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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L77	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus lituratus		[MSW2] Subgenus Artibeus. Includes palmarum but not fallax, Hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1978b:15). Includes intermedius', see Jones and Carter (1976:28; but see also Davis (1984). See also comment under planirostris.; [MSW3] Subgenus Artibeus. Includes palmarum but not fallax, hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum, which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, I treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum. Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield (2000).; [HMW] Phyllostomus lturatus Olfers, 1818 , “ Paraguay .” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asuncion , Paraguay . Artibeus lituratus is in subgenus Artibeus . Its name is based on the “chauve-souris obscure et rayée” described by EF d’Azara in 1801. The bat came from “Pueblo mi amigo Don Pedro Blas Noseda,” which would be closer to San Ignacio but not Asuncion , which raises some doubt about this type locality restriction. Delimitation of subspecies is uncertain at best because diverse morphometric and molecular analyses failed to unambiguously define independent evolutionary lineages. Some authors treated A. intermedius as a valid species, but here the most common taxonomy is maintained, and it considered a subspecies. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Artibeus . May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax , hercules , or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius ; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum . Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).; [IUCN] This is part of the subgenus Artibeus . It includes palmarum ;and ;intermedius . It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities. As there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius , it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, intermedius is treated as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum (Simmons 2005).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Artibeus . May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax , hercules , or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius ; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum . Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).; [MDD2023] previously included A. intermedius, although that taxon is still regularly considered a synonym of A. lituratus; limited molecular and morphological distinctions currently justify the recognition of A. intermedius as a distinct species; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included A. intermedius, although that taxon is still regularly considered a synonym of A. lituratus; limited molecular and morphological distinctions currently justify the recognition of A. intermedius as a distinct species; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Artibeus. May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax, hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum, which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum. Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included A. intermedius, although that taxon is still regularly considered a synonym of A. lituratus; limited molecular and morphological distinctions currently justify the recognition of A. intermedius as a distinct species				palmarum, intertmedius		femurvillosum, intermedius, koopmani, palmarum, rusbyi, superciliosum.	palmarum, lituratus	lituratus , koopmani , palmarum ,	frenatus, rusbyi, superciliatum; palmarum - femurvillosum, intermedius; Unassigned - dominicanus	lituratus, intermedius, koopmani, palmarum,		literatus, koopmani, palmarum	literatus - frenatus, rusbyi, superciliatum; palmarum - femurvillosum	frenatus, lituratus, lituratus, frenatus, superciliatum, intermedius, palmarum, femurvillosum, rusbyi, dominicanus	This is part of the subgenus Artibeus . It includes palmarum ;and ;intermedius . It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities. As there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius , it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, intermedius is treated as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum (Simmons 2005).	