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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L731	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Tadarida pumila	Chaerephon pumila	Tadarida pumila	Chaerephon pumila	Chaerephon pumila	Chaerephon pumilus	Chaerephon pumilus	Mops pumilus	Mops pumilus	Chaerephon pumilus	Mops pumilus	Mops pumilus	Mops pumilus	Mops pumilus	Mops pumilus		[MSW2] Includes pusillus; see Hayman and Hill (1971:64).; [MSW3] plicatus species group. Includes pusillus; see Hayman and Hill (1971). Does not include leucogaster; see Peterson et al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However, subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. This complex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei, limbata, and naivashae as distinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991). See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967) actually represent major.; [HMW] Dysopes pumilus Cretzschmar in Ruppell, 1830, Massawa, Eritrea . The taxonomic limits of Chaerephon pumilus remain uncertain, and many named forms are currently synonymized within it. Until recently, populations from Madagascar and the western Seychelles were included, but recent molecular studies have proposed they be split as distinct species, under the names leucogaster ( Madagascar , Comoro and Pemba islands, and parts of the African mainland) and pusillus ( Seychelles ). Furthermore, eastern Madagascan populations formerly attributed to C. pumilus have been described as another distinct species, C. atsinanana . Given the wide variability in morphology and echolocation-call structure among mainland African populations of C. pumilus , it has been suggested that several cryptic species remain to be described. While distinct molecular clades of African mainland C. pumilus can be distinguished, these do not correspond exactly with groups defined based on morphological or acoustic evidence. Molecular patterns revealed in the broader species complex (including pumilus sensu stricto , leucogaster , and pusillus ) are partly suggestive of a “ring species” with different forms occurring down the eastern coast of Africa and in the western Indian Ocean islands including Madagascar . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  plicatus species group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei,  limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major. ; [MDD2022] previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [batnames2023]  plicatus species group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei,  limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major. ; [MDD2023] previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [batnames2025_1.7] plicatusspecies group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei, limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephonis pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement				pusillus		cristatus, elphicki, faini, frater, gambianus, hindei, langi, leucogaster, limbata, naivashae, nigri, pusillus, websteri.	gambianus, nigri, websteri, pumila, faini, hindei, frater, limbata, langi, elphicki, leucogaster, pusillus		bengalensis, murinus; tenuis - adustus			pumilus	pumilus - dubius, elphicki, faini, gambianus, hindei, langi, limbata, naivashae	pumilus, dubius, limbatus, gambianus, hindei, naivashae, elphicki, langi, faini		pumilus	pumilus - dubius, elphicki, faini, gambianus, hindei, langi, limbata, naivashae	pumilus, dubius, limbatus, gambianus, hindei, naivashae, elphicki, langi, faini 	pumilus, pusilus, dubius, limbatus, gambianus, hindei, naivashae, elphicki, langi, faini 	pumilus 	pumilus - dubius, elphicki, faini, gambianus, hindei, langi, limbata, naivashae	pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1830)|pusilus (Lesson, 1836) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|dubius (W. C. H. Peters, 1851)|limbatus (W. C. H. Peters, 1851)|gambianus (de Winton, 1901)|hindei (O. Thomas, 1904)|naivashae (Hollister, 1916)|elphicki (A. Roberts, 1926)|langi (A. Roberts, 1932)|faini (Hayman, 1951)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Little free-tailed bat	Senegal – Somalia – Angola, Natal, Madagascar, SW Arabia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Chaerephon pumila	Ethiopia, Eritrea, Massawa.	Cretzschmar	1826	Ruppell Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., p. 69.	Distribution: Ranging from Gambia to southwestern Arabia and south to the Cape Province, including Fernando Poo, Pemba, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Comoros, Al- dabra, and the Amirante islands (near the Seychelles).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Little free-tailed bat	Senegal – Somalia – Angola, S Africa, Madagascar, SW Arabia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Cretzschmar	1826	In Ruppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Saugeth., 1:69.	Includes pusillus; see Hayman and Hill (1971:64).	Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isis; Aldabra and Amirante Isis (Seychelles); Madagascar.	Ethiopia, Eritrea, Massawa.		CRETZSCHMAR	1830	Anterior upper premolar greatly reduced. Size relatively small (forearm length, 32-42 mm). Forehead relatively elevated. Rostrum relatively broad.	Distribution: Ranging from Gambia to southwestern Arabia and south to the Cape Province, including Fernando Poo, Pemba, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Comoros, Aldabra, and the Amirante islands (near the Seychelles).	Twelve subspecies are here recognized:	C.p. gambianus (Senegal to Guinea-Bissau), C.p. nigri (Mali), C. p. websteri (Nigeria, Chad), C. p. pumila (Sudan to southwestern Arabia), C. p. faini (northeastern Zaire to northwestern Tanzania), C. p. hindei (southern Somalia to northeastern Tanzania), C. p.frater (southern Congo-Brazzaville to western Zambia), C.p. limbata (southern Tanzania to Angola and central Mozambique), C.p. langi (Botswana), C.p. elphicki (southern Mozambique and South Africa), C.p. leucogaster (Madagascar), C.p. pusillus (Aldabras, Amirantes). Subspecific allocation of many populations remains uncertain, however.	140	species	C. pumila	CRETZSCHMAR	1830	Chaerephon	genus	Chaerephon pumila				Anterior upper premolar greatly reduced. Size relatively small (forearm length, 32-42 mm). Forehead relatively elevated. Rostrum relatively broad.	Twelve subspecies are here recognized:		6. C. pumila (CRETZSCHMAR 1830) [plicata group].	6	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Chaerephon pumilus	Chaerephon		pumilus	Cretzschmar	y	1830-1831		In Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nördl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.	1		69		Little Free-tailed Bat	Eritrea, Massawa.	Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isls; Aldabra and Amirante Isls (Seychelles); Madagascar.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as C. pumila; Vulnerable as C. pusilla.	dubius Peters, 1852 [not A. Smith, 1833]; elphicki Roberts, 1926; faini Hayman, 1951; gambianus de Winton, 1901; hindei Thomas, 1904; langi Roberts, 1932; limbata Peters, 1852; naivashae Hollister, 1916; pusillus Miller, 1902.	plicatus species group. Includes pusillus; see Hayman and Hill (1971). Does not include leucogaster; see Peterson et al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However, subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. This complex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei, limbata, and naivashae as distinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991). See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967) actually represent major.	194287C9FFA1BA0DB48FF293B520F433	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	648	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFA1BA0DB48FF293B520F433.xml	Chaerephon pumilus	Molossidae	Chaerephon	pumilus		1830	Petite Tadaride @fr | Kleine Bulldogfledermaus @de | Caerepon pequeno @es | Lesser Free-tailed Bat @en | Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat @en | White-bellied Free-tailed Bat @en	Dysopes pumilus Cretzschmar in Ruppell, 1830, Massawa, Eritrea . The taxonomic limits of Chaerephon pumilus remain uncertain, and many named forms are currently synonymized within it. Until recently, populations from Madagascar and the western Seychelles were included, but recent molecular studies have proposed they be split as distinct species, under the names leucogaster ( Madagascar , Comoro and Pemba islands, and parts of the African mainland) and pusillus ( Seychelles ). Furthermore, eastern Madagascan populations formerly attributed to C. pumilus have been described as another distinct species, C. atsinanana . Given the wide variability in morphology and echolocation-call structure among mainland African populations of C. pumilus , it has been suggested that several cryptic species remain to be described. While distinct molecular clades of African mainland C. pumilus can be distinguished, these do not correspond exactly with groups defined based on morphological or acoustic evidence. Molecular patterns revealed in the broader species complex (including pumilus sensu stricto , leucogaster , and pusillus ) are partly suggestive of a “ring species” with different forms occurring down the eastern coast of Africa and in the western Indian Ocean islands including Madagascar . Monotypic.	Widely but disjunctly from Senegal E to Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia , and S (including Bioko I) through DR Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Rwanda , Burundi , Tanzania (including Pemba and Unguja Is in Zanzibar Archipelago), Angola , Zambia , Malawi , Namibia ( Caprivi Strip), Botswana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Swaziland , and E South Africa ( Limpopo , Mpumalanga , and KwaZulu-Natal provinces); also in SW Arabia (extreme SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen ).	Head-body ¢.42-67 mm, tail 24-40 mm, ear 9-19 mm, hindfoot 5-10 mm, forearm 32-42 mm; weight 6-16 g. Pelage of the Little Free-tailed Bat is short and velvety, highly variable in color, from almost black or brown to grayish brown or reddish brown above, without grizzling or white spots; slightly paler below, with highly variable mid-ventral markings (white belly-stripe broad to narrow to absent) and variable flank-stripe (white to off-white to absent). Upperlip has 5-7 or more well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are black or dark brown, relatively short, not reaching snout when laid forward, and joined by interaural band of skin that covers interaural pocket, which contains erectile hairs giving rise to a short crest in males. Tragusis very small, squarish or sometimes with small lobe at top of posterior margin, and concealed by antitragus. Antitragus is much larger than tragus, roughly semicircular. Wing membranes may be blackish brown or white (two distinct forms, with intermediates), and tail membrane is blackish brown. Anterior palatal region is either closed or emarginated, and basisphenoid pits are moderately deep. M? has third ridge nearly as long as second ridge. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 58 ( Uganda , Cameroon , Somalia ) or 2n = 48 and FNa = 66 ( Namibia , South Africa ).	Little Free-tailed Bats occur throughout a wide variety of savanna types including undifferentiated woodlands, Isoberlinia ( Fabaceae ) woodland, rainforest grassland mosaics ( Guinea savanna), wetter and drier miombo woodlands, coastal mosaics, Acacia ( Fabaceae )— Commiphora ( Burseraceae ) bushland and thicket, and other thicket bushlands. They are not found in lowland rainforest but have been recorded from swamp forests in DR Congo . They also forage actively over agricultural areas including sugarcane fields and macadamia orchards, as well as urban and suburban areas.	Little Free-tailed Bats are open-air foragers having long, narrow wings with high wing loading (11-8 N/m?®) and intermediate aspect ratio (8-6). Based on various studies involving microscope analyses of fecal pellets and stomachs, Little Free-tailed Bats typically feed on Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Lepidoptera , Hymenoptera , and Diptera . A 2011 molecular study (59 fecal pellets), conducted by K. Bohmann and coworkers in a sugarcane monoculture in Swaziland , yielded six orders (and 27 families) of insects ( Coleoptera , Hemiptera, Isoptera , Lepidoptera , Diptera , and Trichoptera). Another molecular study, conducted by P. J. Taylor and coworkers in South African macadamia orchards in 2017, identified five orders ( Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Lepidoptera , Orthoptera , and Blattodea), bringing to nine the number of insect orders known to be consumed by this species. A tenth order, Neuroptera, has also been identified based on microscopic examination of fecal pellets. Both aforementioned molecular studies revealed the presence in the diet of agricultural pest insects such as stinkbugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae ) from agricultural ecosystems. The Swaziland molecular study also showed the prevalence of mosquitoes ( Diptera , Culicidae , 27% prevalence in fecal pellets) in the diet. Diet varies geographically and seasonally, and in Durban, eastern South Africa : in summer, estimated volume percentages present were Coleoptera (47-7%), Hemiptera (32:8%), Lepidoptera (99%), Diptera (5-4%), and Trichoptera (4:2%); in winter, Lepidoptera (30-3%), Diptera (24%), Coleoptera (19-5%), Hymenoptera (11-:8%), Hemiptera (8%), and Trichoptera (6:5%) were present. In Kenya and also in the Kruger National Park in north-eastern South Africa , diet comprised mainly Hemiptera and Coleoptera , with some Lepidoptera . However, elsewhere in Kenya at Lake Naivasha, more than 50% of the diet comprised Diptera , with Coleoptera and Hemiptera consumed to a lesser extent; and at Amani Nature Reserve in north-eastern Tanzania , Blattodea was the major insect order in the diet (over 60% prevalence), with Hemiptera the only other insect order consumed.	After a c.60day gestation, the female gives birth to a single young (very rarely twins). There is a postpartum estrus, which allows three births per year in southern Africa (early November, late January, and March-April). A third parturition event in May occurs in Malawi . Indeed, Little Free-tailed Bats can breed up to five times within a year in equatorial forest habitat. Growth rates vary geographically. In Ghana , juveniles become volant by 19 days, are weaned at 21-28 days, reach adult weight by c.3 months, and attain sexual maturity at c.3 months (females) to five months (males). In Malawi , females attain sexual maturity in the following breeding season after their birth.	Little Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal. They emerge soon after dusk and forage throughout the night, with two activity peaks at dusk and dawn. Their natural roosts include crevices in rocks, trees and the crowns of palm trees, but they are very commonly recorded in the roofs of buildings in urban and rural areas. Echolocation calls are FM with narrow bandwidth, low frequency (typically peak frequency of 25 kHz), and long duration (c.10 milliseconds). Echolocation call structure and frequency vary geographically but some of the variation may be due to the use of different bat-detector systems.	Little Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups that may number in the hundreds. Social organization of colonies may vary. In a 16month study in Ghana , colonies were organized into harems (female defense polygyny) occupying different day roosts and comprising one male with up to 21 adult females and their young. There was also an element ofterritoriality (resource defense polygyny). In a nine-month study of a colony at a day roost in Malawi , colony size varied from 20 to 30 bats and composition was variable; on average a ratio of approximately four females to one male was determined from individuals captured at emergence. In a study in Swaziland , the species traveled up to 4: 2 km from the roost to the foraging areas over sugarcane fields, and mean activity area varied from 976 ha to 1319 ha. In scent-choice experiments, males but not females were able to distinguish roost-mates from strangers, and conspecifics from non-conspecifics. Little Free-tailed Bats frequently share roosts in houses with Angolan Free-tailed Bats ( Mops condylurus ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	ACR (2017) | Aspetsberger et al. (2003) | Bohmann et al. (2011) | Bouchard (1998, 2001b) | Goodman & Ratrimomanarivo (2007) | Goodman, Buccas et al. (2010) | Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1989) | Happold, M. (2013a0) | Lehmkuhl Noeret al. (2012) | McWilliam (1988a) | Mickleburgh, Hutson, Racey et al. (2014) | Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010) | Naidoo, T., Goodman et al. (2016) | Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Goodman et al. (2016) | Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Taylor et al. (2013) | Peterson et al. (1995) | Taylor, Lamb et al. (2009) | Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017) | Taylor, Monadjem & Steyn (2013)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567808/files/figure.png	68. Little Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon pumilus French: Petite Tadaride / German: Kleine Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Caerepon pequeno Other common names: Lesser Free-tailed Bat , Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat , White-bellied Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Dysopes pumilus Cretzschmar in Ruppell, 1830, Massawa, Eritrea . The taxonomic limits of Chaerephon pumilus remain uncertain, and many named forms are currently synonymized within it. Until recently, populations from Madagascar and the western Seychelles were included, but recent molecular studies have proposed they be split as distinct species, under the names leucogaster ( Madagascar , Comoro and Pemba islands, and parts of the African mainland) and pusillus ( Seychelles ). Furthermore, eastern Madagascan populations formerly attributed to C. pumilus have been described as another distinct species, C. atsinanana . Given the wide variability in morphology and echolocation-call structure among mainland African populations of C. pumilus , it has been suggested that several cryptic species remain to be described. While distinct molecular clades of African mainland C. pumilus can be distinguished, these do not correspond exactly with groups defined based on morphological or acoustic evidence. Molecular patterns revealed in the broader species complex (including pumilus sensu stricto , leucogaster , and pusillus ) are partly suggestive of a “ring species” with different forms occurring down the eastern coast of Africa and in the western Indian Ocean islands including Madagascar . Monotypic. Distribution. Widely but disjunctly from Senegal E to Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia , and S (including Bioko I) through DR Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Rwanda , Burundi , Tanzania (including Pemba and Unguja Is in Zanzibar Archipelago), Angola , Zambia , Malawi , Namibia ( Caprivi Strip), Botswana , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Swaziland , and E South Africa ( Limpopo , Mpumalanga , and KwaZulu-Natal provinces); also in SW Arabia (extreme SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen ). Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.42-67 mm, tail 24-40 mm, ear 9-19 mm, hindfoot 5-10 mm, forearm 32-42 mm; weight 6-16 g. Pelage of the Little Free-tailed Bat is short and velvety, highly variable in color, from almost black or brown to grayish brown or reddish brown above, without grizzling or white spots; slightly paler below, with highly variable mid-ventral markings (white belly-stripe broad to narrow to absent) and variable flank-stripe (white to off-white to absent). Upperlip has 5-7 or more well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are black or dark brown, relatively short, not reaching snout when laid forward, and joined by interaural band of skin that covers interaural pocket, which contains erectile hairs giving rise to a short crest in males. Tragusis very small, squarish or sometimes with small lobe at top of posterior margin, and concealed by antitragus. Antitragus is much larger than tragus, roughly semicircular. Wing membranes may be blackish brown or white (two distinct forms, with intermediates), and tail membrane is blackish brown. Anterior palatal region is either closed or emarginated, and basisphenoid pits are moderately deep. M? has third ridge nearly as long as second ridge. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 58 ( Uganda , Cameroon , Somalia ) or 2n = 48 and FNa = 66 ( Namibia , South Africa ). Habitat. Little Free-tailed Bats occur throughout a wide variety of savanna types including undifferentiated woodlands, Isoberlinia ( Fabaceae ) woodland, rainforest grassland mosaics ( Guinea savanna), wetter and drier miombo woodlands, coastal mosaics, Acacia ( Fabaceae )— Commiphora ( Burseraceae ) bushland and thicket, and other thicket bushlands. They are not found in lowland rainforest but have been recorded from swamp forests in DR Congo . They also forage actively over agricultural areas including sugarcane fields and macadamia orchards, as well as urban and suburban areas. Food and Feeding. Little Free-tailed Bats are open-air foragers having long, narrow wings with high wing loading (11-8 N/m?®) and intermediate aspect ratio (8-6). Based on various studies involving microscope analyses of fecal pellets and stomachs, Little Free-tailed Bats typically feed on Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Lepidoptera , Hymenoptera , and Diptera . A 2011 molecular study (59 fecal pellets), conducted by K. Bohmann and coworkers in a sugarcane monoculture in Swaziland , yielded six orders (and 27 families) of insects ( Coleoptera , Hemiptera, Isoptera , Lepidoptera , Diptera , and Trichoptera). Another molecular study, conducted by P. J. Taylor and coworkers in South African macadamia orchards in 2017, identified five orders ( Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Lepidoptera , Orthoptera , and Blattodea), bringing to nine the number of insect orders known to be consumed by this species. A tenth order, Neuroptera, has also been identified based on microscopic examination of fecal pellets. Both aforementioned molecular studies revealed the presence in the diet of agricultural pest insects such as stinkbugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae ) from agricultural ecosystems. The Swaziland molecular study also showed the prevalence of mosquitoes ( Diptera , Culicidae , 27% prevalence in fecal pellets) in the diet. Diet varies geographically and seasonally, and in Durban, eastern South Africa : in summer, estimated volume percentages present were Coleoptera (47-7%), Hemiptera (32:8%), Lepidoptera (99%), Diptera (5-4%), and Trichoptera (4:2%); in winter, Lepidoptera (30-3%), Diptera (24%), Coleoptera (19-5%), Hymenoptera (11-:8%), Hemiptera (8%), and Trichoptera (6:5%) were present. In Kenya and also in the Kruger National Park in north-eastern South Africa , diet comprised mainly Hemiptera and Coleoptera , with some Lepidoptera . However, elsewhere in Kenya at Lake Naivasha, more than 50% of the diet comprised Diptera , with Coleoptera and Hemiptera consumed to a lesser extent; and at Amani Nature Reserve in north-eastern Tanzania , Blattodea was the major insect order in the diet (over 60% prevalence), with Hemiptera the only other insect order consumed. Breeding. After a c.60day gestation, the female gives birth to a single young (very rarely twins). There is a postpartum estrus, which allows three births per year in southern Africa (early November, late January, and March-April). A third parturition event in May occurs in Malawi . Indeed, Little Free-tailed Bats can breed up to five times within a year in equatorial forest habitat. Growth rates vary geographically. In Ghana , juveniles become volant by 19 days, are weaned at 21-28 days, reach adult weight by c.3 months, and attain sexual maturity at c.3 months (females) to five months (males). In Malawi , females attain sexual maturity in the following breeding season after their birth. Activity patterns. Little Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal. They emerge soon after dusk and forage throughout the night, with two activity peaks at dusk and dawn. Their natural roosts include crevices in rocks, trees and the crowns of palm trees, but they are very commonly recorded in the roofs of buildings in urban and rural areas. Echolocation calls are FM with narrow bandwidth, low frequency (typically peak frequency of 25 kHz), and long duration (c.10 milliseconds). Echolocation call structure and frequency vary geographically but some of the variation may be due to the use of different bat-detector systems. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Little Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups that may number in the hundreds. Social organization of colonies may vary. In a 16month study in Ghana , colonies were organized into harems (female defense polygyny) occupying different day roosts and comprising one male with up to 21 adult females and their young. There was also an element ofterritoriality (resource defense polygyny). In a nine-month study of a colony at a day roost in Malawi , colony size varied from 20 to 30 bats and composition was variable; on average a ratio of approximately four females to one male was determined from individuals captured at emergence. In a study in Swaziland , the species traveled up to 4: 2 km from the roost to the foraging areas over sugarcane fields, and mean activity area varied from 976 ha to 1319 ha. In scent-choice experiments, males but not females were able to distinguish roost-mates from strangers, and conspecifics from non-conspecifics. Little Free-tailed Bats frequently share roosts in houses with Angolan Free-tailed Bats ( Mops condylurus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. ACR (2017), Aspetsberger et al. (2003), Bohmann et al. (2011), Bouchard (1998, 2001b), Goodman & Ratrimomanarivo (2007), Goodman, Buccas et al. (2010), Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1989), Happold, M. (2013a0), Lehmkuhl Noeret al. (2012), McWilliam (1988a), Mickleburgh, Hutson, Racey et al. (2014), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Naidoo, T., Goodman et al. (2016), Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Goodman et al. (2016), Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Taylor et al. (2013), Peterson et al. (1995), Taylor, Lamb et al. (2009), Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017), Taylor, Monadjem & Steyn (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Mops pumilus	Mops		pumilus	Cretzschmar	1826	1	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise N&ouml;rdl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	0.0896	Little Free-tailed Bat	 dubius Peters, 1852 [not A. Smith, 1833]; elphicki Roberts, 1926; faini Hayman, 1951; gambianus de Winton, 1901; hindei Thomas, 1904; langi Roberts, 1932; limbata Peters, 1852; naivashae Hollister, 1916.	Eritrea, Massawa.	Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isls; Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern as  Chaerephon pumilus 	 plicatus species group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei,  limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major. 	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Mops pumilus	23	Little Free-tailed Bat	Lesser Free-tailed Bat|Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat|White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	pumilus	Cretzschmar	1830	1	Dysopes_pumilus	Cretzschmar, P. J. (1830). Säugethiere. In Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika, 1, 69.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114235#page/143/mode/1up	SMF 4311 [lectotype]		Massawa, Eritrea.			pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1826)|dubius (W. Peters, 1852)|limbatus (W. Peters, 1852)|gambianus (de Winton, 1901)|hindei (O. Thomas, 1904)|naivashae (Hollister, 1916)|elphicki (Roberts, 1926)|langi (Roberts, 1932)|faini (Hayman, 1951)	previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Goodman, S. M., & Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2007). The taxonomic status of Chaerephon pumilus from the western Seychelles: resurrection of the name C. pusillus for an endemic species. Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2), 391-399.|Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.	Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Burkina Faso|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Equatorial Guinea|Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|South Sudan|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Saudi Arabia|Yemen	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_pumilus	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_pumilus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	70000000	Chaerephon pumilus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Chaerephon	pumilus	(Cretzschmar, 1830-1831)		20000000	Chaerephon pumilus	Least Concern		2019	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	Bouchard (1998) indicates that this species is found in a variety of habitats from semi-arid regions in the north of its range to cleared rainforest regions in the south (Happold 1987). It occurs widely in the savannas of Guinea and Sudan, and in the forests of the Congo basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is found in savanna woodlands in Zambia, and in the Cape Province of South Africa they occur in mountainous areas in the Cape Macchia Zone as well as in more arid open country further. In Zimbabwe the species shows a clear preference for low veld conditions and it is never taken on the plateau above 1,000 m asl (Smithers 1983). In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, it is largely restricted to the Valley bushveld, lowveld and Coast lowland bioregions. Although the species appears to prefer forest or savanna woodlands outside built-up areas, its presence in built-up areas is determined solely by the availability of suitable roofs and buildings for roosting. It is not thought to be a habitat specialist as it has been recorded in villages both near intact forest and in areas that are heavily degraded. Preferred roosting sites include horizontal surfaces of rafters, between rafters and brickwork, in the corrugations of corrugated roofs, between the roof tiles and the insulating material underneath as well as in air vents. Natural roosts are hollows and crevices in trees, the crowns of various species of palms (see references in Bouchard 1998).	There are no major threats to the species. In some parts of its range, it is threatened from persecution as a pest, especially since it roosts in buildings.	The colonies of this species range from a few animals (between 5 and 20) to hundreds of individuals. There are no estimates of its population in Madagascar but it is thought to be locally common in the eastern zone. On Aldabra, the population might be fewer than 250 animals.	Unknown	This widespread species is found from Senegal in the west of its range, eastwards to Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia, and as far south as South Africa. It has been recorded from the island of Bioko and the Annobon Islands (Equatorial Guinea), Pemba and Zanzibar (Tanzania)  [[The records from the Comoros Islands, Mayotte and the Aldabra Atoll of the Seychelles are treated as C. pusillus . Records from Madagascar are treated as C. atsinana ]].		Terrestrial	In view of its wide range it seems probable that this species is present in some protected areas.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Mops		pumilus	Cretzschmar	1826	1	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise N&ouml;rdl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	0.089583	Little Free-tailed Bat	 dubius Peters, 1852 [not A. Smith, 1833]; elphicki Roberts, 1926; faini Hayman, 1951; gambianus de Winton, 1901; hindei Thomas, 1904; langi Roberts, 1932; limbata Peters, 1852; naivashae Hollister, 1916.	Eritrea, Massawa.	Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isls; Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern as  Chaerephon pumilus 	 plicatus species group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei,  limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephon is pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major. 	Mops pumilus	1005159	23	Little Free-tailed Bat	Lesser Free-tailed Bat|Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat|White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	pumilus	Cretzschmar	1830	1	Dysopes_pumilus	Cretzschmar, P. J. (1830). Säugethiere. In Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika, 1, 69.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114235#page/143/mode/1up	SMF 4311 [lectotype]		Massawa, Eritrea.			pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1826)|dubius (W. Peters, 1852)|limbatus (W. Peters, 1852)|gambianus (de Winton, 1901)|hindei (O. Thomas, 1904)|naivashae (Hollister, 1916)|elphicki (Roberts, 1926)|langi (Roberts, 1932)|faini (Hayman, 1951)	previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Goodman, S. M., & Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2007). The taxonomic status of Chaerephon pumilus from the western Seychelles: resurrection of the name C. pusillus for an endemic species. Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2), 391-399.|Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Burkina Faso|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Equatorial Guinea|Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|South Sudan|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Saudi Arabia|Yemen	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_pumilus	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_pumilus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Mops_pumilus	1005159	23	Little Free-tailed Bat	Lesser Free-tailed Bat|Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat|White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	pumilus	Cretzschmar	1	Dysopes pumilus	Cretzschmar, P.J. 1830. [Heft 18, pl. 27-28]. Pp. 69–73 in Cretzschmar, P.J. 1826-1831. Säugethiere. Pp. 1–78 in Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika. Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 78+55+24+47+141 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37140684 | https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37140685	SMF:MAMM:4311	lectotype		Massawa, Eritrea.			previously included C. pusillus; moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Goodman, S. M., & Ratrimomanarivo, F. H. (2007). The taxonomic status of Chaerephon pumilus from the western Seychelles: resurrection of the name C. pusillus for an endemic species. Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2), 391-399.|Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Burkina Faso|Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Equatorial Guinea|Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|South Sudan|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Saudi Arabia|Yemen	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_pumilus	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_pumilus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Mops		pumilus	Cretzschmar	1826	1	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise N&ouml;rdl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	0.089583	Little Free-tailed Bat	dubius Peters, 1852 [not A. Smith, 1833]; elphicki Roberts, 1926; faini Hayman, 1951; gambianus de Winton, 1901; hindei Thomas, 1904; langi Roberts, 1932; limbata Peters, 1852; naivashae Hollister, 1916.	Eritrea, Massawa.	Senegal to Yemen, south to South Africa; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea); São Tomé; Pemba and Zanzibar; Comoro Isls; Madagascar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/67362271/22018113/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	plicatusspecies group. Does not include pusillus; see Goodman and Ratrimomanarivo (2007). Does not include leucogaster; see Petersonet al. (1995). Koopman (1994) included leucogaster in pumilus and recognized 12 subspecies in the resulting complex. However,subspecies limits are poorly defined and many populations have not been allocated, rendering any subspecific classification useless. Thiscomplex probably includes more than one species; Peterson et al. (1995) recognized hindei, limbata, and naivashae asdistinct, but did not diagnose or delimit them. Note that the correct spelling for the specific epithet in combination with Chaerephonis pumilus (not pumila) because the genus name is masculine. Northern records reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991).See Bouchard (1998), but note that she included leucogaster in this species. Specimens reported as pumilus by Happold (1967)actually represent major.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Chaerephon pumilus; Chaerephon pumilus; Mops pumilus; Mops pumilus; Chaerephon pumilus; Mops pumilus; bengalensis; murinus; tenuis - adustus; dubius; elphicki; faini; gambianus; hindei; langi; limbata; naivashae; pumilus; dubius; limbatus; gambianus; hindei; naivashae; elphicki; langi; faini; Petite Tadaride; Kleine Bulldogfledermaus; Caerepon pequeno; Lesser Free-tailed Bat; Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat; White-bellied Free-tailed Bat; Little Free-tailed Bat; Lesser Free-tailed Bat; Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat; White-bellied Free-tailed Bat; Little Free-tailed Bat; Little Free-tailed Bat; M. pumilus