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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L671	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus tristis		[MSW2] Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c).; [MSW3] Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should be regarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater. Also see accounts in Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis.; [HMW] Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, 1845 , “ Philippine Islands .” The name #ristis was used for a long time for all large species of Miniopterus living from the Philippines to Melanesia. Several studies, including very complete multivariable morphometric analyses, showed that it was actually a new species complex, with 1-2 species ( tristis and propatristis) and five subspecies. There is some genetic information that supports existence of at least two species. Based on current data, it is impossible to assign the different subspecies to one or the other species and therefore, a single species with five subspecies is maintained, awaiting detailed genetic study to clarify taxonomy. There are some misclassified records that are actually M. magnater and M. blepotis . Five subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes propritristis ; see Koopman (1984 c ) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater . Also see accounts in Flannery (1995 a , b ), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis .; [MDD2022] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [IUCN] Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus tristis is widely recognised to be a species complex, which includes the synonyms celebensis, grandis, insularis, and propitristis, but there is uncertainty around the limits of the species, and also the affiliations of some forms (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus tristis .; [batnames2023] Includes propritristis ; see Koopman (1984 c ) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater . Also see accounts in Flannery (1995 a , b ), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis .; [MDD2023] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater. Also see accounts in Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis.; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae					(propitristis) (celebensis) (insularis) (melanesiensis)	bismarckensis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, melanesiensis, propritristis.	insularis, propritristis, grandis, tristis, celebensis	tristis, celebensis grandis, insularis, propritristis	insularis - bismarckensis, melanesiensis	tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propitristis		tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propritristis	insularis - bismarckensis, melanesiensis	tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propitristis, bismarckensis, melanesiensis	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus tristis is widely recognised to be a species complex, which includes the synonyms celebensis, grandis, insularis, and propitristis, but there is uncertainty around the limits of the species, and also the affiliations of some forms (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus tristis .	tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propritristis	insularis - bismarckensis, melanesiensis	tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propitristis, bismarckensis, melanesiensis 	tristis, celebensis, grandis, insularis, propitristis, bismarckensis, melanesiensis, propritristis	celebensis, grandis, insularis, propritristis, tristis	insularis - bismarckensis, melanesiensis 	tristis (G. R. Waterhouse, 1845)|celebensis R. L. Peterson, 1981|grandis R. L. Peterson, 1981|insularis R. L. Peterson, 1981|propitristis R. L. Peterson, 1981|bismarckensis K. Maeda, 1982|melanesiensis K. Maeda, 1982|propritristis Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Philippines, New Guinea, Solomons, New Hebrides	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Miniopterus tristis	Philippine Isis.	Waterhouse	1845	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845:3.	Distribution: Ranging from the Philippines and Celebes to the New Hebrides.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea – Solomons, New Hebrides; refs. 4.90, 91	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Waterhouse	1845	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845:3.	Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c).	Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isis, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).	Philippine Isis.		WATERHOUSE	1845	-Size relatively large (forearm length, 43-59 mm; condylobasal length, 15-20 mm). Braincase relatively narrow.	Distribution: Ranging from the Philippines and Celebes to the New Hebrides.	Five subspecies are currently recognized:	M. t. insularis (New Hebrides to the Bismarcks, including the East Papuan islands), M. t. propritristis (eastern mainland New Guinea), M. t. grandis (western mainland New Guinea), M. t. tristis (Philippines), M. t. celebensis (Celebes).	134	species	M. tristis	WATERHOUSE	1845	Miniopterus	genus	Miniopterus tristis				-Size relatively large (forearm length, 43-59 mm; condylobasal length, 15-20 mm). Braincase relatively narrow.	Five subspecies are currently recognized:		13. M. tristis (WATERHOUSE 1845) [tristis group].	13	_M. t. celebensis_ Peterson, 1981; _M. t. grandis_ Peterson, 1981; _M. t. insularis_ Peterson, 1981 (synonyms: _bismarckensis_ Maeda, 1982, _melanesiensis_ Maeda, 1982); _M. t. propitristis_ Peterson, 1981; _M. t. tristis_ (Waterhouse, 1845)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Miniopterinae		Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus		tristis	Waterhouse	y	1845		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1845		3		Great Long-fingered Bat	Philippine Isls.	