literatus, koopmani, palmarum, Unassigned: dominicanus 	literatus - frenatus, rusbyi, superciliatum; palmarum - femurvillosum	frenatus, lituratus, lituratus, frenatus, superciliatum, palmarum, femurvillosum, rusbyi, dominicanus	perspicillatus, frenatus, lituratus, frenatus, lituratus, superciliatus, palmarum, femurvillosus, rusbyi, dominicanus, literatus, koopmani	koopmani, lituratus, palmarum	dominicanus; lituratus - frenatus, rusbyi, superciliatum, palmarum - femurvillosum	perspicillatus (G. Fischer, 1803) [nomen nudum]|perspicillatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|frenatus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|lituratus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|frenatus (I. von Olfers, 1818)|lituratus (I. von Olfers, 1818)|superciliatus (H. R. Schinz, 1821)|palmarum J. A. Allen & F. M. Chapman, 1897|femurvillosus Bangs, 1899|rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904|dominicanus Andersen, 1908 [nomen nudum]|literatus Tamsitt & Valdivieso, 1963 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|koopmani D. E. Wilson, 1991		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Big fruit-eating bat	NE Mexico – N Argentina, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Tobago	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Artibeus lituratus	Paraguay, Asuncion.	Olfers	1818	In Eschwege, Neue Bibl. Reisenb., p. 224.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico south through Central America and tropical South America to northern Argentina, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru, also Margarita and Trinidad islands north to St. Vincent.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Great fruit-eating bat	S Mexico – N Argentina, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Tobago	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Olfers	1818	In Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb., 15:224.	Subgenus Artibeus. Includes palmarum but not fallax, Hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1978b:15). Includes intermedius', see Jones and Carter (1976:28; but see also Davis (1984). See also comment under planirostris.	Sinaloa and Tamaulipas (Mexico) to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Tres Marias Isis.	Paraguay, Asuncion.		OLFERS	1818	Size relatively large (forearm length, 66-75 mm; greatest length of skull, 30-33 mm). Preorbital and postorbital processes well developed. Last upper molar normally absent, but last lower normally present. Both medial and lateral facial stripes well developed. Skull relatively broad with a flattened rostrum.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico south through Central America and tropical South America to northern Argentina, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru, also Margarita and Trinidad islands north to St. Vincent.	Two subspecies:	A. l.palmarum (tropical Mexico to northwestern Peru and Tobago and north to St. Vincent), A. I. lituratus (remainder of range).	90	species	A. lituratus	OLFERS	1818	Artibeus	subgenus	Artibeus lituratus				Size relatively large (forearm length, 66-75 mm; greatest length of skull, 30-33 mm). Preorbital and postorbital processes well developed. Last upper molar normally absent, but last lower normally present. Both medial and lateral facial stripes well developed. Skull relatively broad with a flattened rostrum.	Two subspecies:		2. A. lituratus (OLFERS 1818).	2	_A. l. koopmani_ Wilson, 1991; _A. l. lituratus_ (Olfers, 1818) (synonyms: _frenatus_ (Olfers, 1818), _perspicillatus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810), _rusbyi_ Allen, 1904, _superciliatus_ (Schinz, 1821)); _A. l. palmarum_ Allen & Chapman, 1897 (synonyms: _femurvillosus_ Bangs, 1899)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus	Artibeus	lituratus	Olfers	y	1818		In Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.	15		224		Great Fruit-eating Bat	Paraguay, Asunción.	Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Trés Marías Isls.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as A. lituratus and A. intermedius.	frenatus Illiger, 1815 [nomen nudum]; frenatus Olfers, 1818; rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904; superciliatum Schinz, 1821; koopmani Wilson, 1991; palmarum J. A. Allen, 1897; femurvillosum Bangs, 1899; intermedius J. A. Allen, 1897. Unassigned: dominicanus Andersen, 1908 [nomen nudum].	Subgenus Artibeus. Includes palmarum but not fallax, hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum, which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, I treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum. Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield (2000).	03A687BCFFEAFFEA1341FBD7F709FAA8	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	575	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFEAFFEA1341FBD7F709FAA8.xml	Artibeus lituratus	Phyllostomidae	Artibeus	lituratus		1818	Artibée rayée @fr | Gro Rer Fruchtvampir @de | Artibeogrande @es | Great Artibeus @en	Phyllostomus lturatus Olfers, 1818 , “ Paraguay .” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asuncion , Paraguay . Artibeus lituratus is in subgenus Artibeus . Its name is based on the “chauve-souris obscure et rayée” described by EF d’Azara in 1801. The bat came from “Pueblo mi amigo Don Pedro Blas Noseda,” which would be closer to San Ignacio but not Asuncion , which raises some doubt about this type locality restriction. Delimitation of subspecies is uncertain at best because diverse morphometric and molecular analyses failed to unambiguously define independent evolutionary lineages. Some authors treated A. intermedius as a valid species, but here the most common taxonomy is maintained, and it considered a subspecies. Four subspecies recognized.	A.l.lituratusOlfers,1818—fromSoftheOrinocoBasininVenezuela,EthroughtheGuianas,andSthroughSEColombia,Ecuador,Brazil,Peru,andBoliviaintoParaguayandNEArgentina. A.l. intermediusJ.A.A.l.,1897—fromC&SMexico(includingYucatanPeninsulaandCozumelI)throughCentralAmericatoNWColombia. A.l.koopmaniWilson,1991—TresMariasIs,offNayarit,Mexico. A. l. palmarumJ. A. A.l. & F. M. Chapman, 1897 — from N & E Colombia , Venezuela N of the Orinoco Basin, Trinidad and Tobago Is, and the S Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent , the Grenadines , Grenada , and Margarita Is).	Head-body 72-95 mm (tailless), ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 12-21 mm, forearm 59-68 mm; weight 43-59 g for subspecies intermedius. Head—body 80-101 (tailless), ear 20-26 mm, hindfoot 15-21 mm, forearm 69-77 mm; weight 55-90 g for subspecies palmarum. Greatest lengths of skulls are 27-4-30-2 mm (intermedius) and 30-6-32-9 mm (palmarum). The Great Fruit-eating Bat is among the largest species of Artibeus , showing extensive morphological variation throughout its distribution. This variation has been used as criteria for distinguishing taxonomic subdivisions, with subspecies palmarum being the largest and intermedius the smallest. Dorsal fur is brownish, ranging from pale or grayish brown to reddish brown (or grayish brown with reddish tinge) or even brown-chocolate; ventral fur is slightly paler, being brownish to dark brown but never frosted with white-tipped hairs. Dorsal fur is long (7-8 mm) and tricolored, with pale bases. Faint facial stripes are present; upper pair is always conspicuous, and lower ones can be obscure to faint (in intermedius). Horseshoe of noseleafis not attached to upper lip; chin has central wart surrounded by smaller ones. Body fur extends to contiguous areas of wings, which is more conspicuous on ventral view. Dorsal one-half of forearm is well furred, with long hairs. Dorsally, uropatagium is densely covered with thin hairs at least to knees, and usually legs are also covered with long brownish hairs. Skull is long and robust; preorbital and postorbital processes are well developed (rostral shield is present). Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 2/3 ( x2 ) = 30. I' has distinctly bilobed edges; M,is rarely missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30-31 and FN = 56, with Y, Y, sex chromosome system.	Wide variety of habitats from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2620 m . Subspecies lituratus and palmarum are typically found in tropical rainforests but also tropical deciduous forests. Subspecies intermedius and koopmani are found in subtropical deciduousforests, tropical thorn forests, and pine-oak vegetation. Great Fruit-eating Bats also occur in tropical semideciduous forests, cloud forests, savannas, seasonally dry forests, and human-modified habitats, such as agricultural land, especially in fruit trees and even urban areas.	The Great Fruit-eating Bat is a fruit generalist but prefers figs. It can consume flowers, leaves, pollen, and insects. Figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) comprise most of the diet, being available year-round and thus securing food resources when other fruits are scarce. The role of the Great Fruit-eating Bat as a seed disperseris well studied; it is an important disperser for at least ten plant species in rainforests but also disperses at least 42 plant species in 17 families (e.g. Cecropia spp., Urticaceae ; Anacardium sp., Spondias sp., and Mangifera sp., all Anacardiaceae ; Musa sp., Musaceae ; Persea sp., Lauraceae ; Cyclanthus sp., Cyclanthaceae ; Cavendishia sp., Ericaceae ; Vismia sp., Hypericaceae ; Psidia sp., Myrtaceae ; Guazuma sp., Malvaceae ; Piper spp-, Piperaceae ; Prunus sp., Rosaceae ; and Solanum spp., Solanaceae ). Leaves of at least six species of plants have been also identified in diets (leaves are chewed, fluids ingested, and fibrous material not swallowed but dropped as pellets), probably to supplement protein requirements during certain reproductive periods. Insects can be a frequent food item as some specific habitats. Broad feeding niche of the Great Fruit-eating Bat suggests great ecological flexibility throughout the various habitats is occupies and allowing it to respond to changing seasonal and annual availability of resources.	