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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L667	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Miniopterus schreibersi	Miniopterus schreibersi	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersi	Miniopterus schreibersi	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus schreibersii		[MSW2] Formerly included magnater. Reviewed by Crucitti (1976).; [MSW3] Formerly included magnater. Does not include natalensis or arenarius, see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori; see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole (2000), Horácek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Sometimes misspelled schriebersi, but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling (schreibersii). This complex probably includes more than one species.; [HMW] Vespertilio schreibersii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , “sudostlichen Gebirge des Bannats: in der Columbézer Héhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbazer Cave],” Banat, near Coronini, Romania . Recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing have restricted M. schreibersii to Europe, North Africa, and part of the Near East. Populations of Miniopterus of medium size from sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia , and Australia , which were until recently all included within this species, are now considered distinct species, not even closely related to M. schreibersii . The genetically closest species to M. schreibersii are M. pallidus from the Middle East and M. maghrebensis from north-western Africa. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included magnater . Does not include natalensis or arenarius , see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori ; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and Gubała, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi , but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling ( schreibersii ). This complex probably includes more than one species.; [MDD2022] previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [IUCN] <span>In previous Red List assessments, this species included Miniopterus schreibersii pallidus , which is now raised to species level.; [batnames2023] Formerly included magnater . Does not include natalensis or arenarius , see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori ; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and GubaÅ‚a, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi , but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling ( schreibersii ). This complex probably includes more than one species.; [MDD2023] previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included magnater. Does not include natalensis or arenarius, see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and GubaÅ‚a, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi, but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling (schreibersii). This complex probably includes more than one species. In the list given on page 6, the name appears with a single i (schreibersi ), while on page 41, it is spelled as schreibersii.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae				fuliginosus, ravus, magnater	(oceanensis)	arenarius, baussencis, blepotis, breyeri, chinensis, dasythrix, eschscholtzii, fuliginosus, harardai, inexpectatus, italicus, japoniae, majori, natalensis, oceanensis, orianae, orsinii, pallidus, parvipes, pulcher, ravus, scotinus, smitianus, ursinii, vicinior, villiersi.	majori, dasythrix, smitianus, villiersi, schreibersi, pallidus, fuliginosus, parvipes, chinensis, japoniae, harardai, blepotis, eschscholtzii, orianae, oceanensis	schreibersii, bassanii, blepotis, chinensis, dasythrix, eschscholtzii, fuliginosus, haradai, japoniae, oceanensis, orianae, orsinii, pallidus, parvipes, smitianus, villiersi	baussencis, inexpectatus, italicus, ursinii; blepotis - ravus; pallidus - pulcher			schreibersii, blepotis, chinensis, dasythrix, eschscholtzii, fuliginosus, haradai, japoniae, orsinii, parvipes, smitianus, villiersi	schreibersii - baussencis, inexpectatus, italicus, ursinii; blepotis - ravus; orsinii - pulcher	schreibersii, ursinii, italicus, inexpectatus, baussencis	<span>In previous Red List assessments, this species included Miniopterus schreibersii pallidus , which is now raised to species level.	schreibersii	schreibersii - baussencis, inexpectatus, italicus, ursinii	schreibersii, ursinii, italicus, inexpectatus, baussencis 	schreibersii, schreibersi, screbersii, ursinii, orsinii, orsini, schrebersii, italicus, inexspectatus, inexpectatus, baussencis	schreibersii 	schreibersii  - baussencis, inexpectatus, italicus, ursinii	schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)|schreibersi (H. R. Schinz, 1821) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|screbersii (Lesson, 1827) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|ursinii (Bonaparte, 1837)|orsinii (Temminck, 1840) [unjustified emendation]|orsini Lesson, 1842 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|schrebersii Lesson, 1842 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|italicus Dal Piaz, 1926|inexspectatus Heinrich, 1936|inexpectatus Tate, 1941 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]|baussencis Laurent, 1944		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Schreiber's long-fingered bat	Africa, Madagascar, SW Europe – China, Japan. Philippines, Solomons, NW, N, E Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Miniopterus schreibersi	Rumania, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave.	