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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L689	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus	Molossus molossus		[MSW2] Includes fortis, milleri, debilis, and tropidorhynchus; see Varona (1974:42). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959:216) and Cabrera (1958:130) but see Husson (1962:251-259). Hall (1981:255) included coibensis and aztecus in molossus, but see Dolan (1989). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981). Includes daulensis, but see Albuja (1982).; [MSW3] Includes fortis, milleri, debilis, and tropidorhynchus; see Varona (1974). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Does not include aztecus, barnesi, coibensis, cherriei, and lambi; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Includes daulensis, but see Albuja (1982). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997). M. pygmaeus may represent a distinct species, possibly including populations from Guyana; see Lim and Engstrom (2001). This complex is desperately in need of revision.; [HMW] Vespertilio molossus Pallas, 1766 , America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique , Lesser Antilles. Recently, two subspecies of M. molossusin the Greater Antilles were recognized as distinct species: M. miller: and M. verrilli . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Includes fortis , debilis , pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri , tropidorhynchus , verrilli , aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei , and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).; [MDD2022] previously included M. milleri (including tropidorhynchus) and M. verrilli; [IUCN] This includes fortis , milleri , debilis ;and tropidorhynchus . It does not include aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei ;and lambi ; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). It also includes daulensis . The Antillean subpopulations were reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). This complex is desperately in need of revision.; [batnames2023] Includes fortis , debilis , pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri , tropidorhynchus , verrilli , aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei , and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).; [MDD2023] previously included M. milleri (including tropidorhynchus) and M. verrilli; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included M. tropidorhynchus (formerly under the name milleri) and M. verrilli; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes fortis, debilis, pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri, tropidorhynchus, verrilli, aztecus, barnesi, coibensis, cherriei, and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included M. tropidorhynchus (formerly under the name milleri) and M. verrilli				fortis, milleri, debilis, tropidorhynchus, major, burnesi	(coibensis)	acuticaudatus, amplexicaudus, aztecus, barnesi, cherriei, crassicaudatus, coibensis, currentium, daulensis, debilis, fortis, fusciventer. Iambi, longicaudatus, major, milleri, moxensis, obscurus, olivaceofuscus, pygmaeus, tropidorhynchus, velox, verrilli.	aztecus, lambi, coibensis, daulensis, pygmaeus, crassicaudatus, barnesi, molossus, fortis, verrillii, milleri, tropidorhynchus	molossus, debilis, pygmaeus, fortis, milleri, tropidorhynchus, verrilli	acuticaudatus, amplexicaudus, crassicaudatus, currentium, daulensis, fusciventer, longicaudatus, major, minor, moxensis, obscurus, olivaceofuscus, velox; milleri - fuliginosus			molossus, debilis, fortis, milleri, pygmaeus, tropidorhynchus, verrilli	molossus - acuticaudatus, amplexicaudus, crassicaudatus, currentium, daulensis, fusciventer, longicaudatus, major, minor, moxensis, obscurus, olivaceofuscus, velox; milleri - fuliginosus	molossus, major, minor, crassicaudatus, fusciventer, longicaudatus, obscurus, acuticaudatus, velox, moxensis, amplexicaudatus, olivaceofuscus, pygmaeus, debilis , fortis, daulensis, tecticola, espiritosantensis	This includes fortis , milleri , debilis ;and tropidorhynchus . It does not include aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei ;and lambi ; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). It also includes daulensis . The Antillean subpopulations were reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). This complex is desperately in need of revision.	molossus, daulensis, debilis, fortis, pygmaeus	molossus - acuticaudatus, amplexicaudus, crassicaudatus, currentium, fusciventer, longicaudatus, major, minor, moxensis, obscurus, olivaceofuscus, velox	molossus, major, minor, crassicaudatus, fusciventer, longicaudatus, obscurus, acuticaudatus, velox, moxensis, amplexicaudatus, olivaceofuscus, pygmaeus, debilis, fortis, daulensis, tecticola, espiritosantensis	molossus, major, minor, crassicaudatus, fusciventer, longicaudatus, obscurus, acuticaudatus, obsculus, velox, moxensis, amplexicaudus, olivaceofuscus, pygmaeus, debilis, fortis, daulensis, tecticola, espiritosantensis, molussus, molosus	 daulensis, debilis, fortis, molossus, pygmaeus 	molossus - acuticaudatus, amplexicaudus, crassicaudatus, currentium, fusciventer, longicaudatus, major, moxensis, obscurus, olivaceofuscus , velox	molossus (Pallas, 1766)|major (Kerr, 1792)|minor (Kerr, 1792)|crassicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|fusciventer É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|longicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|obscurus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|acuticaudatus A. G. Desmarest, 1821|mollossus (J. E. Gray, 1821) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|obsculus (Temminck, 1826) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|velox (Temminck, 1826)|moxensis d'Orbigny, 1837|amplexicaudus (J. A. Wagner, 1847) [not used as valid]|olivaceofuscus (J. A. Wagner, 1847)|olivaceus (A. Murray, 1866) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|amplexicaudus Fitzinger, 1870|pygmaeus G. S. Miller, 1900|debilis G. S. Miller, 1913|fortis G. S. Miller, 1913|daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916|tecticola Osgood, 1916|espiritosantensis (Ruschi, 1951)|molussus Willig, 1985 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|molosus Polanco-Ochoa, Jaimes, & Piragua, 2000 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Pallas' mastiff-bat	N Mexico – N Argentina, Trinidad, Antilles	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Molossus molossus	Martinique (Lesser Antilles), (France).	Pallas	1766	Misc. Zool., p. 49-50.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico to Uruguay and throughout the West In- dies except the Bahamas.	Includes fortis, milleri, debilis, and tropidorhynchus; see Varona, 1974:42. Called major by Hall and Kelson, 1959:216, and Cabrera, 1958:130; but see Husson, 1962, Zool. Meded. Rijks. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 58:251-259. Hall, 1981:255, included coibensis in molossus. Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways, et al., 1981, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 50:475:492. Includes buriiesi; see Freeman, 1981:158.	Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Pallas' mastiff-bat	N Mexico – N Argentina, Uruguay, Trinidad, Antilles; ref. 4.40	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Pallas	1766	Misc. Zool., p. 49-50.	Includes fortis, milleri, debilis, and tropidorhynchus; see Varona (1974:42). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959:216) and Cabrera (1958:130) but see Husson (1962:251-259). Hall (1981:255) included coibensis and aztecus in molossus, but see Dolan (1989). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981). Includes daulensis, but see Albuja (1982).	Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curacao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago.	France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles).		PALLAS	1766	Size relatively small, at least within the range of M. bondae (forearm length 33-41 mm). Dorsal hairs with pale bases.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico to Uruguay and throughout the West Indies except the Bahamas.	Twelve subspecies are here recognized:	M. m. aztecus (most of tropical Mexico and Central America south to Costa Rica), M. m. lambi ( Pacific coastal Chiapas and Guatemala), M. m. coibensis (Panama), M.m. daulensis (western Ecuador), M. m. pygmaeus (Curacao, Bonaire), M. m. crassicaudatus (southeastern Colombia and Guyana to Uruguay), M. m. barnesi (French Guiana), M. m. molossus (= debilis) (central Colombia to Trinidad and north through the Lesser Antilles to St. Croix in the Virgin Islands), M. m. fortis (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands except St. Croix), M. m. verrillii (Hispaniola), M. m. milleri (Jamaica), M. m. tropidorhynchus (Cuba).	144	species	M. molossus	PALLAS	1766	Molossus	genus	Molossus molossus				Size relatively small, at least within the range of M. bondae (forearm length 33-41 mm). Dorsal hairs with pale bases.	Twelve subspecies are here recognized:		5. M. molossus (PALLAS 1766).	5	_M. m. crassicaudatus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805 (synonyms: _acuticaudatus_ Desmarest, 1821, _amplexicaudus_ (Wagner, 1847), _amplexicaudus_ Fitzinger, 1870, _espiritosantensis_ (Ruschi, 1951), _moxensis_ d'Orbigny, 1837, _olivaceofuscus_ (Wagner, 1847), _tecticola_ Osgood, 1916, _velox_ (Temminck, 1826)); _M. m. daulensis_ Allen, 1916; _M. m. molossus_ (Pallas, 1766) (synonyms: _debilis_ Miller, 1913, _fortis_ Miller, 1913, _fusciventer_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805, _longicaudatus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805, _major_ (Kerr, 1792), _minor_ (Kerr, 1792), _obscurus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805); _M. m. pygmaeus_ Miller, 1900			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Molossus molossus	Molossus		molossus	Pallas	y	1766		Misc. Zool.			49-50		Pallas's Mastiff Bat	France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles).	Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Florida Keys (USA); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820; amplexicaudus Wagner, 1850; crassicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; currentium Miller, 1913 [not Thomas, 1901]; daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916; fusciventer Geoffroy, 1805; longicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; major Kerr, 1792; minor Kerr, 1792; moxensis D’Orbigny, 1835; obscurus Geoffroy, 1805; olivaceofuscus Wagner, 1850; velox Temminck, 1827; debilis Miller, 1913; fortis Miller, 1913; milleri Johnson, 1952; fuliginosus Gray, 1838 [not Cooper, 1837]; pygmaeus Miller, 1900; tropidorhynchus Gray, 1839; verrilli J. A. Allen, 1908.	Includes fortis, milleri, debilis, and tropidorhynchus; see Varona (1974). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Does not include aztecus, barnesi, coibensis, cherriei, and lambi; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). Includes daulensis, but see Albuja (1982). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997). M. pygmaeus may represent a distinct species, possibly including populations from Guyana; see Lim and Engstrom (2001). This complex is desperately in need of revision.	194287C9FFBBBA17B4A0F4CAB541FC32	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	626	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBBBA17B4A0F4CAB541FC32.xml	Molossus molossus	Molossidae	Molossus	molossus		1766	Molosse commun @fr | Grol Re Samtfledermaus @de | Moloso comun @es | Pallas’s Free-tailed Bat @en | Velvety Free-tailed Bat @en	Vespertilio molossus Pallas, 1766 , America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique , Lesser Antilles. Recently, two subspecies of M. molossusin the Greater Antilles were recognized as distinct species: M. miller: and M. verrilli . Monotypic.	SW USA (Florida), and from NE Mexico (Coahuila), S through Central America into South America to Argentina and Uruguay ; also on Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles.	Head-body 54-80 mm, tail 30-46 mm, ear 11-15 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 36-43 mm; weight 9-17 g. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is overlaps in size with the Aztec Mastiff Bat (M. aztecus ), the Pug-nosed Mastiff Bat (M. miller), and the Hispan-1olan Mastiff Bat ( M. verrilli ). Dorsal hairs of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat are noticeably bicolored, with pale basal band reaching one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Dorsal pelage color is highly variable, ranging from cinnamon to cocoa-brown. Some individuals have very dark pelage, and others (mostly young) are grayish. Ventral pelage is lighter than dorsal pelage. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragusis small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Face is medium to dark brown. Upperlip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Wings and uropatagium are brownish. Skull has elongated braincase, triangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening frontally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I? is elongated, with parallel tips, but shape varies among populations, ranging from tapered to moderately wide. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 64 (north-eastern Brazil ), 2n = 48 and FN = 54 (southern Brazil ), 2n = 48 and FN = 58 (West Indies and several localities in northern and western South America), and 2n = 48 and FN = 56 ( Puerto Rico ).	