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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L715	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Tadarida demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Tadarida demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator	Mops demonstrator		[MSW2] Subgenus Mops.; [MSW3] Subgenus Mops. Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer.; [HMW] Nyctinomus demonstrator Thomas, 1903 , “Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [ Island ],” Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Mops .  Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer .; [batnames2023] Subgenus Mops .  Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer .; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Mops. Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer.						faradjius.	demonstrator, niveiventer		faradjius			demonstrator 	demonstrator - faradjius	demonstrator, faradjius		demonstrator 	demonstrator - faradjius	demonstrator, faradjius	demonstrator, faradjius	demonstrator 	demonstrator - faradjius	demonstrator (O. Thomas, 1903)|faradjius J. A. Allen in J. A. Allen, Lang, & Chapin, 1917		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Mongalla free-tailed bat	Upper Volta, Sudan, NE Zaire, Uganda	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Mops demonstrator	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.	Thomas	1903	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 12:504.	Distribution: Ranging from Upper Volta to Sudan and south to Angola and Mozambique.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Mongalla free-tailed bat	Burkina Faso, Sudan, NE Zaire, Uganda	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1903	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 12:504.	Subgenus Mops.	Sudan, Zaire, Uganda, Burkina Faso.	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.		THOMAS	1903	Last upper molar greatly reduced. Basisphenoid pits relatively deep. Upper lip wrinkles relatively few. Size relatively small (forearm length, 39-41 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from Upper Volta to Sudan and south to Angola and Mozambique.	Two subspecies are here recognized:	M. d. demonstrator (Upper Volta to Sudan and Uganda), M. d. niveiventer (Rwanda to Angola and Mozambique).	141	species	M. demonstrator	THOMAS	1903	Mops	subgenus	Mops demonstrator				Last upper molar greatly reduced. Basisphenoid pits relatively deep. Upper lip wrinkles relatively few. Size relatively small (forearm length, 39-41 mm).	Two subspecies are here recognized:		7. M. demonstrator (THOMAS 1903).	7	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Mops demonstrator	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	Thomas	y	1903		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	12		504		Mongallan Free-tailed Bat	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.	Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, perhaps Gambia (see Koopman, 1989).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917.	Subgenus Mops. Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer.	194287C9FF9FBA33B48BFA67B7F9F70A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	654	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FF9FBA33B48BFA67B7F9F70A.xml	Mops demonstrator	Molossidae	Mops	demonstrator	Thomas	1903	Tadaride de Mongalla @fr | Mongalla-Bulldogfledermaus @de | Mops de Mongalla @es | Mongalla Mops Bat @en | Mongallan Mops Bat @en	Nyctinomus demonstrator Thomas, 1903 , “Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [ Island ],” Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan . This species is monotypic.	Patchily in W & WC Africa ( Ivory Coast , Ghana , and Burkina Faso , and Cameroon ) and NE Africa, mostly associated with the Blue Nile and White Nile valleys ( Sudan , South Sudan , NE DR Congo , and W Uganda ); it has not yet been recorded in the Central African Republic , whereit is likely to occur.	Head-body ¢.76-82 mm, tail 27-37 mm, ear 16-18 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 41-46 mm; weight 20-24 g. Fur is short and moderately sparse between shoulders, medium brown to slaty gray above, often suffused with pale gray or silvery white, giving frosted appearance; crown is darker than back, usually black; underside is pure or creamy white to very pale gray, darker toward flanks, with no contrasting mid-ventral markings or flank-stripe. Wings are medium to dark gray. Upper lip has 7-8 well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are dark gray and relatively short, not reaching snout when laid forward. Inner margins of ears are joined across forehead by interaural band of skin with either V-shaped fold or forward-facing pocket, not containing erectile crest of hairs; posterior edge of interaural band bordered by longer black hairs. Tragus is minute, and concealed by antitragus, which is rounded above with broad base. Males have scent glands between penis and anus. Anterior palate is closed and basisphenoid pits are deep and well developed. As is typical for Mops , cusps on M? are V-shaped rather than N-shaped (i.e. with third ridge being much reduced). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 54.	Open and dry savanna habitats such as Isoberlinia woodlands, wooded Acacia (both Fabaceae ) savannas, and seasonally flooded grasslands. In the north-east of their range, Mongalla Free-tailed Bats seem to be associated with larger rivers such as the White Nile and Blue Nile .	Mongalla Free-tailed Bats are high-flying aerial foragers. In aerial mist nets set to a maximum height of 25 m in a study in Comoé National Park, northeastern Ivory Coast , they were caught at heights of 8-20 m.	At Garamba National Park, north-eastern DR Congo , full-term pregnant females were recorded in April and June, an early pregnancy in September,a lactating female in June, and juveniles in May, June, and September. Although sparse, the data suggest more than one birth per year (polyestry).	Mongalla Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal, and roost in fissures in trunks and large branches oftrees (e.g. Vitex doniana , Lamiaceae ).	Mongalla Free-tailed Bats roost communally in tree hollows,in groups of 2-10 individuals. A study of eleven day roosts (42 individuals) in Garamba National Park by J. Verschuren in 1957 revealed both female-only groups and groups with a single male and two or more females (possibly harems). Overall sex ratio was one male to five females.	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List.	ACR (2017) | Lang & Chapin (1917b) | Monadjem, Cotterill, Bergmans et al. (2017) | Verschuren (1957)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567866/files/figure.png	82. Mongalla Free-tailed Bat Mops demonstrator French: Tadaride de Mongalla / German: Mongalla-Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Mops de Mongalla Other common names: Mongalla Mops Bat , Mongallan Mops Bat Taxonomy. Nyctinomus demonstrator Thomas, 1903 , “Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [ Island ],” Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Patchily in W & WC Africa ( Ivory Coast , Ghana , and Burkina Faso , and Cameroon ) and NE Africa, mostly associated with the Blue Nile and White Nile valleys ( Sudan , South Sudan , NE DR Congo , and W Uganda ); it has not yet been recorded in the Central African Republic , whereit is likely to occur. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.76-82 mm, tail 27-37 mm, ear 16-18 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 41-46 mm; weight 20-24 g. Fur is short and moderately sparse between shoulders, medium brown to slaty gray above, often suffused with pale gray or silvery white, giving frosted appearance; crown is darker than back, usually black; underside is pure or creamy white to very pale gray, darker toward flanks, with no contrasting mid-ventral markings or flank-stripe. Wings are medium to dark gray. Upper lip has 7-8 well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are dark gray and relatively short, not reaching snout when laid forward. Inner margins of ears are joined across forehead by interaural band of skin with either V-shaped fold or forward-facing pocket, not containing erectile crest of hairs; posterior edge of interaural band bordered by longer black hairs. Tragus is minute, and concealed by antitragus, which is rounded above with broad base. Males have scent glands between penis and anus. Anterior palate is closed and basisphenoid pits are deep and well developed. As is typical for Mops , cusps on M? are V-shaped rather than N-shaped (i.e. with third ridge being much reduced). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 54. Habitat. Open and dry savanna habitats such as Isoberlinia woodlands, wooded Acacia (both Fabaceae ) savannas, and seasonally flooded grasslands. In the north-east of their range, Mongalla Free-tailed Bats seem to be associated with larger rivers such as the White Nile and Blue Nile . Food and Feeding. Mongalla Free-tailed Bats are high-flying aerial foragers. In aerial mist nets set to a maximum height of 25 m in a study in Comoé National Park, northeastern Ivory Coast , they were caught at heights of 8-20 m. Breeding. At Garamba National Park, north-eastern DR Congo , full-term pregnant females were recorded in April and June, an early pregnancy in September,a lactating female in June, and juveniles in May, June, and September. Although sparse, the data suggest more than one birth per year (polyestry). Activity patterns. Mongalla Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal, and roost in fissures in trunks and large branches oftrees (e.g. Vitex doniana , Lamiaceae ). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mongalla Free-tailed Bats roost communally in tree hollows,in groups of 2-10 individuals. A study of eleven day roosts (42 individuals) in Garamba National Park by J. Verschuren in 1957 revealed both female-only groups and groups with a single male and two or more females (possibly harems). Overall sex ratio was one male to five females. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Bibliography. ACR (2017), Lang & Chapin (1917b), Monadjem, Cotterill, Bergmans et al. (2017), Verschuren (1957).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Mops demonstrator	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 504	Mongallan Free-tailed Bat	 faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917.	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.	Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, perhaps Gambia (see Koopman, 1989).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Mops .  Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Mops demonstrator	23	Mongalla Free-tailed Bat	Mongalla Mops Bat|Mongallan Mops Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	O. Thomas	1903	1	Nyctinomus_demonstrator	Thomas, O. (1903). Three new species of Nyctinomus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 12, 504.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94944#page/534/mode/1up	BM 1902.7.4.3		"Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [Island]," Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan.			demonstrator (O. Thomas, 1903)|faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917	NA	NA	Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo?|Benin?|Nigeria?|Burkina Faso|Cameroon|Chad?|Sudan|South Sudan|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Central African Republic?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Mops_demonstrator	0	sciname match	Mops_demonstrator	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13840	Mops demonstrator	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Mops	demonstrator	(Thomas, 1903)		20000000	Mops demonstrator	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is found in open and dry savanna and Saharan grasslands. It might be associated with large rivers, especially in the north eastern part of the range. Animals often roost in fissures and cracks of tree trunks (including Vitex doniana [Freeman 1981]) and large branches of savanna trees.	In part of its range this species is threatened by habitat loss, mostly the cutting of larger roosting trees from savanna. It may also be threatened by encroaching desertification in the northern limits of its range.	This species is rarely recorded. Animals are usually found singly or as small groups of up to 12 bats.	Decreasing	This African bat has been patchily recorded from West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso) and Central to East Africa (Cameroon, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Uganda and Sudan). A record from the Gambia appears to be in error (Koopman 1989; Grubb et al. 1998).		Terrestrial	This species has been recorded from the Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Freeman, 1981), and may be present in additional protected areas. There is a need to protect suitable large roosting trees in savanna. Further research is needed to better understand the distribution, natural history and major threats to this species.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 504	Mongallan Free-tailed Bat	 faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917.	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.	Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, perhaps Gambia (see Koopman, 1989).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Mops .  Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer .	Mops demonstrator	1005212	23	Mongalla Free-tailed Bat	Mongalla Mops Bat|Mongallan Mops Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	O. Thomas	1903	1	Nyctinomus_demonstrator	Thomas, O. (1903). Three new species of Nyctinomus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 12, 504.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94944#page/534/mode/1up	BM 1902.7.4.3		"Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [Island]," Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan.			demonstrator (O. Thomas, 1903)|faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917	NA	NA				Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo?|Benin?|Nigeria?|Burkina Faso|Cameroon|Chad?|Sudan|South Sudan|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Central African Republic?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Mops_demonstrator	0	sciname match	Mops_demonstrator	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Mops_demonstrator	1005212	23	Mongalla Free-tailed Bat	Mongalla Mops Bat|Mongallan Mops Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	O. Thomas	1	Nyctinomus demonstrator	Thomas, O. 1903-11-01. Three new species of _Nyctinomus_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)12(71):501-505.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29993270	BMNH:Mamm:1902.7.4.3	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0801a177-308f-41eb-a6f1-4bed0ea3a823	"Mangala [= Mongalla], N. of Gondokoro [Island]," Bahr el Jebel (= White Nile river), Equatoria Province, South Sudan.			NA	NA				Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo?|Benin?|Nigeria?|Burkina Faso|Cameroon|Chad?|Sudan|South Sudan|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Central African Republic?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Mops_demonstrator	0	sciname match	Mops_demonstrator	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Mops	Mops	demonstrator	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 504	Mongallan Free-tailed Bat	faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917.	Sudan, Equatoria, Mongalla.	Sudan, Dem. Rep. Congo, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ghana, perhaps Gambia (see Koopman, 1989).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13840/22075708/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Mops. Koopman (1993) suggested that demonstrator may include niveiventer.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Mops demonstrator; Mops demonstrator; Mops demonstrator; Mops demonstrator; Mops demonstrator; Mops demonstrator; faradjius; faradjius; demonstrator; faradjius; Tadaride de Mongalla; Mongalla-Bulldogfledermaus; Mops de Mongalla; Mongalla Mops Bat; Mongallan Mops Bat; Mongalla Free-tailed Bat; Mongalla Mops Bat; Mongallan Mops Bat; Mongallan Free-tailed Bat; Mongallan Free-tailed Bat; M. demonstrator