Kuhl	1819	Ann. Wetterau Ges. Naturk., 4(2):185.	Distribution: Ranging widely in Madagascar, sub-Saharan Africa, northern Africa (chiefly northwestern), southern Eurasia from Europe and through the Indo-Australian archipelago to Australia and the Solomons.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Schreiber's long-fingered bat	Africa, Madagascar, SW Europe – China, Japan, Philippines, Solomons, NW, N, E Australia; ref. 4.91	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Kuhl	1817	Die Deutschen Fledermause, Hanau, p. 14.	Formerly included magnater. Reviewed by Crucitti (1976).	S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus and Iran to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; New Guinea; Solomon Isis (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Madagascar; Bismarck Arch.	Rumania, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave.		KUHL	1817	Size medium (forearm length, 42-50 mm; condylobasal length, 14 16 mm). Braincase relatively broad.	Distribution: Ranging widely in Madagascar, sub-Saharan Africa, northern Africa (chiefly northwestern), southern Eurasia from Europe and through the Indo-Australian archipelago to Australia and the Solomons.	Fifteen subspecies are here recognized:	M. s. majori (Madagascar, Comoros), M. s. dasythrix (Malawi to South Africa), M. s. smitianus (Ethiopia to Namibia), M. s. villiersi (Guinea to Zaire), M. s. schreibersi (Europe, northern Africa), M. s. pallidus (southwestern Asia to Afghanistan), M. s. fuliginosus (Afghanistan to Ceylon and Burma), M. s. parvipes (southern China, Vietnam), M. s. chinensis (northeastern China), M. s. japoniae (Japan), M. s. harardai (Thailand), M. s. blepotis (Malaya to the Moluccas), M. s. eschscholtzii (Philippines), M. s. orianae (northwestern Australia), M. s. oceanensis (eastern Australia). However, boundaries are often unclear and some populations have not been allocated subspecifically.	134	species	M. schreibersi	KUHL	1817	Miniopterus	genus	Miniopterus schreibersi				Size medium (forearm length, 42-50 mm; condylobasal length, 14 16 mm). Braincase relatively broad.	Fifteen subspecies are here recognized:		9. M. schreibersi (KUHL 1817) [schreibersi group],	9	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Miniopterinae		Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus		schreibersii	Kuhl	y	1817		Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau			14		Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat	Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).	S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus, Iran, and Bulgaria to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; Philippines; New Guinea; Solomon Isls (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Bismarck Arch.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	baussencis Laurent, 1944; inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936; italicus Dal Piaz, 1926; ursinii Bonaparte, 1837; bassanii Cardinal and Christidis, 2000; blepotis Temminck, 1840; ravus Sody, 1930; chinensis Thomas, 1908; dasythrix Temminck, 1840; eschscholtzii Waterhouse, 1845; fuliginosus Hodgson, 1835; haradai Maeda, 1982; japoniae Thomas, 1905; oceanensis Maeda 1982; orianae Thomas, 1922; orsinii Temminck, 1840; pallidus Thomas, 1907; pulcher Harrison, 1956; parvipes G. M. Allen, 1923; smitianus Thomas, 1927; villiersi Aellen, 1956.	Formerly included magnater. Does not include natalensis or arenarius, see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori; see Peterson et al. (1995). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole (2000), Horácek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Sometimes misspelled schriebersi, but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling (schreibersii). This complex probably includes more than one species.	E84887F9FFDED6510FCBFCC0195F3E55	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	699	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFDED6510FCBFCC0195F3E55.xml	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	schreibersii		1817	Minioptére de Schreibers @fr | Eigentliche Langfligelfledermaus @de | Murciélagode cueva @es | Schreiber’s Bent-winged Bat @en	Vespertilio schreibersii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , “sudostlichen Gebirge des Bannats: in der Columbézer Héhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbazer Cave],” Banat, near Coronini, Romania . Recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing have restricted M. schreibersii to Europe, North Africa, and part of the Near East. Populations of Miniopterus of medium size from sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia , and Australia , which were until recently all included within this species, are now considered distinct species, not even closely related to M. schreibersii . The genetically closest species to M. schreibersii are M. pallidus from the Middle East and M. maghrebensis from north-western Africa. Monotypic.	S Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to N & W Anatolia ( Turkey ) and W Georgia , N to C France , Slovakia , and Romania , and S to Morocco , N Algeria , Tunisia , NW & NE Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica), Syria , Lebanon , Israel , and possiblyJordan, also on most Mediterranean Is; historical records or occasionally in SW Germany , Switzerland , and Czech Republic . In the Maghreb,it shares habitat with the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat ( M. maghrebensis ) and in Levant with the Pallid Long-fingered Bat ( M. pallidus ), but distributional limits in these areas are not well defined.	Head-body 51-59 mm, tail 52-63 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 9-8-10-9 mm, forearm 43—-47-1 mm; weight 10-14 g. Pelage of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is short, very dense, and silky. Dorsum is uniformly grayish, ashen, or more rarely grayish brown, with somewhat paler venter. Hairs are bicolored, with darker bases. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark. Ears are small, and tragus (5-5-7 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52-56 ( Italy , Switzerland , Greece , and Turkey ). X-chromosomeis metacentric, and Y-chromosome is dot-like acrocentric.	Wide variety of habitats including semi-desert steppes (Maghreb, Levant, or south-eastern Iberia ), humid areas of deciduous forest in the north of the distribution, and Mediterranean scrub and forests, generally at elevations of 1000-1400 m. Breeding colonies of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat generally occur below 1000 m , although they can occur up to 1200 m . Non-breeding and hibernating colonies can occupy shelters up to ¢. 1400 m .	Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis an aerial hawker, mostly hunting moths in open spaces, but it has sufficiently maneuverable flight to forage in forest edge, clearings, below forest canopies, and close to vegetation. In France near the northern limit of the distribution, they frequently use well-lit urban areas to forage, preferring areas lit by white streetlights. They also forage in orchards and parks. In contrast, dense pine forests and closed and homogeneous deciduous or mixed woodlands are avoided. For commuting, they mainly use woodland borders, hedgerows, and riverine forests. In Italy , they were most active over rivers and to a lesser extent in olives and chestnuts groves and Mediterranean and beech woodlands, and they were never recorded in Mediterranean maquis (shrubland) and agricultural lands. In Portugal , Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat more actively forages activity near water, urban areas, and native forests. Diet mostly contains Lepidoptera , which generally accounts for more than 70% by volume of ingested prey. In a study conducted in Slovenia , Lepidoptera was the main prey: 79% of the annual diet by volume, maximum of more than 90% in summer, and minimum of 50% in autumn. With decreasing importance, other insects in the diet were Neuroptera (mostly Chrysopidae ) with average volume of 9-2% and maximum of 26% in late autumn, Diptera with average volume of 7:4% and maximum of 15-7% in spring and 21:6% in autumn, Trichoptera with average volume of 2:2% and 12:3% in autumn, and Coleoptera with average volume of 1:4% and maximum of ¢.10% at the end of spring. Diet was most diverse in late October. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat hunts small to medium-sized winged prey (wing length: 2-18 mm, average 13-2 mm). It can switch to other seasonally abundant prey. A recent study in which prey species were identified with DNA sequencing of remains of prey in feces and using metabarcoding techniques allowed more detailed understanding of dietary composition. Samples of 79 individuals from 16 different locations in seven European countries were analyzed. There were twelve arthropod orders, among which lepidopterans were predominant (they were present in more than 97% of the samples analyzed and accounted for 75% of the total operational taxonomy-assigned units (OTUs). Diptera (20 families) was the second most common order, appearing in more than 50% of the samples, and Neuroptera and Coleoptera occurred in 25% of the samples. Thirty-five families of Lepidoptera were represented in the samples, with Noctuidae the most frequent, occurring in 85% of samples and with more than 300 different OTUs, followed by Geometridae at 50%. As many as 44 insects consumed are considered agricultural pests, mostly moths that occurred in 92% of the samples; 22 of these pests are considered major pests and appeared in 73% of the samples. Dipterous families also occurred in samples; these families (e.g. Culicidae and Simuliidae ) can cause discomfort and transmit diseases to humans and domestic animals. Many prey species consumed by Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats are tympanate insects (mainly moths in families Noctuidae and Geometridae and lacewings of the family Chrysopidae ), capable of hearing ultrasound calls of bats. Echolocation calls of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have peak frequency of 54 kHz, whichis at the limit of the hearing capacity of tympanate moths.	Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with one young per pregnancy and delayed implantation in winter. Mating occurs in September and early October. Egg is fertilized immediately, but blastocyst does not implant in the uterus until end of hibernation, which in the French Pyrenees is in March or early April. Births occur in late June or earlyJuly in France and Spain and at the beginning ofJune in the more temperate areas of Portugal . Complete duration of the reproductive cycle from mating to birth is 8-9 months. Young begin to fly at ¢.40 days old and are fully developed at 60-70 days old. Females reach sexual maturity at c.1 year old and have their first young at c.2 years old.	In France , pregnant Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats emerged from roosts to feed c.1 hour after sunset in May and returned 2-5 hours before sunrise with a period of activity of 5-5 hours. Lactating females emerged c.42 minutes after sunset in June and returned c.2 hours before sunrise, with c.6 hours oftotal activity. During all nights, no female returned to the roost temporarily, even during lactation. In Slovenia , the first bat emerged ¢.20 minutes after sunset in a small colony of 100 individuals. Like most temperate species, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats enter daily torpor to save energy during short unfavorable periods and hibernate during the coldest months of winter. Duration of hibernation is variable depending on local weather, ranging from five months at most in northern France to two months in areas with milder winters in Portugal and Spain . Shelters selected for hibernation have temperatures of 5-10°C in Spain and 3-7-4-5°C in Croatia . Hibernation is not continuous but characterized by interruptions of activity with movement within and among roosts. In north-eastern Spain ( Catalonia ) and Croatia , hibernation occurs from the end of December to mid-February. Before hibernation in October to mid-November, body mass increases up to 31-5% in just 29 days. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats roost in caves and cave-like structures such as mines and tunnels. Some individuals or small groups occasionally occur in fissures of rocks or human structures. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with start frequencies of 59-3-113-5 kHz, end frequencies of 47-5-55-7 kHz, peak frequencies of 49-4-62-5 kHz, durations of 2—13-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 40-209-3 millisecondsin Italy and start frequencies of 104-8-118-3 kHz, end frequencies of 46-3-52 kHz, peak frequencies of 56-4—61-7 kHz, and durations of 2-8—4-6 milliseconds in Turkey .	In France , radio-tracked female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats during periods shorter than a week had home ranges that corresponded to their foraging strategy of an open-air hunter with good flight abilities. Home ranges were significantly larger for lactating females (average 22,318 ha) than for pregnant females (10,837 ha). The entire colony’s home range, from all radio-tracking records, was smaller for pregnant females (89,359 ha) than for lactating females (162,997 ha). Each bat foraged every night in 1-9 small feeding areas. The longest distance recorded with precision from the roost to a foraging area was 29-7 km for a lactating female and 24-7 km for a pregnant female. In Portugal , females during reproduction do not move more than 15-5 km from their day roost, and 82% of feeding areas were found within a 10km radius of the day roost. Selection of feeding areas wasrelated to distance to the day roost and proximity of water. Populations of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have a typical metapopulation structure. Each population occupies a large territory of several thousand square kilometers where it has a network of underground roosts with different environmental characteristics. Different subpopulations occupy different roosts within their territory throughout the annual cycle, depending on energy requirements of each period for each sex and age class. Throughout the year, each individual will have used a good number of these shelters. It was found that the main cause of seasonal movements in Portugal was to occupy caves with temperatures suitable for needs of each group at a particular time of the year. Nursery colonies are located in caves with temperatures of ¢.19°C, those used for hibernation have temperatures of ¢.11-5°C, and those