Cerrado, dry and humid semideciduous forests, tropical rainforests, swamps, pastures, evergreen forests, and savannas from lowlands up to elevations of ¢. 1250 m . Pallas’s Mastiff Bat adapts well to anthropogenic modifications, and it has been found in small patches of vegetation and urban areas.	Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is an aerial insectivore. Coleoptera , Diptera, Isoptera , Hymenoptera, Homoptera , Lepidoptera, Odonata , Orthoptera , and Hemiptera have been found in its feces.	Pallas’s Mastiff Bats reproduce only once or twice in their short life spans (maximum of 5-6 years). In Brazil , pregnant females and young were caught in November and March-April, with only one embryo per pregnancy. This pattern can change depending on geographical location. In Panama , for example, pregnant females were caught in March—-August, and pregnancy peak was observed in April. Females usually give birth during rainy seasons, and males are sexually active throughout the year. Females have been caught simultaneously lactating and pregnant. Lactation lasts c.1-5 months.	Activity of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is bimodal, foraging during dawn and dusk with short activity bouts of less than an hour. First peak of activity starts just before sunset and continues for 31-60 minutes. Second peak starts before dawn and continues until a few minutes after sunrise. Individuals from the same colony foraged together significantly more often than they do alone or with individuals from other groups. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat roosts in buildings, hollow trees, and palm leaves. Search calls can vary from shallow FM signals to pulses composed of steeper FM element and shallow FM component. Search calls regularly alternate between two and three tones. First pulse has lower frequency (33-39 kHz) than intermediate pulse with slightly higher frequency (35-45 kHz). Third and higher frequency pulses (40-45 kHz) might or might not occur. Several birds are known to prey on Pallas’s Mastiff Bats: black-andwhite owls (Ciccaba nigrolineata), merlins ( Falco columbarius), peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus), and great kiskadees (Pitangus sulphuratus).	In Panama , Pallas’s Mastiff Bats form small to intermediate colonies compared with its congeners, varying between one and 32 individuals (mean 9-6 ind/colony). Most groups are composed ofa stable core of adult females, young, and 1-2 adult males. Young of both sexes disperse from their natal group and settle in a new colony. In Brazil , groups with more than 400 individuals have been reported roosting in the same site, and two types of colonies are formed during months of sexual inactivity and reproductive season. Reproductive colony contains a high number of females and their young. Females return to their natal roosts to reproduce and stay in this colony until young are independent. Colonies outside breeding season have higher proportions of males than females and reduced number of individuals compared with colonies during breeding seasons. Individuals stay an average of three months in each of the two colonies. Colonies of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat were found roosting with other species of Molossus , such as Miller's Mastiff Bat ( M. pretiosus ) and the Black Mastiff Bat ( M. rufus ), and species in other families, such as the Lesser Bulldog Bat (Noctilio albiventris), Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina), and the Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large populations. It occurs in several protected areas and tolerates some habitat modification.	Baker & Lopez (1970b) | Castro-Arellano & Uribe (2014) | Chase et al. (1991) | Dechmann et al. (2010) | Dolan (1989) | Eger (2008) | Esbérard (2011) | Esbérard & Bergallo (2010) | Fabian & Gregorin (2007) | Fabian & Marques (1989) | Freitas et al. (1992) | Gager et al. (2016) | Howell & Burch (1974) | Husson (1962) | Ibanez et al. (1992) | Krutzsch & Crichton (1985) | Leite-Silva et al. (2003) | Lépez-Baucells, Rocha , Bobrowiec et al. (2018) | Loureiro, Gregorin & Perini (2018) | Michael et al. (1993) | Mikula et al. (2016) | Mora (2016) | O'Farrell et al. (1999) | Owen & Gir6n (2012) | Pimenta et al. (2014) | Reid (2009) | Surlykke & Kalko (2008) | Timm & LaVal (1998) | Voigt-Heucke et al. (2010) | Warner et al. (1974)	https://zenodo.org/record/6772264/files/figure.png	17. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat Molossus molossus French: Molosse commun / German: GrolRe Samtfledermaus / Spanish: Moloso comun Other common names: Pallas’s Free-tailed Bat , Velvety Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio molossus Pallas, 1766 , America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique , Lesser Antilles. Recently, two subspecies of M. molossusin the Greater Antilles were recognized as distinct species: M. miller: and M. verrilli . Monotypic. Distribution. SW USA (Florida), and from NE Mexico (Coahuila), S through Central America into South America to Argentina and Uruguay ; also on Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles. Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-80 mm, tail 30-46 mm, ear 11-15 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 36-43 mm; weight 9-17 g. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is overlaps in size with the Aztec Mastiff Bat (M. aztecus ), the Pug-nosed Mastiff Bat (M. miller), and the Hispan-1olan Mastiff Bat ( M. verrilli ). Dorsal hairs of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat are noticeably bicolored, with pale basal band reaching one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Dorsal pelage color is highly variable, ranging from cinnamon to cocoa-brown. Some individuals have very dark pelage, and others (mostly young) are grayish. Ventral pelage is lighter than dorsal pelage. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragusis small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Face is medium to dark brown. Upperlip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Wings and uropatagium are brownish. Skull has elongated braincase, triangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening frontally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I? is elongated, with parallel tips, but shape varies among populations, ranging from tapered to moderately wide. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 64 (north-eastern Brazil ), 2n = 48 and FN = 54 (southern Brazil ), 2n = 48 and FN = 58 (West Indies and several localities in northern and western South America), and 2n = 48 and FN = 56 ( Puerto Rico ). Habitat. Cerrado, dry and humid semideciduous forests, tropical rainforests, swamps, pastures, evergreen forests, and savannas from lowlands up to elevations of ¢. 1250 m . Pallas’s Mastiff Bat adapts well to anthropogenic modifications, and it has been found in small patches of vegetation and urban areas. Food and Feeding. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is an aerial insectivore. Coleoptera , Diptera, Isoptera , Hymenoptera, Homoptera , Lepidoptera, Odonata , Orthoptera , and Hemiptera have been found in its feces. Breeding. Pallas’s Mastiff Bats reproduce only once or twice in their short life spans (maximum of 5-6 years). In Brazil , pregnant females and young were caught in November and March-April, with only one embryo per pregnancy. This pattern can change depending on geographical location. In Panama , for example, pregnant females were caught in March—-August, and pregnancy peak was observed in April. Females usually give birth during rainy seasons, and males are sexually active throughout the year. Females have been caught simultaneously lactating and pregnant. Lactation lasts c.1-5 months. Activity patterns. Activity of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat is bimodal, foraging during dawn and dusk with short activity bouts of less than an hour. First peak of activity starts just before sunset and continues for 31-60 minutes. Second peak starts before dawn and continues until a few minutes after sunrise. Individuals from the same colony foraged together significantly more often than they do alone or with individuals from other groups. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat roosts in buildings, hollow trees, and palm leaves. Search calls can vary from shallow FM signals to pulses composed of steeper FM element and shallow FM component. Search calls regularly alternate between two and three tones. First pulse has lower frequency (33-39 kHz) than intermediate pulse with slightly higher frequency (35-45 kHz). Third and higher frequency pulses (40-45 kHz) might or might not occur. Several birds are known to prey on Pallas’s Mastiff Bats: black-andwhite owls (Ciccaba nigrolineata), merlins ( Falco columbarius), peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus), and great kiskadees (Pitangus sulphuratus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Panama , Pallas’s Mastiff Bats form small to intermediate colonies compared with its congeners, varying between one and 32 individuals (mean 9-6 ind/colony). Most groups are composed ofa stable core of adult females, young, and 1-2 adult males. Young of both sexes disperse from their natal group and settle in a new colony. In Brazil , groups with more than 400 individuals have been reported roosting in the same site, and two types of colonies are formed during months of sexual inactivity and reproductive season. Reproductive colony contains a high number of females and their young. Females return to their natal roosts to reproduce and stay in this colony until young are independent. Colonies outside breeding season have higher proportions of males than females and reduced number of individuals compared with colonies during breeding seasons. Individuals stay an average of three months in each of the two colonies. Colonies of Pallas’s Mastiff Bat were found roosting with other species of Molossus , such as Miller's Mastiff Bat ( M. pretiosus ) and the Black Mastiff Bat ( M. rufus ), and species in other families, such as the Lesser Bulldog Bat (Noctilio albiventris), Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina), and the Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large populations. It occurs in several protected areas and tolerates some habitat modification. Bibliography. Baker & Lopez (1970b), Castro-Arellano & Uribe (2014), Chase et al. (1991), Dechmann et al. (2010), Dolan (1989), Eger (2008), Esbérard (2011), Esbérard & Bergallo (2010), Fabian & Gregorin (2007), Fabian & Marques (1989), Freitas et al. (1992), Gager et al. (2016), Howell & Burch (1974), Husson (1962), Ibanez et al. (1992), Krutzsch & Crichton (1985), Leite-Silva et al. (2003), Lépez-Baucells, Rocha , Bobrowiec et al. (2018), Loureiro, Gregorin & Perini (2018), Michael et al. (1993), Mikula et al. (2016), Mora (2016), O'Farrell et al. (1999), Owen & Gir6n (2012), Pimenta et al. (2014), Reid (2009), Surlykke & Kalko (2008), Timm & LaVal (1998), Voigt-Heucke et al. (2010), Warner et al. (1974).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Molossus molossus	Molossus		molossus	Pallas	1766	1	Misc. Zool.	p. 49-50	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	 acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820; amplexicaudus Wagner, 1850; crassicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; currentium Miller, 1913 [not Thomas, 1901]; daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916; fusciventer Geoffroy, 1805; longicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; major Kerr, 1792; minor Kerr, 1792; moxensis D&#39;Orbigny, 1835; obscurus Geoffroy, 1805; olivaceofuscus Wagner, 1850; velox Temminck, 1827; <b> debilis </b> Miller, 1913; <b> fortis </b> Miller, 1913; <b> milleri </b> Johnson, 1952; fuliginosus Gray, 1838 [not Cooper, 1837]; <b>pygmaeus</b> Miller, 1900; <b> tropidorhynchus </b> Gray, 1839; <b> verrilli </b> J. A. Allen, 1908.	France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles)	Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Florida Keys (USA); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes fortis , debilis , pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri , tropidorhynchus , verrilli , aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei , and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Molossus molossus	23	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	Pallas's Free-tailed Bat|Velvety Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Molossus	NA	molossus	Pallas	1766	1						America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique, Lesser Antilles.			molossus (Pallas, 1766)|major (Kerr, 1792)|minor (Kerr, 1792)|crassicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|fusciventer É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|longicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|obscurus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820|velox (Temminck, 1826)|moxensis d'Orbigny, 1837|amplexicaudatus (J. A. Wagner, 1847)|olivaceofuscus (J. A. Wagner, 1847)|pygmaeus G. S. Miller, 1900|debilis G. S. Miller, 1913|fortis G. S. Miller, 1913|daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916|tecticola Osgood, 1916|espiritosantensis (Ruschi, 1951)	previously included M. milleri (including tropidorhynchus) and M. verrilli	Loureiro, L. O., Engstrom, M., Lim, B., González, C. L., & Juste, J. (2019). Not all Molossus are created equal: genetic variation in the mastiff bat reveals diversity masked by conservative morphology. Acta Chiropterologica, 21(1), 51-64.	United States|Puerto Rico|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Antigua & Barbuda|Anguilla|Saint Kitts & Nevis|Montserrat|Guadeloupe|Dominica|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Saba|Sint Eustatius|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Barbados|Grenada|Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Bonaire|Curaçao|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina|Uruguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_molossus	0	sciname match	Molossus_molossus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13648	Molossus molossus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Molossus	molossus	(Pallas, 1766)	This includes fortis , milleri , debilis ;and tropidorhynchus . It does not include aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei ;and lambi ; see Dolan (1989) and Simmons and Voss (1998). It also includes daulensis . The Antillean subpopulations were reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). This complex is desperately in need of revision.	20000000	Molossus molossus	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is found in urban areas. Large colonies are found in palm leaves as refuges (Barquez pers. comm.). They roost in attics on the islands (Rodriguez Duran pers. comm.).	There are no major threats to this species.	It is an abundant species (Barques and Diaz pers. comm.).	Unknown	This species occurs from Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Suriname and the Guianas, in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Florida Keys (USA), Margarita Island (Venezuela), Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), and Trinidad and Tobago (Simmons 2005).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	It is found in protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Molossus		molossus	Pallas	1766	1	Misc. Zool.	p. 49-50	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	 acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820; amplexicaudus Wagner, 1850; crassicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; currentium Miller, 1913 [not Thomas, 1901]; daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916; fusciventer Geoffroy, 1805; longicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; major Kerr, 1792; minor Kerr, 1792; moxensis D&#39;Orbigny, 1835; obscurus Geoffroy, 1805; olivaceofuscus Wagner, 1850; velox Temminck, 1827; <b> debilis </b> Miller, 1913; <b> fortis </b> Miller, 1913; <b> milleri </b> Johnson, 1952; fuliginosus Gray, 1838 [not Cooper, 1837]; <b>pygmaeus</b> Miller, 1900; <b> tropidorhynchus </b> Gray, 1839; <b> verrilli </b> J. A. Allen, 1908.	France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles)	Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Florida Keys (USA); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes fortis , debilis , pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri , tropidorhynchus , verrilli , aztecus , barnesi , coibensis , cherriei , and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).	Molossus molossus	1005202	23	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	Pallas's Free-tailed Bat|Velvety Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Molossus	NA	molossus	Pallas	1766	1						America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique, Lesser Antilles.			molossus (Pallas, 1766)|major (Kerr, 1792)|minor (Kerr, 1792)|crassicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|fusciventer É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|longicaudatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|obscurus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805|acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820|velox (Temminck, 1826)|moxensis d'Orbigny, 1837|amplexicaudatus (J. A. Wagner, 1847)|olivaceofuscus (J. A. Wagner, 1847)|pygmaeus G. S. Miller, 1900|debilis G. S. Miller, 1913|fortis G. S. Miller, 1913|daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916|tecticola Osgood, 1916|espiritosantensis (Ruschi, 1951)	previously included M. milleri (including tropidorhynchus) and M. verrilli	Loureiro, L. O., Engstrom, M., Lim, B., González, C. L., & Juste, J. (2019). Not all Molossus are created equal: genetic variation in the mastiff bat reveals diversity masked by conservative morphology. Acta Chiropterologica, 21(1), 51-64.			