The Great Fruit-eating Bat exhibits a reproductive pattern of bimodal polyestry that varies temporally with latitude and longitude and typically peaks in dry and wet seasons. In Central America, these peaks in pregnancy occur in March and July, with peaks in lactation 2-3 months later. Peaks of pregnancy occur in October-November in Ecuador and Colombia , February in Venezuela and Brazil (Para), and April-May in Trinidad and Tobago . There is a second pregnancy peak in June-July in Venezuela , July in Minas Gerais , Brazil , and August in Amazonas, Brazil . These differences are associated with changing abiotic conditions and local availability of resources. Gestation lasts 3-5-4 months. Females almost always give birth to one young per pregnancy. Based on histological examination of reproductive tracts, populations from south-eastern Brazil exhibited postpartum estrus and bimodal polyestry, with births peak in November and March, coinciding with periods of greater rainfall.	The Great Fruit-eating Bat becomes active during the first two hours after sunset, flying directly to fruit trees previously identified during commuting flights. These trees are used for almost a week, before moving to a next feeding area (patch of fruiting trees). It mostly forages in higher levels of the forest. It has a larger home range than the Flatfaced Fruit-eating Bat (A. planirostris ) or the Dark Fruit-eating Bat (A. obscurus ), which was suggested to be linked to their ability to flock together to exploit fruit crops of large trees. The Great Fruit-eating Bat usually roosts in dense vegetation, hanging from tree branches under leaves. It takes advantage of broken or crossed palm fronds, in vine-tangled crowns of subcanopy trees, and in dark cave-like recesses on undersides of crowns of canopy trees. It also roosts in large hollow trees ( Ceiba spp.).	Great Fruit-eating Bats hang singly or in small groups in exposed entrances of caves or well-illuminated openings of large caves, or by hanging from shaded roofs of small niches in cliffs. Groups contain 5-25 individuals. Based on observations of only one adult male in each group,it probably has a harem-based mating system.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Great Fruit-eating Bat has a wide distribution, occurs in various habitats, and is abundant.	Albuja (1999) | Allen (1897) | Allen & Chapman (1897) | Andersen (1906b, 1908c) | Ascorra et al. (1996) | d/Azara (1801) | Cabrera (1958) | Castano et al. (2018) | Davis (1970b, 1984) | Fleming et al. (1972) | Handley (1987) | Hershkovitz (1949) | Koepcke & Kraft (1984) | Larsen et al. (2010b, 2013) | Marchan-Rivadeneira et al. (2012) | Marques-Aguiar (2008a) | Morrison (1980) | Olfers (1818) | Pacheco et al. (2010) | Phillips et al. (1991) | Redondo et al. (2008) | Simmons (2005) | Wilson (1991) | Zortéa & Mendes (1993)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458987/files/figure.png	196. Great Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus French: Artibée rayée / German: GroRer Fruchtvampir / Spanish: Artibeo grande Other common names: Great Artibeus Taxonomy. Phyllostomus lturatus Olfers, 1818 , “ Paraguay .” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asuncion , Paraguay . Artibeus lituratus is in subgenus Artibeus . Its name is based on the “chauve-souris obscure et rayée” described by EF d’Azara in 1801. The bat came from “Pueblo mi amigo Don Pedro Blas Noseda,” which would be closer to San Ignacio but not Asuncion , which raises some doubt about this type locality restriction. Delimitation of subspecies is uncertain at best because diverse morphometric and molecular analyses failed to unambiguously define independent evolutionary lineages. Some authors treated A. intermedius as a valid species, but here the most common taxonomy is maintained, and it considered a subspecies. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lituratusOlfers,1818—fromSoftheOrinocoBasininVenezuela,EthroughtheGuianas,andSthroughSEColombia,Ecuador,Brazil,Peru,andBoliviaintoParaguayandNEArgentina. A.l. intermediusJ.A.A.l.,1897—fromC&SMexico(includingYucatanPeninsulaandCozumelI)throughCentralAmericatoNWColombia. A.l.koopmaniWilson,1991—TresMariasIs,offNayarit,Mexico. A. l. palmarumJ. A. A.l. & F. M. Chapman, 1897 — from N & E Colombia , Venezuela N of the Orinoco Basin, Trinidad and Tobago Is, and the S Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent , the Grenadines , Grenada , and Margarita Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-95 mm (tailless), ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 12-21 mm, forearm 59-68 mm; weight 43-59 g for subspecies intermedius. Head—body 80-101 (tailless), ear 20-26 mm, hindfoot 15-21 mm, forearm 69-77 mm; weight 55-90 g for subspecies palmarum. Greatest lengths of skulls are 27-4-30-2 mm (intermedius) and 30-6-32-9 mm (palmarum). The Great Fruit-eating Bat is among the largest species of Artibeus , showing extensive morphological variation throughout its distribution. This variation has been used as criteria for distinguishing taxonomic subdivisions, with subspecies palmarum being the largest and intermedius the smallest. Dorsal fur is brownish, ranging from pale or grayish brown to reddish brown (or grayish brown with reddish tinge) or even brown-chocolate; ventral fur is slightly paler, being brownish to dark brown but never frosted with white-tipped hairs. Dorsal fur is long (7-8 mm) and tricolored, with pale bases. Faint facial stripes are present; upper pair is always conspicuous, and lower ones can be obscure to faint (in intermedius). Horseshoe of noseleafis not attached to upper lip; chin has central wart surrounded by smaller ones. Body fur extends to contiguous areas of wings, which is more conspicuous on ventral view. Dorsal one-half of forearm is well furred, with long hairs. Dorsally, uropatagium is densely covered with thin hairs at least to knees, and usually legs are also covered with long brownish hairs. Skull is long and robust; preorbital and postorbital processes are well developed (rostral shield is present). Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 2/3 ( x2 ) = 30. I' has distinctly bilobed edges; M,is rarely missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30-31 and FN = 56, with Y, Y, sex chromosome system. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2620 m . Subspecies lituratus and palmarum are typically found in tropical rainforests but also tropical deciduous forests. Subspecies intermedius and koopmani are found in subtropical deciduousforests, tropical thorn forests, and pine-oak vegetation. Great Fruit-eating Bats also occur in tropical semideciduous forests, cloud forests, savannas, seasonally dry forests, and human-modified habitats, such as agricultural land, especially in fruit trees and even urban areas. Food and Feeding. The Great Fruit-eating Bat is a fruit generalist but prefers figs. It can consume flowers, leaves, pollen, and insects. Figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) comprise most of the diet, being available year-round and thus securing food resources when other fruits are scarce. The role of the Great Fruit-eating Bat as a seed disperseris well studied; it is an important disperser for at least ten plant species in rainforests but also disperses at least 42 plant species in 17 families (e.g. Cecropia spp., Urticaceae ; Anacardium sp., Spondias sp., and Mangifera sp., all Anacardiaceae ; Musa sp., Musaceae ; Persea sp., Lauraceae ; Cyclanthus sp., Cyclanthaceae ; Cavendishia sp., Ericaceae ; Vismia sp., Hypericaceae ; Psidia sp., Myrtaceae ; Guazuma sp., Malvaceae ; Piper spp-, Piperaceae ; Prunus sp., Rosaceae ; and Solanum spp., Solanaceae ). Leaves of at least six species of plants have been also identified in diets (leaves are chewed, fluids ingested, and fibrous material not swallowed but dropped as pellets), probably to supplement protein requirements during certain reproductive periods. Insects can be a frequent food item as some specific habitats. Broad feeding niche of the Great Fruit-eating Bat suggests great ecological flexibility throughout the various habitats is occupies and allowing it to respond to changing seasonal and annual availability of resources. Breeding. The Great Fruit-eating Bat exhibits a reproductive pattern of bimodal polyestry that varies temporally with latitude and longitude and typically peaks in dry and wet seasons. In Central America, these peaks in pregnancy occur in March and July, with peaks in lactation 2-3 months later. Peaks of pregnancy occur in October-November in Ecuador and Colombia , February in Venezuela and Brazil (Para), and April-May in Trinidad and Tobago . There is a second pregnancy peak in June-July in Venezuela , July in Minas Gerais , Brazil , and August in Amazonas, Brazil . These differences are associated with changing abiotic conditions and local availability of resources. Gestation lasts 3-5-4 months. Females almost always give birth to one young per pregnancy. Based on histological examination of reproductive tracts, populations from south-eastern Brazil exhibited postpartum estrus and bimodal polyestry, with births peak in November and March, coinciding with periods of greater rainfall. Activity patterns. The Great Fruit-eating Bat becomes active during the first two hours after sunset, flying directly to fruit trees previously identified during commuting flights. These trees are used for almost a week, before moving to a next feeding area (patch of fruiting trees). It mostly forages in higher levels of the forest. It has a larger home range than the Flatfaced Fruit-eating Bat (A. planirostris ) or the Dark Fruit-eating Bat (A. obscurus ), which was suggested to be linked to their ability to flock together to exploit fruit crops of large trees. The Great Fruit-eating Bat usually roosts in dense vegetation, hanging from tree branches under leaves. It takes advantage of broken or crossed palm fronds, in vine-tangled crowns of subcanopy trees, and in dark cave-like recesses on undersides of crowns of canopy trees. It also roosts in large hollow trees ( Ceiba spp.). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Great Fruit-eating Bats hang singly or in small groups in exposed entrances of caves or well-illuminated openings of large caves, or by hanging from shaded roofs of small niches in cliffs. Groups contain 5-25 individuals. Based on observations of only one adult male in each group,it probably has a harem-based mating system. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Great Fruit-eating Bat has a wide distribution, occurs in various habitats, and is abundant. Bibliography. Albuja (1999), Allen (1897), Allen & Chapman (1897), Andersen (1906b, 1908c), Ascorra et al. (1996), d/Azara (1801), Cabrera (1958), Castano et al. (2018), Davis (1970b, 1984), Fleming et al. (1972), Handley (1987), Hershkovitz (1949), Koepcke & Kraft (1984), Larsen et al. (2010b, 2013), Marchan-Rivadeneira et al. (2012), Marques-Aguiar (2008a), Morrison (1980), Olfers (1818), Pacheco et al. (2010), Phillips et al. (1991), Redondo et al. (2008), Simmons (2005), Wilson (1991), Zortéa & Mendes (1993).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Artibeus lituratus	Artibeus		lituratus	Olfers	1818	1	In Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.	0.7806	Great Fruit-eating Bat	 frenatus Illiger, 1815 [nomen nudum]; frenatus Olfers, 1818; rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904; superciliatum Schinz, 1821; <b>koopmani</b> Wilson, 1991; <b>palmarum</b> J. A. Allen and F. M. Chapman, 1897; femurvillosum Bangs, 1899.<b>Unassigned</b>: dominicanus Andersen, 1908 [nomen nudum].	Paraguay, Asunción.	Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Trés Marías Isls.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Artibeus . May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax , hercules , or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius ; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum . Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Artibeus lituratus	23	Great Fruit-eating Bat	Great Artibeus	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Artibeus	NA	lituratus	Olfers	1818	1						"Paraguay." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asunción, Paraguay.			frenatus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|lituratus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|lituratus (Olfers, 1818)|frenatus (Olfers, 1818)|superciliatum (Schinz, 1821)|intermedius J. A. Allen, 1897|palmarum J. A. Allen & F. M. Chapman, 1897|femurvillosum Bangs, 1899|rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904|dominicanus Trouessart, 1904 [nomen nudum]	NA	NA	Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Grenada|Barbados|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Artibeus_lituratus	0	sciname match	Artibeus_lituratus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	2136	Artibeus lituratus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Artibeus	lituratus	(Olfers, 1818)	This is part of the subgenus Artibeus . It includes palmarum ;and ;intermedius . It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities. As there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius , it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, intermedius is treated as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum (Simmons 2005).	