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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L720	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Chaerephon pumila [synonym of]	Chaerephon pumila leucogaster	Chaerephon leucogaster	Chaerephon leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster	Mops leucogaster		[MSW3] plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).; [HMW] Nyctinomus leucogaster A. Grandidier, 1869 , “Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé,” east of Morondava, Madagascar . The species forms a complex with C. pumilus , C. atsinanana , and C. pusillus that stretches across south-western Arabia, Africa, Madagascar , and other Indian Ocean islands. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).; [MDD2022] moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [IUCN] In 2008, Mops leucogaster was treated as a synonym of Tadarida pumila , but it is now recognised as a separate species.; [batnames2023]  plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).; [MDD2023] moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement; [batnames2025_1.7] plicatusspecies group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement												leucogaster 	leucogaster - cristatus, frater, nigri, websteri	leucogaster, websteri, cristatus, frater, nigri	In 2008, Mops leucogaster was treated as a synonym of Tadarida pumila , but it is now recognised as a separate species.	leucogaster 	leucogaster - cristatus, frater, nigri, websteri	leucogaster, websteri, cristatus, frater, nigri 	leucogaster, websteri, cristatus, frater, nigri 	leucogaster 	leucogaster - cristatus, frater, nigri, websteri	leucogaster (A. Grandidier, 1869)|websteri (Dollman, 1908)|cristatus (J. A. Allen in J. A. Allen, Lang, & Chapin, 1917)|frater (J. A. Allen in J. A. Allen, Lang, & Chapin, 1917)|nigri (Hatt, 1928)						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Chaerephon leucogaster	Chaerephon		leucogaster	A. Grandidier		1870		Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2	21		337		Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	Madagascar, Mahab (= Mahabo?) and Ménabé, E of Morondava.	Ethiopia to Ghana, Nigeria, Dem. Rep. Congo, Mali, Madagascar.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Data Deficient.	cristatus J. A. Allen, 1917; frater J. A. Allen, 1917; nigri Hatt, 1928; websteri Dollman, 1908.	plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).	194287C9FFA7BA0CB1AFFC50B66EF9EE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	646	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFA7BA0CB1AFFC50B66EF9EE.xml	Chaerephon leucogaster	Molossidae	Chaerephon	leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1869	Tadaride de Grandidier @fr | Grandidier-Bulldogfledermaus @de | Caerepon de Grandidier @es | Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat @en	Nyctinomus leucogaster A. Grandidier, 1869 , “Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé,” east of Morondava, Madagascar . The species forms a complex with C. pumilus , C. atsinanana , and C. pusillus that stretches across south-western Arabia, Africa, Madagascar , and other Indian Ocean islands. Monotypic.	Widely distributed over Africa, with scattered records from Sierra Leone , Mali , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Ethiopia , Republic of the Congo , DR Congo , coastal Tanzania (including Pemba I), and possibly Zambia ; in Madagascar , widespread in the lower-lying areas of W (including Nosy Be and Nosy Komba), with a single record from E coast; also occurs on Comoro Is (Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mohéli, and Mayotte ).	Head-body ¢.53-62 mm,tail 26-37 mm, ear 13-17 mm, hindfoot 5-7 mm, forearm 33-37 mm; weight 6-10 g. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat is the smallest member of Chaerephon in Madagascar . Pelage is short; head, back, throat, and chest are dark brown, and belly is whitish. Wing and tail membranes are typically blackish, but pale and translucent in some individuals. Ears are medium-sized andjoined by band of skin. In males, there is interaural crest and associated crest of long erectile hairs. There are no gular ortail glands. Tragusis very small, squarish or sometimes with small lobe at top of posterior margin, and concealed by semicircular antitragus. Anterior palatal emargination is closed, with paired incisive foramina, and basisphenoid pits are deep. M? has third ridge nearly as long as second ridge.	In Madagascar , dry open woodlands, degraded habitats, and urban areas from sea level up to ¢. 900 m .	No information.	No information.	Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat is nocturnal and roosts synanthropically in the roof spaces of buildings, particularly those associated with colonial architecture. The only record of a natural roost involves a small group of four individuals that was located under the bark of an exfoliating dead tree c. 5 m off the ground. According to J. M. Russ and colleagues in 2003, in cluttered habitats in Madagascar the narrow FM echolocation calls had a low peak frequency (frequency with most energy) of 28 kHz, a bandwidth of 19 kHz, and a duration of 8 milliseconds. In Madagascar , individuals were recovered from pellets of bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus).	Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bats occur in small colonies roosting together in buildings.	Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat was included within the Little Free-tailed Bat ( C. pumilus ), which was classified as Least Concern.	ACR (2017) | Goodman (2011) | Goodman & Raherilalao (2013) | Goodman, Andriafidison et al. (2005) | Ratrimomanarivo, Goodman, Stanley et al. (2009) | Russ, Bennett et al. (2003)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567800/files/figure.png	64. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat Chaerephon leucogaster French: Tadaride de Grandidier / German: Grandidier-Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Caerepon de Grandidier Other common names: Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Nyctinomus leucogaster A. Grandidier, 1869 , “Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé,” east of Morondava, Madagascar . The species forms a complex with C. pumilus , C. atsinanana , and C. pusillus that stretches across south-western Arabia, Africa, Madagascar , and other Indian Ocean islands. Monotypic. Distribution. Widely distributed over Africa, with scattered records from Sierra Leone , Mali , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Ethiopia , Republic of the Congo , DR Congo , coastal Tanzania (including Pemba I), and possibly Zambia ; in Madagascar , widespread in the lower-lying areas of W (including Nosy Be and Nosy Komba), with a single record from E coast; also occurs on Comoro Is (Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mohéli, and Mayotte ). Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.53-62 mm,tail 26-37 mm, ear 13-17 mm, hindfoot 5-7 mm, forearm 33-37 mm; weight 6-10 g. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat is the smallest member of Chaerephon in Madagascar . Pelage is short; head, back, throat, and chest are dark brown, and belly is whitish. Wing and tail membranes are typically blackish, but pale and translucent in some individuals. Ears are medium-sized andjoined by band of skin. In males, there is interaural crest and associated crest of long erectile hairs. There are no gular ortail glands. Tragusis very small, squarish or sometimes with small lobe at top of posterior margin, and concealed by semicircular antitragus. Anterior palatal emargination is closed, with paired incisive foramina, and basisphenoid pits are deep. M? has third ridge nearly as long as second ridge. Habitat. In Madagascar , dry open woodlands, degraded habitats, and urban areas from sea level up to ¢. 900 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat is nocturnal and roosts synanthropically in the roof spaces of buildings, particularly those associated with colonial architecture. The only record of a natural roost involves a small group of four individuals that was located under the bark of an exfoliating dead tree c. 5 m off the ground. According to J. M. Russ and colleagues in 2003, in cluttered habitats in Madagascar the narrow FM echolocation calls had a low peak frequency (frequency with most energy) of 28 kHz, a bandwidth of 19 kHz, and a duration of 8 milliseconds. In Madagascar , individuals were recovered from pellets of bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bats occur in small colonies roosting together in buildings. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Grandidier’s Free-tailed Bat was included within the Little Free-tailed Bat ( C. pumilus ), which was classified as Least Concern. Bibliography. ACR (2017), Goodman (2011), Goodman & Raherilalao (2013), Goodman, Andriafidison et al. (2005), Ratrimomanarivo, Goodman, Stanley et al. (2009), Russ, Bennett et al. (2003).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Mops leucogaster	Mops		leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1870	1	Rev. Mag. Zool.	ser. 2, 21: 337	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	 cristatus J. A. Allen, 1917; frater J. A. Allen, 1917; nigri Hatt, 1928; websteri Dollman, 1908.	Madagascar, Mahab (= Mahabo?) and Ménabé, E of Morondava.	Ethiopia to Ghana, Nigeria, Dem. Rep. Congo, Mali, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Mops leucogaster	23	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1869	1	Nyctinomus_leucogaster	Grandidier, A. (1869). Description de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts, pendant l'année 1869, sur la còte ouest de Madagascar. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, ser. 2, 21, 337.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105279#page/343/mode/1up	FMNH 176137 [neotype]		"Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé," east of Morondava, Madagascar.			leucogaster (A. Grandidier, 1869)|websteri (Dollman, 1908)|cristatus (J. A. Allen, 1917)|frater (J. A. Allen, 1917)|nigri (Hatt, 1928)	moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.	Sierra Leone|Mali|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Ethiopia|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Madagascar|Comoros|Mayotte	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_leucogaster	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_leucogaster	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	40038	Mops leucogaster	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Mops	leucogaster	A. Grandidier, 1869	In 2008, Mops leucogaster was treated as a synonym of Tadarida pumila , but it is now recognised as a separate species.	20000000	Mops leucogaster	Least Concern		2021	2020-09-03 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Mops leucogaster is assessed as Least Concern based on the current extent of its population, its ability to use a range of habitats and diverse sites for day roosts.	This species is associated with dry to subarid habitat, high mean annual temperature and areas heavily modified by humans ;(Lamb ;et al. ;2012). ;In Madagascar, this species roosts in synanthropic settings, crevices and tree holes (Goodman and Ramasindrazana 2013). ;Suitable habitats for this species included open woodland, and degraded habitats and agricultural zones in dry, humid–subhumid forest and dry spiny. There is a record from the southeast of Madagascar in a humid area (Goodman 2011, Goodman and Ramasindrazana 2013). In the other localities of occurrence, no information is available.	