions appear to be non-overlapping.			leptodon	leptodon			leptodon Andersen, 1908						N/A																																								NA																											03AD87FAFFE7F60989613D33F92EF7F4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	93	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFE7F60989613D33F92EF7F4.xml	Myonycteris leptodon	Pteropodidae	Myonycteris	leptodon	K. Andersen	1908	Myonyctére ouest-africain @fr | Sierra-Leone-Halskrausenflughund @de | Myonicterio de Sierra Leona @es | Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat @en	Myonycteris leptodon K. Andersen, 1908 , “ Sierra Leone ; Libera.” Mpyonycteris leptodon was considered a subspecies or synonym of M. torquata . Analyses of cytochrome-b sequences in specimens from West Africa differed considerably (by 69 mutations) from M. ftorquata populations in Central Africa; therefore, the species name proposed by K. Andersen was reinstated. Monotypic.	W Africa from Sierra Leone to SW Nigeria ( Niger Delta ); however, E limits are not yet known with certainty, and identity of material from Nigeria needs to be confirmed.	Head-body 88-120 mm (males) and 98-118 mm (females), tail 0-11 mm (males) and 0-13 mm (females), ear 13-21 (males) and 15-19 mm (females), hindfoot 14-21 mm , forearm 57-65 mm (males) and 56-67 mm (females); weight 27-49 g (males) and 30-54 g (females). Head of the Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat has no markings, muzzle is moderately long and stout, lips are thin and smooth, and cheeks are mildly expansible. Eyes are large; irises are brown. Ears are slightly shorter than those of congeners and lack basal ear patches; antitragus is distinct and triangular. Adult males lack epaulettes and mantle, but ruff of stiff hairs is present; dorsum is generally rich dark rusty brown to medium yellowish brown and paler and grayer on shoulders, neck, and head. Pelage is dense, silky, and mid-dorsally 6-7 mm , extending halfway or two-thirds of forearm,slightly on wing along leg but not reaching ankle, and over entire uropatagium; hairs are unicolored or with pale brownish gray bases. Venteris slightly paler than dorsum, medium brown to grayish brown or pale gray; noticeable woolly throat ruff is present in adults and young of both sexes; in adult males, ruff on chin, throat, and upper chest consists of coarse brushy hairs that are seasonally stained yellow-orange by secretions from underlying glands. Young are darker than adults. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes are dark brown and attach to second toes; and toes are webbed to about middle offirst phalanges. Skull is moderately robust, with basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively medium-long, anteriorly narrower than in other species of Myonycteris ;, there is no sagittal crest; nuchal crest is weakly developed; and zygomatic arches are moderate. There are nine palatal ridges, of which four are thick and interdental and fifth is thin and interdental; ridges 1-3 are undivided, almost straight or barely curved; ridges 4-7 are divided and generally strongly curved; ridges 6-7 are often irregular or incomplete and serrated; and ridges 8 and 9 are always serrated and generally slightly divided in the middle. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. M! 15 variable in size, from slightly larger than premolar to three times its size; supernumerary molars can be present in upper and lower tooth rows.	Wide variety of forested habitats at elevations of 30-1350 m . In dry season (January-April), the Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat is absent in savanna zones, but at the beginning of wet season (April-May), it can be found in moist Rainforest-Savanna Mosaic and drier Guinea Savanna biotic zones.	The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bats ate 0-88- 1-6 g of food/g body weight/day. In Lamto projectfield station ( Ivory Coast ), most frequently consumed fruit was Solanum verbascifolium ( Solanaceae ); two species of Ficus ( Moraceae ) and two species of Adenia ( Passifloraceae ) were also eaten. In Wango Fitini ( Ivory Coast ), only fruits of Butyrospermum paradoxum ( Sapotaceae ) and Cola cordifolia ( Malvaceae ) were eaten.	On Mount Nimba ( Liberia ), pregnant females were reported in August— September, October-November, and January-March, suggesting an extended breeding season. In Ghana , two breeding seasons were reported: major peak in July-August and minor peak in March-April, suggesting seasonal bimodal polyestry. Two embryos of different size were found in a pregnant female captured near the Iti River ( Liberia ).	Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bats are presumably nocturnal and roost in foliage.	The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat roosts alone or in small groups. In Ivory Coast ,it displays a migratory or nomadic pattern according to rain patterns. At beginning of rainy season, both sexes migrate north, but females return earlier to rainforests, a process that appears to be irregular and unpredictable. Movements of females might be limited by costs of pregnancy and lactation.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population, and it probably is not declining fast enough to warrant a higher conservation category. Major threats are habitat loss and degradation due to conversion to agricultural use and harvesting of timber and firewood.	