used during transitions have intermediate temperatures that allow beneficial daytime torpor. A second cause of movement can be access to foraging areas with better ambient temperatures and better insect availability. After hibernation, female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats migrated to spring or equinoctial roosts and again to maternity roosts just before parturition. Soon after young were weaned, females migrated to equinoctial roosts where they spent autumn and sometimes winter. Pattern of migration of males was similar to that of females, but they left and arrived at hibernacula later and remained more mobile during the maternity season. Young remained in warm nurseries longer than their mothers, presumably because high temperatures of nurseries help increase growth. Maternity colonies spent the yearly cycle in well-defined home ranges (mean 19 km ?) that overlapped greatly. Individuals were furthest from maternity sites during hibernation, but even then, 80% remained within 90 km of them. Each hibernaculum attracted individuals from multiple nurseries within 10-8 km? Females in Portugal were highly philopatric. This has an important impact on genetic structure of the populations such that nursery colonies have strong geographic structure. Females do not affect gene flow among colonies, but males do because during the mating season, individuals of both sexes from different colonies meet in certain refuges. Greater genetic diversity is found in these mating shelters and hibernacula. Displacement among roosts can exceed 300 km , but most are less than 100 km . Because of the seasonal nature of these movements and distances involved, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is considered a regional migrant. In these migratory and commuting flights, individuals use rivers as landmarks for orientation and navigation. During these movements, individuals travel more than 50 km /h. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis very gregarious, and it, without a doubt, forms the largest colonies in Europe, although they are modest in size compared with other species of Miniopterus . In Bezanovo Parnicite Cave in northern Bulgaria , 65,000 individuals have been counted, and in Dyavolskoto Garlo Cave in the Rhodopes Mountains of southern Bulgaria , as many as 40,800 individuals were counted during hibernation. This cave supposedly hosts Schreibers’s Longfingered Bats from Bulgaria , Greece , and the Republic of North Macedonia . As many as 60,000 females and their young were counted in a nursery colony in Devetaskata Pestera Cave in Bulgaria . In Croatia , 35,000 individuals were found in a nursery colony, and more than 30,000 individuals in KusStrovka Cave and 27,000 in a hut of Visti¢ina were hibernating in Trbusnjak. These bats are probably part of the Pannonian—Dinaric metapopulation that includes populations from Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , and Croatia whose existence has been revealed through marking studies. In Portugal , the Cave of Marvao Island has a colony of¢.20,000 breeding and hibernating individuals. In Spain, the largest hibernation colony is 33,000 individuals and is located in an abandoned train tunnel. Longest longevity record for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat 1s 16 years.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat has been extirpated in Germany and Ukraine and has declined to near extirpation in Switzerland since the 1960s. Similarly, a hibernating population in Austria has declined from 2500 to only 1-2 individuals, and all maternity colonies have been lost. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation.	Aizpurua et al. (2018) | Bashta (2009) | Benda & Paunovi¢ (2019) | Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda, Hanak & Cerveny (2011) | Benda, Hanak, Horaéek et al. (2007) | Benda, Ivanova et al. (2003) | Benda, Lu¢an et al. (2010) | Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014) | Bilgin, Girin, Maraci et al. (2012) | Bilgin, Gurun, Rebelo et al. (2016) | Bilgin, Karatas et al. (2006) | Boye (2004) | Brosset (1962b) | Brosset & Caubeére (1959) | De Lucas (2008) | Dietz et al. (2009) | Duli¢ (1963) | Furman, Coraman et al. (2009) | Furman, Oztung & Coraman (2010) | Furman, Postawa et al. (2010) | Garin et al. (2008) | Hanék etal. (2001) | Hu Gao etal. (2016) | Karatag & Sozen (2004) | Karatas et al. (2008) | Krystufek (2008) | Krystufek & Rezek Donev (2005) | Kuhl (1817) | Nagy & Postawa (2011) | Palmeirim & Rodrigues (1992) | Pavlini¢ et al. (2010) | de Paz (1985) | Pereira et al. (2009) | Petrov & von Helversen (2011) | Peyre & Herlant (1963) | Presetnik & Aulagnier (2013) | Rainho (2007) | Rainho & Palmeirim (2011) | Rodrigues (2013) | Rodrigues & Palmeirim (2008) | Rodrigues et al. (2010) | Russo & Jones (2002, 2003) | Serra-Cobo (1989) | Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marqués-Bonet & Lahuerta (2000) | Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marques-Bonet & Martinez-Rica (2000) | Serra-Cobo, Sanz-Trullén & Martinez-Rica (1998) | