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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L693	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus pretiosus		[MSW2] Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958:132); but see Jones et al. (1977).; [MSW3] Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000).; [HMW] Molossus pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902 , “La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.; [IUCN] This species is sometimes listed as a synonym of rufus , but see Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989).; [batnames2023] Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.; [batnames2025_1.7] Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.					(macdougalli)		macdougalli, pretiosus							pretiosus	This species is sometimes listed as a synonym of rufus , but see Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989).			pretiosus	pretiosus			pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Miller's mastiff-bat	Nicaragua – Venezuela	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Molossus pretiosus	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira.	Miller	1902	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 396.	Distribution: Ranging from southwestern Mexico to Colombia, Guyana and probably Trinidad.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Miller's mastiff-bat	S Mexico – Venezuela, Guyana; ref. 4.40	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Miller	1902	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 396.	Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958:132); but see Jones et al. (1977).	Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mexico); Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira.		MILLER	1902	Size fairly large (forearm length, 41-50 mm). Dorsal hairs with dark bases.	Distribution: Ranging from southwestern Mexico to Colombia, Guyana and probably Trinidad.	Two subspecies are recognized:	M. p. macdougalli (southwestern Mexico), M. p. pretiosus (Nicaragua to South America).	144	species	M. pretiosus	MILLER	1902	Molossus	genus	Molossus pretiosus				Size fairly large (forearm length, 41-50 mm). Dorsal hairs with dark bases.	Two subspecies are recognized:		2. M. pretiosus MILLER 1902.	2	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Molossus pretiosus	Molossus		pretiosus	Miller		1902		Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.			396		Miller's Mastiff Bat	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira.	Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mexico); Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).		Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000).	194287C9FFBBBA17B1BFF32EB5E2F3CC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	626	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBBBA17B1BFF32EB5E2F3CC.xml	Molossus pretiosus	Molossidae	Molossus	pretiosus	G. S. Miller	1902	Molosse de Miller @fr | Mille-r Samtfledermaus @de | Moloso de Miller @es | Miller's Free-tailed Bat @en	Molossus pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902 , “La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela .” This species is monotypic.	Known from scattered localities in S Mexico ( Guerrero and Oaxaca ), E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , and CW & E Brazil ; also on Trinidad I.	Head-body 72-80 mm, tail 39-44 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm, forearm 44-51 mm; weight 20-28 g. Miller’s Mastiff Batis larger than all its congeners, except the Black Mastiff Bat ( M. rufus ). Dorsal hairs of Miller's Mastiff Bat are dark brown or black, with or without very thin pale band at bases, not covering more than one-quarter the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal pelage is short (2-3 mm). Ventral pelage is lighter than dorsal pelage. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragusis small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upperlip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Face, wings, and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Skull has elongated braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are very deep. I” is elongated, with parallel or convergenttips, but rarely thick and spatulated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.	Dry and semideciduous forests, tropical dry forests, riparian forests, grassland savannas, caatinga, cerrado, dry woodlands, and cactus and thorn scrub.	Miller’s Mastiff Bat is an aerial insectivore, and Coleoptera , Lepidoptera , Hemiptera , and Hymenoptera have been found inits feces.	Miller’s Mastiff Bat is polyestrous, and females can be simultaneously pregnant and lactating. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were reported in March-April and June and pregnant females with juveniles in mid-August. In Costa Rica , pregnant females were captured in May, July, and October, and young were present in July and October.	Miller's Mastiff Bats have been observed leaving their roosts 5-15 minutes after sunset. They roost in caves, buildings, and hollow trees. Black-and-white owls (Ciccaba nigrolineata) are known to prey on Miller’s Mastiff Bats.	Miller’s Mastiff Bat forms small groups of up to ten individuals. Colonies can be composed of individuals of only one sex, which are usually sexually inactive, or adults of both sexes and young. In reproductive colonies, females are more abundant than males, indicating a polygynous mating system. It has been found roosting with other congeners such as Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( Molossus molossus ) and other genera such as the Broad-eared Free-tailed Bat ( Nyctinomops laticaudatus ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Miller’s Mastiff Bats occurs in a number of protected areas, has a wide distribution, and is tolerant of some habitat modification.	Claudio, Silveira, Farias & Lapenta (2018) | Dolan (1989) | Dolan & Carter (1979) | Eger (2008) | Freeman (1979, 1981) | Ibanez et al. (1992) | Jennings et al. (2000) | Jones, Smith & Turner (1971) | LaVal (1977) | LaVal & Fitch (1977) | Loureiro, Gregorin & Perini (2018) | Marinkelle & Cadena (1972) | Nogueira et al. (2008) | Pineda et al. (2008) | Simmons (2005) | Timm & LaVal (1998)	https://zenodo.org/record/6772266/files/figure.png	18. Miller’s Mastiff Bat Molossus pretiosus French: Molosse de Miller / German: Mille-rSamtfledermaus / Spanish: Moloso de Miller Other common names: Miller's Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Molossus pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902 , “La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Known from scattered localities in S Mexico ( Guerrero and Oaxaca ), E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , and CW & E Brazil ; also on Trinidad I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-80 mm, tail 39-44 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm, forearm 44-51 mm; weight 20-28 g. Miller’s Mastiff Batis larger than all its congeners, except the Black Mastiff Bat ( M. rufus ). Dorsal hairs of Miller's Mastiff Bat are dark brown or black, with or without very thin pale band at bases, not covering more than one-quarter the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal pelage is short (2-3 mm). Ventral pelage is lighter than dorsal pelage. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragusis small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upperlip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Face, wings, and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Skull has elongated braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are very deep. I” is elongated, with parallel or convergenttips, but rarely thick and spatulated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat. Dry and semideciduous forests, tropical dry forests, riparian forests, grassland savannas, caatinga, cerrado, dry woodlands, and cactus and thorn scrub. Food and Feeding. Miller’s Mastiff Bat is an aerial insectivore, and Coleoptera , Lepidoptera , Hemiptera , and Hymenoptera have been found inits feces. Breeding. Miller’s Mastiff Bat is polyestrous, and females can be simultaneously pregnant and lactating. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were reported in March-April and June and pregnant females with juveniles in mid-August. In Costa Rica , pregnant females were captured in May, July, and October, and young were present in July and October. Activity patterns. Miller's Mastiff Bats have been observed leaving their roosts 5-15 minutes after sunset. They roost in caves, buildings, and hollow trees. Black-and-white owls (Ciccaba nigrolineata) are known to prey on Miller’s Mastiff Bats. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Miller’s Mastiff Bat forms small groups of up to ten individuals. Colonies can be composed of individuals of only one sex, which are usually sexually inactive, or adults of both sexes and young. In reproductive colonies, females are more abundant than males, indicating a polygynous mating system. It has been found roosting with other congeners such as Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( Molossus molossus ) and other genera such as the Broad-eared Free-tailed Bat ( Nyctinomops laticaudatus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Miller’s Mastiff Bats occurs in a number of protected areas, has a wide distribution, and is tolerant of some habitat modification. Bibliography. Claudio, Silveira, Farias & Lapenta (2018), Dolan (1989), Dolan & Carter (1979), Eger (2008), Freeman (1979, 1981), Ibanez et al. (1992), Jennings et al. (2000), Jones, Smith & Turner (1971), LaVal (1977), LaVal & Fitch (1977), Loureiro, Gregorin & Perini (2018), Marinkelle & Cadena (1972), Nogueira et al. (2008), Pineda et al. (2008), Simmons (2005), Timm & LaVal (1998).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Molossus pretiosus	Molossus		pretiosus	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	60:36:00	Miller's Mastiff Bat	None.	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira	Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil	Not listed.	Least Concern	Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Molossus pretiosus	23	Miller's Mastiff Bat	Miller's Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Molossus	NA	pretiosus	G. S. Miller	1902	0	Molossus_pretiosus	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1902). Twenty New American Bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 396.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309520#page/430/mode/1up	USNM 102761		"La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela."			pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902	NA	NA	Mexico|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Colombia|Venezuela|Guyana|Brazil|Trinidad & Tobago	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_pretiosus	0	sciname match	Molossus_pretiosus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13649	Molossus pretiosus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Molossus	pretiosus	Miller, 1902	This species is sometimes listed as a synonym of rufus , but see Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989).	20000000	Molossus pretiosus	Least Concern		2019	2018-03-19 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in because of its wide distribution, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because any suspected decline in habitat quality is not qualified for listing in a threatened category.	This species usually is a non-forest dweller that occupies open areas such as dry and semi-deciduous forest, grassland savannas, dry woodlands, ;and cactus and thorn scrub (Jennings et al. 2000). It roosts in caves, buildings, and hollow trees (Marinkelle and Cadena 1972). A large group was flying from riparian forest at dusk, bats appeared in single file, flying about 20 m above ground (LaVal 1977). In Nicaragua, Miller’s mastiff bats have been observed flying over streams, foraging high over trees in a coffee plantation, flying over a concrete water tank, and emerging from a hollow tree over a stream (Jones et al.  ;1971). In Costa Rica, M. pretiosus was active over a watering hole in a stream (La Val 1977). Eats insects, including beetles and moths. ;Four individuals had an average of 631 moth scales per gram of faecal material, parts of coleopterans also were present (Freeman 1979).	This bat seems more associated with tropical dry forests than the other Molossus . It is considered to have the most restricted and disjunct distribution of all mastiff bats (Jennings et al . 2000).	Molossus pretiosus ;apparently is uncommon (Reid 2009). Roosts of Miller’s mastiff bat have been found in a cave, in a church roof, and in a hollow tree (Dolan and Carter 1979, Marinkelle ;and Cadena 1972). These are social bats that roost together, but data on size of these groups are not abundant. At the Caatinga formation of Minas Gerais, over 30 individuals were caught from roof of residences, and other 23 at ground-level nets near the water (Nogueira et al . 2008). This bat is polyestrus (Dolan 1989). In Nicaragua, three females were pregnant in March, three were pregnant on April, one was pregnant on July, and three were pregnant and flying juveniles were present in mid-August (Jones et al.  ;1971). In Costa Rica, some females were pregnant in May, July, and October, and subadults were present in July and October (La Val 1977, La Val and Fitch 1977). Lifespan is unknown (Jennings et al.  2000).	Unknown	This species occurs from Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mexico) through Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America, in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil (Simmons 2005). In Brazil, it extends to Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais (Nogueira et al . 2008, Claudio et al . 2018). It occurs in lowlands only (Reid 2009).		Terrestrial	Recent reports have expanded its known distribution, reaching southern Brazil. Through this wide distribution the species can be found at several protected areas. Given its preference for dry forests and other semi-arid formation, it is important to avoid or reduce habitat loss.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Molossus		pretiosus	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	60:36:00	Miller's Mastiff Bat	None.	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira	Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil	Not listed.	Least Concern	Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli ; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.	Molossus pretiosus	1005204	23	Miller's Mastiff Bat	Miller's Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Molossus	NA	pretiosus	G. S. Miller	1902	0	Molossus_pretiosus	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1902). Twenty New American Bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 54, 396.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309520#page/430/mode/1up	USNM 102761		"La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela."			pretiosus G. S. Miller, 1902	NA	NA				Mexico|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Colombia|Venezuela|Guyana|Brazil|Trinidad & Tobago	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_pretiosus	0	sciname match	Molossus_pretiosus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Molossus_pretiosus	1005204	23	Miller's Mastiff Bat	Miller's Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Molossus	NA	pretiosus	G. S. Miller	0	Molossus pretiosus	Miller, G.S., Jr. 1902-09-12. Twenty new American bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 54(2):389-412.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10309527	USNM:MAMM:102761	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/38ffaf77b-e70b-4289-97bc-3b8932e255d1	"La Guaira [Distrito Federal], Venezuela."			NA	NA				Mexico|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Colombia|Venezuela|Guyana|Brazil|Trinidad and Tobago	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_pretiosus	0	sciname match	Molossus_pretiosus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Molossus		pretiosus	Miller	1902	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	60:36:00	Miller's Mastiff Bat	None.	Venezuela, Caracas, LaGuaira	Nicaragua to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13649/22106312/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Listed as a synonym of rufus by Cabrera (1958), but see Jones et al. (1977) and Dolan (1989). Does not include macdougalli; see Dolan (1989). See Jennings et al. (2000), and Loureiro et al. (2019, 2020). Although sometimes listed as occurring in Mexico, we were unable to confirm this and follow Ramirez-Pulido et al. (2014) who do not list pretiosus as occurring in Mexico.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Molossus pretiosus; Molossus pretiosus; Molossus pretiosus; Molossus pretiosus; Molossus pretiosus; Molossus pretiosus; pretiosus; Molosse de Miller; Mille-r Samtfledermaus; Moloso de Miller; Miller's Free-tailed Bat; Miller's Mastiff Bat; Miller's Free-tailed Bat; Miller's Mastiff Bat; Miller's Mastiff Bat; M. pretiosus