USA(FL)	United States|Puerto Rico|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Antigua & Barbuda|Anguilla|Saint Kitts & Nevis|Montserrat|Guadeloupe|Dominica|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Saba|Sint Eustatius|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Barbados|Grenada|Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Bonaire|Curaçao|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina|Uruguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_molossus	0	sciname match	Molossus_molossus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Molossus_molossus	1005202	23	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	Pallas's Free-tailed Bat|Velvety Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Molossus	NA	molossus	Pallas	1	Vespertilio Molossus	Pallas, P.S. 1766. Miscellanea Zoologica Quibus novæ imprimis atque obscuræ Animalium Species describuntur et observationibus iconibusque illustrantur. Petrus van Cleef, The Hague, 224 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43320966	larger specimen of Daubenton	lectotype		America. Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to Martinique, Lesser Antilles.			previously included M. tropidorhynchus (formerly under the name milleri) and M. verrilli	Loureiro, L. O., Engstrom, M., Lim, B., González, C. L., & Juste, J. (2019). Not all Molossus are created equal: genetic variation in the mastiff bat reveals diversity masked by conservative morphology. Acta Chiropterologica, 21(1), 51-64.			USA(FL)	United States|Puerto Rico|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Antigua and Barbuda|Anguilla|Saint Kitts and Nevis|Montserrat|Guadeloupe|Dominica|Martinique|Saint Lucia|Saba|Sint Eustatius|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Barbados|Grenada|Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Bonaire|Curaçao|Trinidad and Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Argentina|Uruguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Molossus_molossus	0	sciname match	Molossus_molossus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Molossus		molossus	Pallas	1766	1	Misc. Zool.	p. 49-50	Pallas's Mastiff Bat	acuticaudatus Desmarest, 1820; amplexicaudus Wagner, 1850; crassicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; currentium Miller, 1913 [not Thomas, 1901]; daulensis J. A. Allen, 1916; fusciventer Geoffroy, 1805; longicaudatus Geoffroy, 1805; major Kerr, 1792; minor Kerr, 1792; moxensis D&#39;Orbigny, 1835; obscurus Geoffroy, 1805; olivaceofuscus Wagner, 1850; velox Temminck, 1827; debilis Miller, 1913; fortis Miller, 1913; milleri Johnson, 1952; fuliginosus Gray, 1838 [not Cooper, 1837]; pygmaeus Miller, 1900; tropidorhynchus Gray, 1839; verrilli J. A. Allen, 1908.	France, Martinique (Lesser Antilles)	Sinaloa and Coahuila (Mexico) to Peru, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Guianas; Greater and Lesser Antilles; Florida Keys (USA); Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); Trinidad and Tobago	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13648/22106602/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Includes fortis, debilis, pygmaeus (but see Lim and Engstrom, 2001), and daulensis (Varona, 1974; Loureiro et al., 2019). We recognize daulensis as a valid subspecies based on Eger (2008) and Loureiro et al (2019). Does not include milleri, tropidorhynchus, verrilli, aztecus, barnesi, coibensis, cherriei, and lambi (Dolan, 1989; Simmons and Voss, 1998; Loureiro et al., 2018, 2019). Called major by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Cabrera (1958) but see Husson (1962). Antillean populations reviewed by Genoways et al. (1981) and Timm and Genoways (2003). Records from the Florida Keys may have resulted from transportation by humans; see Frank (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Molossus molossus; Molossus molossus; Molossus molossus; Molossus molossus; Molossus molossus; Molossus molossus; molossus; debilis; pygmaeus; fortis; milleri; tropidorhynchus; verrilli; acuticaudatus; amplexicaudus; crassicaudatus; currentium; daulensis; fusciventer; longicaudatus; major; minor; moxensis; obscurus; olivaceofuscus; velox; milleri - fuliginosus; debilis; fortis; milleri; pygmaeus; tropidorhynchus; verrilli; acuticaudatus; amplexicaudus; crassicaudatus; currentium; daulensis; fusciventer; longicaudatus; major; minor; moxensis; obscurus; olivaceofuscus; velox; milleri - fuliginosus; molossus; major; minor; crassicaudatus; fusciventer; longicaudatus; obscurus; acuticaudatus; velox; moxensis; amplexicaudatus; olivaceofuscus; pygmaeus; debilis; fortis; daulensis; tecticola; espiritosantensis; Molosse commun; Grol Re Samtfledermaus; Moloso comun; Pallas’s Free-tailed Bat; Velvety Free-tailed Bat; Pallas's Mastiff Bat; Pallas's Free-tailed Bat; Velvety Free-tailed Bat; Pallas's Mastiff Bat; Pallas's Mastiff Bat; M. molossus