There are no major threats known for this species.	<span class="datalabel1">The status and trend of the species across its range is unknown. In Madagascar, the population size of the species was not yet studied. Nonetheless, M. leucogaster is quite common in synanthropic settings and sometimes in tree holes (references). A genetic study of Malagasy populations of M . leucogaster suggested a population decrease over the last ca 4,000 years (Lamb et al. ;2012), but this would not be associated with human perturbations. No information is available in the other localities where this species is present.	Unknown	Mops leucogaster is endemic to Madagascar, where it is known to occur along the western coastal area from the north to the south across an elevational range from sea level to 870 m (Goodman and Ramasindrazana 2013). It is also known from offshore islands of Madagascar (Rakotonandrasana and Goodman 2007). ;It has also been found on the islands of Mayotte (France) and Pemba (Tanzania) (Ratrimomanarivo et al. ;2009). Record of this species from mainland African areas are not properly documented with genetic data and almost certainly associated with taxonomy, as in the past the name leucogaster was used for forms no longer classified under this specific name.		Terrestrial	There are no specific conservation actions for the species. Additional research is needed on the species distribution, ecology, population status and trends, and threats.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Mops		leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1870	1	Rev. Mag. Zool.	ser. 2, 21: 337	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	 cristatus J. A. Allen, 1917; frater J. A. Allen, 1917; nigri Hatt, 1928; websteri Dollman, 1908.	Madagascar, Mahab (= Mahabo?) and Ménabé, E of Morondava.	Ethiopia to Ghana, Nigeria, Dem. Rep. Congo, Mali, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 plicatus species group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).	Mops leucogaster	1005155	23	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1869	1	Nyctinomus_leucogaster	Grandidier, A. (1869). Description de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts, pendant l'année 1869, sur la còte ouest de Madagascar. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, ser. 2, 21, 337.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105279#page/343/mode/1up	FMNH 176137 [neotype]		"Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé," east of Morondava, Madagascar.			leucogaster (A. Grandidier, 1869)|websteri (Dollman, 1908)|cristatus (J. A. Allen, 1917)|frater (J. A. Allen, 1917)|nigri (Hatt, 1928)	moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.				Sierra Leone|Mali|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Ethiopia|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Madagascar|Comoros|Mayotte	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_leucogaster	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_leucogaster	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Mops_leucogaster	1005155	23	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Mops	Chaerephon	leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1	Nyctinomus leucogaster	Grandidier, A. 1869. Description de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts, pendant l'année 1869, sur la côte ouest de Madagascar. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée 21:337-342.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33749361	FMNH:Mamm:176137	neotype	https://collections-zoology.fieldmuseum.org/catalogue/2674905	"Mahab [= Mahabo] au Ménabé," east of Morondava, Madagascar.	-20.7357	44.00443	moved from Chaerephon to Mops, although further research is needed to confirm this placement	Gregorin, R., & Cirranello, A. (2016). Phylogeny of Molossidae Gervais (Mammalia: Chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. Cladistics, 32(1), 2-35.|Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello (2020). https://batnames.org/explore.html. Accessed: 10 May 2020. URL: https://batnames.org/explore.html.				Sierra Leone|Mali|Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Ethiopia|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Madagascar|Comoros|Mayotte	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Chaerephon_leucogaster	1	oldname match	Chaerephon_leucogaster	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Mops		leucogaster	A. Grandidier	1869	1	Rev. Mag. Zool.	ser. 2, 21: 337	Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat	cristatus J. A. Allen, 1917; frater J. A. Allen, 1917; nigri Hatt, 1928; websteri Dollman, 1908.	Madagascar, Mahab (= Mahabo?) and Ménabé, E of Morondava.	Ethiopia to Ghana, Nigeria, Dem. Rep. Congo, Mali, Madagascar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40038/22061204/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	plicatusspecies group. Often included in pumilus, but apparently distinct; see Peterson et al. (1995).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Chaerephon leucogaster; Chaerephon leucogaster; Mops leucogaster; Mops leucogaster; Mops leucogaster; Mops leucogaster; cristatus; frater; nigri; websteri; leucogaster; websteri; cristatus; frater; nigri; Tadaride de Grandidier; Grandidier-Bulldogfledermaus; Caerepon de Grandidier; Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat; Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat; Madagascan White-bellied Free-tailed Bat; Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat; Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat; M. leucogaster