Philippines; Sulawesi, Sanan Isl, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	celebensis Peterson, 1981; grandis Peterson, 1981; insularis Peterson, 1981; bismarckensis Maeda, 1982; melanesiensis Maeda, 1982; propritristis Peterson, 1981.	Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should be regarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater. Also see accounts in Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis.	E84887F9FFD2D65D0FC3F5CC11CC3142	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	695	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD2D65D0FC3F5CC11CC3142.xml	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	tristis		1845	Minioptere triste @fr | Gro Re Langfligelfledermaus @de | Minidpterotristis @es | Great Bent-winged Bat @en | Greater Bent-winged Bat @en	Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, 1845 , “ Philippine Islands .” The name #ristis was used for a long time for all large species of Miniopterus living from the Philippines to Melanesia. Several studies, including very complete multivariable morphometric analyses, showed that it was actually a new species complex, with 1-2 species ( tristis and propatristis) and five subspecies. There is some genetic information that supports existence of at least two species. Based on current data, it is impossible to assign the different subspecies to one or the other species and therefore, a single species with five subspecies is maintained, awaiting detailed genetic study to clarify taxonomy. There are some misclassified records that are actually M. magnater and M. blepotis . Five subspecies recognized.	M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea .	Head-body ¢.65-73 mm, tail 50-61 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 51-55 mm; weight 16-22 g for nominate fristis. Forearm lengths of other subspecies: 56-4-57-5 mm (celebensis), 51-2-55-3 mm (grandis), 44-7-51 mm (insularis), and 47-3-52 mm (propitristis). The Great Long-fingered Batis the largest species of Miniopterus . The Philippine population has very dark brown fur. In Papua New Guinea , dorsal fur is 6-8 mm long and bicolored. Basal part of dorsal hair is blackbrown, with gray-brown, red-brown, or pale gray tips, giving a frosted appearance. Ventral fur is frosted pale gray-brown over black-brown base. Wing membranes are very dark, almost black. Ears are small, and tragus is somewhat curved and rounded at tip. Its large size differentiates it from the other species of Miniopterus except from New Guinea and Melanesia where there is overlap with larger individuals of the Large Long-fingered Bat ( M. magnater ) and the Javanese Long-fingered Bat (M. blepotus).	Agricultural areas to old-growth forests through different degrees of disturbed forests from sea level up to ¢. 1500 m in Philippines and 1600 m in Papua New Guinea . Roosts of Great Long-fingered Bats are located at different elevations and vegetation belts that include lowland forests, hill forests, and montane forests.	Wing morphology suggests that the Great Long-fingered Bat forages for aerial insects above forest canopies or in clearings.	In Papua New Guinea , a lactating female Great Long-fingered Bat was caught in late October.	The Great Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal and roosts in caves during the day. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, and mean minimum frequency is 34-6 kHz.	The Great Long-fingered Bat is usually uncommon, but it can be found in large numbers. It forms mixed interspecific clusters with the Javanese Long-fingered Bat, the Large Long-fingered Bat, the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat ( M. medius ), and the Maluku Myotis ( Myotis moluccarum) in caves in New Guinea . By roosting in clusters on domed ceilings, bats pool and trap body heat and reduce exposed surface area and heat loss. Such behavior creates microclimates close to expected thermoneutral zone of 30-34°C and lowers energy expenditure compared with solitary roosting individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.	Bonaccorso (1998) | Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004) | Furman, Oztunc & Coraman (2010) | Heaney, Balete et al. (1998) | Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010) | Hill (1983) | Maeda (1982) | Peterson (1981) | Rickart et al. (1993) | Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, McKinnon et al. (2008) | Sedlock (2001) | Sramek etal. (2013) | Waterhouse (1845)	https://zenodo.org/record/6419155/files/figure.png	8. Great Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus tristis French: Minioptere triste / German: GroRe Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero tristis Other common names: Great Bent-winged Bat , Greater Bent-winged Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, 1845 , “ Philippine Islands .” The name #ristis was used for a long time for all large species of Miniopterus living from the Philippines to Melanesia. Several studies, including very complete multivariable morphometric analyses, showed that it was actually a new species complex, with 1-2 species ( tristis and propatristis) and five subspecies. There is some genetic information that supports existence of at least two species. Based on current data, it is impossible to assign the different subspecies to one or the other species and therefore, a single species with five subspecies is maintained, awaiting detailed genetic study to clarify taxonomy. There are some misclassified records that are actually M. magnater and M. blepotis . Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea . Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.65-73 mm, tail 50-61 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 51-55 mm; weight 16-22 g for nominate fristis. Forearm lengths of other subspecies: 56-4-57-5 mm (celebensis), 51-2-55-3 mm (grandis), 44-7-51 mm (insularis), and 47-3-52 mm (propitristis). The Great Long-fingered Batis the largest species of Miniopterus . The Philippine population has very dark brown fur. In Papua New Guinea , dorsal fur is 6-8 mm long and bicolored. Basal part of dorsal hair is blackbrown, with gray-brown, red-brown, or pale gray tips, giving a frosted appearance. Ventral fur is frosted pale gray-brown over black-brown base. Wing membranes are very dark, almost black. Ears are small, and tragus is somewhat curved and rounded at tip. Its large size differentiates it from the other species of Miniopterus except from New Guinea and Melanesia where there is overlap with larger individuals of the Large Long-fingered Bat ( M. magnater ) and the Javanese Long-fingered Bat (M. blepotus). Habitat. Agricultural areas to old-growth forests through different degrees of disturbed forests from sea level up to ¢. 1500 m in Philippines and 1600 m in Papua New Guinea . Roosts of Great Long-fingered Bats are located at different elevations and vegetation belts that include lowland forests, hill forests, and montane forests. Food and Feeding. Wing morphology suggests that the Great Long-fingered Bat forages for aerial insects above forest canopies or in clearings. Breeding. In Papua New Guinea , a lactating female Great Long-fingered Bat was caught in late October. Activity patterns. The Great Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal and roosts in caves during the day. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, and mean minimum frequency is 34-6 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Great Long-fingered Bat is usually uncommon, but it can be found in large numbers. It forms mixed interspecific clusters with the Javanese Long-fingered Bat, the Large Long-fingered Bat, the Intermediate Long-fingered Bat ( M. medius ), and the Maluku Myotis ( Myotis moluccarum) in caves in New Guinea . By roosting in clusters on domed ceilings, bats pool and trap body heat and reduce exposed surface area and heat loss. Such behavior creates microclimates close to expected thermoneutral zone of 30-34°C and lowers energy expenditure compared with solitary roosting individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004), Furman, Oztunc & Coraman (2010), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hill (1983), Maeda (1982), Peterson (1981), Rickart et al. (1993), Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, McKinnon et al. (2008), Sedlock (2001), Sramek etal. (2013), Waterhouse (1845).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus tristis	Miniopterus		tristis	Waterhouse	1845	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	######	Great Long-fingered Bat	<b> celebensis </b> Peterson, 1981;<b> grandis </b>Peterson, 1981;<b> insularis </b>Peterson, 1981; bismarckensis Maeda, 1982; melanesiensis Maeda, 1982;<b> propritristis </b>Peterson, 1981.	Philippine Isls.	Philippines; Sulawesi, Sanan Isl, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes propritristis ; see Koopman (1984 c ) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater . Also see accounts in Flannery (1995 a , b ), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus tristis	23	Great Long-fingered Bat	Great Bent-winged Bat|Greater Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	tristis	Waterhouse	1845	1						"Philippine Islands."			tristis (Waterhouse, 1845)|celebensis R. L. Peterson, 1981|grandis R. L. Peterson, 1981|insularis R. L. Peterson, 1981|propitristis R. L. Peterson, 1981|bismarckensis Maeda, 1982|melanesiensis Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.	Philippines|Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_tristis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_tristis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13571	Miniopterus tristis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MINIOPTERIDAE	Miniopterus	tristis	Waterhouse, 1845	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus tristis is widely recognised to be a species complex, which includes the synonyms celebensis, grandis, insularis, and propitristis, but there is uncertainty around the limits of the species, and also the affiliations of some forms (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus tristis .	200000000	Miniopterus tristis	Least Concern		2021	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, tolerance of a broad range of habitats including agricultural and disturbed areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	Like other Miniopterus , this species roosts in caves and similar structures, sometimes with other species, and can form large colonies. It forages for insects in open areas and above the forest canopy, in primary and secondary forest, and also agricultural areas (Rickart et al. 1993, Sanborn 1952, Bonaccorso 1998, Heaney et al. 1998, Esselstyn et al. 2004).	All Miniopterus are vulnerable when in their diurnal roosts, and removal of cave roost habitat and disturbance of the larger breeding colonies has the potential to have significant effects. The removal of smaller roost sites may also make it increasingly difficult for the species to disperse within its range. Caves with large colonies also have the potential to occur in areas that coincide with the interests of mining, including quarrying for limestone. The removal of natural forest habitat also reduces the foraging habitat of this and other Miniopterus species.	Population size is unknown, but large colonies have been observed (e.g. Buton Island, T. Kingston pers. comm. 2006). Taxonomic investigations underway may lead to better estimates given its distribution limits. In New Guinea, it can be abundant locally where caves occur in lowland, hill and lower montane forest (Bonaccorso 1998), and it is regarded as common in the Philippines (Heaney et al. 1998).	