Bergmans (1976) | Coe (1975) | De Vree (1971) | Decher et al. (2016) | Hassanin et al. (2016) | Monadjem (2016c¢) | Nesi et al. (2013) | Thomas (1982, 1983) | Thomas & Henry (2013c) | Verschuren (1977) | Wolton et al. (1982) | Yeboah (2007)		55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat Myonycteris leptodon French: Myonyctére ouest-africain / German: Sierra-Leone-Halskrausenflughund / Spanish: Myonicterio de Sierra Leona Other common names: Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Myonycteris leptodon K. Andersen, 1908 , “ Sierra Leone ; Libera.” Mpyonycteris leptodon was considered a subspecies or synonym of M. torquata . Analyses of cytochrome-b sequences in specimens from West Africa differed considerably (by 69 mutations) from M. ftorquata populations in Central Africa; therefore, the species name proposed by K. Andersen was reinstated. Monotypic. Distribution. W Africa from Sierra Leone to SW Nigeria ( Niger Delta ); however, E limits are not yet known with certainty, and identity of material from Nigeria needs to be confirmed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 88-120 mm (males) and 98-118 mm (females), tail 0-11 mm (males) and 0-13 mm (females), ear 13-21 (males) and 15-19 mm (females), hindfoot 14-21 mm , forearm 57-65 mm (males) and 56-67 mm (females); weight 27-49 g (males) and 30-54 g (females). Head of the Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat has no markings, muzzle is moderately long and stout, lips are thin and smooth, and cheeks are mildly expansible. Eyes are large; irises are brown. Ears are slightly shorter than those of congeners and lack basal ear patches; antitragus is distinct and triangular. Adult males lack epaulettes and mantle, but ruff of stiff hairs is present; dorsum is generally rich dark rusty brown to medium yellowish brown and paler and grayer on shoulders, neck, and head. Pelage is dense, silky, and mid-dorsally 6-7 mm , extending halfway or two-thirds of forearm,slightly on wing along leg but not reaching ankle, and over entire uropatagium; hairs are unicolored or with pale brownish gray bases. Venteris slightly paler than dorsum, medium brown to grayish brown or pale gray; noticeable woolly throat ruff is present in adults and young of both sexes; in adult males, ruff on chin, throat, and upper chest consists of coarse brushy hairs that are seasonally stained yellow-orange by secretions from underlying glands. Young are darker than adults. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes are dark brown and attach to second toes; and toes are webbed to about middle offirst phalanges. Skull is moderately robust, with basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively medium-long, anteriorly narrower than in other species of Myonycteris ;, there is no sagittal crest; nuchal crest is weakly developed; and zygomatic arches are moderate. There are nine palatal ridges, of which four are thick and interdental and fifth is thin and interdental; ridges 1-3 are undivided, almost straight or barely curved; ridges 4-7 are divided and generally strongly curved; ridges 6-7 are often irregular or incomplete and serrated; and ridges 8 and 9 are always serrated and generally slightly divided in the middle. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. M! 15 variable in size, from slightly larger than premolar to three times its size; supernumerary molars can be present in upper and lower tooth rows. Habitat. Wide variety of forested habitats at elevations of 30-1350 m . In dry season (January-April), the Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat is absent in savanna zones, but at the beginning of wet season (April-May), it can be found in moist Rainforest-Savanna Mosaic and drier Guinea Savanna biotic zones. Food and Feeding. The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bats ate 0-88- 1-6 g of food/g body weight/day. In Lamto projectfield station ( Ivory Coast ), most frequently consumed fruit was Solanum verbascifolium ( Solanaceae ); two species of Ficus ( Moraceae ) and two species of Adenia ( Passifloraceae ) were also eaten. In Wango Fitini ( Ivory Coast ), only fruits of Butyrospermum paradoxum ( Sapotaceae ) and Cola cordifolia ( Malvaceae ) were eaten. Breeding. On Mount Nimba ( Liberia ), pregnant females were reported in August— September, October-November, and January-March, suggesting an extended breeding season. In Ghana , two breeding seasons were reported: major peak in July-August and minor peak in March-April, suggesting seasonal bimodal polyestry. Two embryos of different size were found in a pregnant female captured near the Iti River ( Liberia ). Activity patterns. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bats are presumably nocturnal and roost in foliage. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat roosts alone or in small groups. In Ivory Coast ,it displays a migratory or nomadic pattern according to rain patterns. At beginning of rainy season, both sexes migrate north, but females return earlier to rainforests, a process that appears to be irregular and unpredictable. Movements of females might be limited by costs of pregnancy and lactation. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population, and it probably is not declining fast enough to warrant a higher conservation category. Major threats are habitat loss and degradation due to conversion to agricultural use and harvesting of timber and firewood. Bibliography. Bergmans (1976), Coe (1975), De Vree (1971), Decher et al. (2016), Hassanin et al. (2016), Monadjem (2016c¢), Nesi et al. (2013), Thomas (1982, 1983), Thomas & Henry (2013c), Verschuren (1977), Wolton et al. (1982), Yeboah (2007).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Myonycteris leptodon	Myonycteris	Myonycteris	leptodon	Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 450	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	None.	Sierra Leone	E Sierra Leone and Guinea through S Benin and SW Nigeria	Not listed.	Least Concern	Distinct from torquata ; see Nesi et al. (2013).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Myonycteris leptodon	23	Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	MYONYCTERINI	Myonycteris	NA	leptodon	K. Andersen	1908	0	Myonycteris_leptodon	Andersen, K. (1908). Preliminary descriptions of two new species of Myonycteris. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 2, 450.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71837#page/476/mode/1up	BM 1891.2.13.1		"Sierra Leone; Liberia."			leptodon K. Andersen, 1908	split from M. torquata	Nesi, N., Kadjo, B., Pourrut, X., Leroy, E., Shongo, C. P., Cruaud, C., & Hassanin, A. (2013). Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the tribe Myonycterini (Mammalia, Pteropodidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(1), 126-137.	Sierra Leone|Guinea|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myonycteris_leptodon	0	unmatched	NA	1	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	80000000	Myonycteris leptodon	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Myonycteris	leptodon	K. Andersen, 1908	Nesi et al. (2013) recently elevated the taxon Myonycteris leptodon to species rank. This species was originally described by Anderson (1908), but synonymised with Myonytceris torquata by Bergmans (1976) and has remained in synonymy since then (e.g. Simmons 2005). However, recent molecular analyses have shown that M. leptodon from West Africa differs by 4.8-6.6% in its Cytochrome_b sequence from M. torquata from Central Africa (Nesi et al. 2013). The two species are morphologically similar, but their distributions appear to be non-overlapping.	200000000	Myonycteris leptodon	Least Concern		2020	2014-12-28 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is generally associated with lowland tropical moist forest (both primary and secondary), and may also be encountered in forest-grassland mosaic habitats. It appears to be somewhat adaptable as animals have been recorded from city gardens. It roosts singly or in small groups.	It may be locally threatened by habitat loss and degradation, often resulting from conversion of land to agricultural use or the harvesting of timber and firewood.	It is a locally abundant species that may constitute the most commonly captured fruit bat at certain localities such as at Tai National Park in Ivory Coast (Fahr and Kalko 2011), and sites in Liberia (Monadjem and Fahr 2007).	Unknown	Myonycteris leptodon ranges throughout much of West Africa.  It is distributed from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west, through to western Nigeria in the east with the Niger delta apparently forming the barrier between this species and the sister species M. torquata (Nesi et al.  2013). However, the eastern limits of this species are not yet known with certainty and the identifty of material from Nigeria needs to be confirmed. This species has not yet been recorded from the Dahomey Gap (see Djossa et al.  2008).		Terrestrial	This species has been recorded within a number of protected areas and also survives outside of such areas.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Myonycteris	Myonycteris	leptodon	Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 450	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	None.	Sierra Leone	E Sierra Leone and Guinea through S Benin and SW Nigeria	Not listed.	Least Concern	Distinct from torquata ; see Nesi et al. (2013).	Myonycteris leptodon	1004535	23	Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	MYONYCTERINI	Myonycteris	NA	leptodon	K. Andersen	1908	0	Myonycteris_leptodon	Andersen, K. (1908). Preliminary descriptions of two new species of Myonycteris. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 2, 450.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71837#page/476/mode/1up	BM 1891.2.13.1		"Sierra Leone; Liberia."			leptodon K. Andersen, 1908	split from M. torquata	Nesi, N., Kadjo, B., Pourrut, X., Leroy, E., Shongo, C. P., Cruaud, C., & Hassanin, A. (2013). Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the tribe Myonycterini (Mammalia, Pteropodidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(1), 126-137.				Sierra Leone|Guinea|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myonycteris_leptodon	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Myonycteris_leptodon	1004535	23	Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Myonycterini	Myonycteris	NA	leptodon	Andersen	0	Myonycteris leptodon	Andersen, K.C. 1908-11-01. Preliminary descriptions of two new species of _Myonycteris_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)2(11):450-451.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26494546	BMNH:Mamm:1891.2.13.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/dea832d3-d739-4930-9e73-850ac7de43ef	"Sierra Leone; Liberia."			split from M. torquata	Nesi, N., Kadjo, B., Pourrut, X., Leroy, E., Shongo, C. P., Cruaud, C., & Hassanin, A. (2013). Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the tribe Myonycterini (Mammalia, Pteropodidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Molecular phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(1), 126-137.				Sierra Leone|Guinea|Liberia|Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Myonycteris_leptodon	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Myonycteris	Myonycteris	leptodon	Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 450	Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat	None.	Sierra Leone	E Sierra Leone and Guinea through S Benin and SW Nigeria	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/84463728/166525357/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Distinct from torquata; see Nesi et al. (2013).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Myonycteris leptodon; Myonycteris leptodon; Myonycteris leptodon; Myonycteris leptodon; Myonycteris leptodon; leptodon; Myonyctére ouest-africain; Sierra-Leone-Halskrausenflughund; Myonicterio de Sierra Leona; Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat; Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat; Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat; Small-eared Collared Fruit Bat; M. leptodon