20000000	Artibeus lituratus	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is found in forests and natural areas. It is a good seed disperser (Barquez et al. 1999).	Deforestation occurs within its distribution but this is not a major threat.	This species is abundant.	Stable	This species occurs in Michoacan, Sinaloa and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Bolivia. It occurs in Trinidad and Tobago, the southern Lesser Antilles and Trés Marías Islands (Simmons 2005).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	The recommended conservation action is to reduce deforestation. It is found in protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Artibeus		lituratus	Olfers	1818	1	In Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.	0.780556	Great Fruit-eating Bat	 frenatus Illiger, 1815 [nomen nudum]; frenatus Olfers, 1818; rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904; superciliatum Schinz, 1821; <b>koopmani</b> Wilson, 1991; <b>palmarum</b> J. A. Allen and F. M. Chapman, 1897; femurvillosum Bangs, 1899.<b>Unassigned</b>: dominicanus Andersen, 1908 [nomen nudum].	Paraguay, Asunción.	Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Trés Marías Isls.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Artibeus . May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax , hercules , or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius ; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum , which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum . Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).	Artibeus lituratus	1005012	23	Great Fruit-eating Bat	Great Artibeus	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Artibeus	NA	lituratus	Olfers	1818	1						"Paraguay." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asunción, Paraguay.			frenatus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|lituratus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|lituratus (Olfers, 1818)|frenatus (Olfers, 1818)|superciliatum (Schinz, 1821)|palmarum J. A. Allen & F. M. Chapman, 1897|femurvillosum Bangs, 1899|rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904|dominicanus Trouessart, 1904 [nomen nudum]	previously included A. intermedius, although that taxon is still regularly considered a synonym of A. lituratus; limited molecular and morphological distinctions currently justify the recognition of A. intermedius as a distinct species	Redondo, R. A., Brina, L. P., Silva, R. F., Ditchfield, A. D., & Santos, F. R. (2008). Molecular systematics of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 49(1), 44-58.|Larsen, P. A., Marchán-Rivadeneira, M. R., & Baker, R. J. (2013). Speciation dynamics of the fruit-eating bats (genus Artibeus): with evidence of ecological divergence in Central American populations. In Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation (pp. 315-339). Springer, New York, NY.|York, H. A., Rodríguez-Herrera, B., Laval, R. K., Timm, R. M., & Lindsay, K. E. (2019). Field key to the bats of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(6), 1726-1749.|Simmons NB, Cirranello AL (2020) Bat species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic database. https://batnames.org|Turcios-Casco, M. A., Ávila-Palma, H. D., LaVal, R. К., Stevens, R. D., Ordoñez-Trejo, E. J., Soler-Orellana, J. A., & Ordoñez-Mazier, D. I. (2020). A systematic revision of the bats (Chiroptera) of Honduras: an updated checklist with corroboration of historical specimens and new records. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 96, 411.				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|El Salvador?|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Grenada|Barbados|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Artibeus_lituratus	0	sciname match	Artibeus_lituratus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Artibeus_lituratus	1005012	23	Great Fruit-eating Bat	Great Artibeus	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Artibeus	NA	lituratus	I. von Olfers	1	Phyllostomus lituratus	Olfers, I. von. 1818. Bemerkungen zu Illiger's Ueberblick der Säugthiere, nach ihrer Vertheilung über die Welttheile, rücksichtlich der Südamericanischen Arten (Species). Pp. 192–237 in Eschwege, W.L. (eds.). Journal von Brasilien, oder vermischte Nachrichten aus Brasilien, auf wissenschaftlichen Reisen gesammelt. Zweiter Heft. Privilegirtes Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar, 304 pp.	https://archive.org/details/DELTA54086_2FA/page/n215				"Paraguay." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Asunción, Paraguay.			previously included A. intermedius, although that taxon is still regularly considered a synonym of A. lituratus; limited molecular and morphological distinctions currently justify the recognition of A. intermedius as a distinct species	Redondo, R. A., Brina, L. P., Silva, R. F., Ditchfield, A. D., & Santos, F. R. (2008). Molecular systematics of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 49(1), 44-58.|Larsen, P. A., Marchán-Rivadeneira, M. R., & Baker, R. J. (2013). Speciation dynamics of the fruit-eating bats (genus Artibeus): with evidence of ecological divergence in Central American populations. In Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation (pp. 315-339). Springer, New York, NY.|York, H. A., Rodríguez-Herrera, B., Laval, R. K., Timm, R. M., & Lindsay, K. E. (2019). Field key to the bats of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(6), 1726-1749.|Simmons NB, Cirranello AL (2020) Bat species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic database. https://batnames.org|Turcios-Casco, M. A., Ávila-Palma, H. D., LaVal, R. К., Stevens, R. D., Ordoñez-Trejo, E. J., Soler-Orellana, J. A., & Ordoñez-Mazier, D. I. (2020). A systematic revision of the bats (Chiroptera) of Honduras: an updated checklist with corroboration of historical specimens and new records. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 96, 411.				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|El Salvador?|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Grenada|Barbados|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Artibeus_lituratus	0	sciname match	Artibeus_lituratus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Artibeus		lituratus	Olfers	1818	1	In Eschwege, J. Brasilien, Neue Bibliothek. Reisenb.	0.780556	Great Fruit-eating Bat	frenatus Illiger, 1815 [nomen nudum]; frenatus Olfers, 1818; rusbyi J. A. Allen, 1904; superciliatum Schinz, 1821; koopmani Wilson, 1991; palmarum J. A. Allen and F. M. Chapman, 1897; femurvillosum Bangs, 1899.Unassigned: dominicanus Andersen, 1908 [nomen nudum].	Paraguay, Asunción.	Michoacan, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas (Mexico) south to S Brazil, N Argentina, and Bolivia; Trinidad and Tobago; S Lesser Antilles; Trés Marías Isls.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2136/21995720/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Artibeus. May include cryptic diversity (see Larsen et al. 2010). Includes palmarum but not fallax, hercules, or praeceps (Koopman, 1968, 1978b), Handley (1987), and Marques-Aguiar (1994). Includes intermedius; see Jones and Carter (1976) and Marques-Aguiar (1994), (1994), but see also Davis (1984) and Wilson (1991). It is not appropriate to treat intermedius as a subspecies of lituratus because it supposedly co-occurs with other populations of lituratus (referred to palmarum, which has priority) at several Central American localities (Davis, 1984). Because there are no characters that unambiguously separate palmarum and intermedius (Davis, 1984; Marques-Aguiar, 1994; Rodrigo Medellin, pers. comm.), it seems most likely that intermedius simply represents individuals of palmarum that fall at the lower end of the normal range of size variation. Accordingly, we treat intermedius as a junior synonym of A. lituratus palmarum. Phylogeography discussed by Phillips et al. (1991) and Ditchfield(2000).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	Artibeina	Artibeus lituratus; Artibeus liturata; lituratus; koopmani; palmarum; frenatus; rusbyi; superciliatum; palmarum; femurvillosum; intermedius; dominicanus; lituratus; intermedius; koopmani; palmarum; koopmani; palmarum; frenatus; frenatus; rusbyi; superciliatum; palmarum femurvillosum; frenatus; lituratus; lituratus; frenatus; superciliatum; intermedius; palmarum; femurvillosum; rusbyi; dominicanus; Artibée rayée; Gro Rer Fruchtvampir; Artibeogrande; Great Artibeus; Great Fruit-eating Bat; Great Artibeus; Great Fruit-eating Bat; Great Fruit-eating Bat; Artibeus literatus; Artibeus koopmani; Artibeus palmarum; Artibeus frenatus; Artibeus rusbyi; Artibeus superciliatum; Artibeus palmarum; Artibeus femurvillosum; Artibeus intermedius; Artibeus dominicanus; Artibeus lituratus lituratus; Artibeus lituratus intermedius; Artibeus lituratus koopmani; Artibeus frenatus; Artibeus rusbyi; Artibeus superciliatum; Artibeus femurvillosum; Artibeus lituratus frenatus; Artibeus lituratus superciliatum; Artibeus lituratus femurvillosum; Artibeus lituratus rusbyi; Artibeus lituratus dominicanus; Artibeus lituratus intermedius; Artibeus lituratus dominicanus; A. lituratus