Unknown	Taxonomic investigations underway may provide a more accurate understanding of the distribution limits of this species. Until then, the species is considered to have a wide distribution that includes the Philippines, Sulawesi (Salubes Island and Buton Island), the island of New Guinea and some nearby islands and numerous islands across Melanesia. Within the Philippines, records extend from sea level up to 430 m asl from Bohol, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Palawan, Mindanao (Maguindanao, and Zamboanga del Norte provinces), Mindoro, Negros, Samar, and Tablas (Hollister 1912, Lawrence 1939, Peterson 1981, Taylor 1934, Heaney et al. 1998, Esselstyn et al. 2005). Within Melanesia, it occurs on the islands of Biak-Supiori and Yapen (Indonesia), in the Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea), several islands in Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands (Nendo, Nggele Sule, Rennell and San Cristobal islands), and as far south as the islands of Espiritu Santo and Efate in Vanuatu (Corbet and Hill 1992, Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Simmons 2005). The maximum elevation it has been recorded is 1,600 m asl (Bonaccorso 1998).		Terrestrial	A common assumption for common and widespread species is that they are secure, and that adequate numbers occur in multiple protected areas. For species of Miniopterus that congregate seasonally to breed, a single catastrophic event can remove a significant fraction of a regional population. In addition, insidious processes and minor disturbances can function to cause declines both at breeding roosts and other areas where bats are present seasonally. Effective protection and strategic management of known roost sites, especially of the largest colonies, should be a priority for government land managers, ideally working with local authorities and communities. Broader-reaching policies that take steps to protect ever-dwindling natural forests and restrict the use of chemicals in agricultural areas will also help this species persist. In environmental impact assessments, so-called ‘localised effects’ may in fact have regional consequences, given the number and spatial extent of suitable protected caves available for colonies, particularly large seasonal breeding congregations. Assessments of the risk of developments to known large colonies therefore need to be informed by the broader context of habitat available for the species. The conservation status of all small Miniopterus needs to be reassessment in the light of new taxonomic and distributional information.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		tristis	Waterhouse	1845	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	########	Great Long-fingered Bat	<b> celebensis </b> Peterson, 1981;<b> grandis </b>Peterson, 1981;<b> insularis </b>Peterson, 1981; bismarckensis Maeda, 1982; melanesiensis Maeda, 1982;<b> propritristis </b>Peterson, 1981.	Philippine Isls.	Philippines; Sulawesi, Sanan Isl, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes propritristis ; see Koopman (1984 c ) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater . Also see accounts in Flannery (1995 a , b ), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis .	Miniopterus tristis	1005138	23	Great Long-fingered Bat	Great Bent-winged Bat|Greater Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	tristis	Waterhouse	1845	1						"Philippine Islands."			tristis (Waterhouse, 1845)|celebensis R. L. Peterson, 1981|grandis R. L. Peterson, 1981|insularis R. L. Peterson, 1981|propitristis R. L. Peterson, 1981|bismarckensis Maeda, 1982|melanesiensis Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				Philippines|Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_tristis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_tristis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_tristis	1005138	23	Great Long-fingered Bat	Great Bent-winged Bat|Greater Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	tristis	G. R. Waterhouse	1	Vespertilio tristis	Waterhouse, G.R. 1845-04. Descriptions of species of Bats collectd in the Philippine Islands, and presented to the Society by H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1845:3-10.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12862499	BMNH:Mamm:1855.12.26.266	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/9ebb6700-f626-44d7-bfbc-b4f508d8a933	"Philippine Islands."			moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				Philippines|Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_tristis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_tristis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		tristis	Waterhouse	1845	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	########	Great Long-fingered Bat	celebensis Peterson, 1981; grandis Peterson, 1981; insularis Peterson, 1981; bismarckensis Maeda, 1982; melanesiensis Maeda, 1982; propritristis Peterson, 1981.	Philippine Isls.	Philippines; Sulawesi, Sanan Isl, New Guinea; Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13571/209530159/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Includes propritristis; see Koopman (1984c) and Hill (1983). Peterson (1981) and Maeda (1982) recognized more than one species in this complex, but did not agree on species limits; see Hill (1983), who argued convincingly that all of these forms should beregarded as subspecies of tristis pending further study. Koopman (1993) included bismarckensis in this complex, but also see Hill (1983), who suggested that this poorly-known taxon might be allied to magnater. Also see accounts in Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Meinig (2002) under propritristis.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus tristis; Miniopterus tristis; Miniopterus tristis; Miniopterus tristis; Miniopterus tristis; Miniopterus tristis; tristis; celebensis grandis; insularis; propritristis; insularis - bismarckensis; melanesiensis; tristis; celebensis; grandis; insularis; propitristis; celebensis; grandis; insularis; propritristis; insularis - bismarckensis; melanesiensis; tristis; celebensis; grandis; insularis; propitristis; bismarckensis; melanesiensis; Minioptere triste; Gro Re Langfligelfledermaus; Minidpterotristis; Great Bent-winged Bat; Greater Bent-winged Bat; Great Long-fingered Bat; Great Bent-winged Bat; Greater Bent-winged Bat; Great Long-fingered Bat; Great Long-fingered Bat; M. tristis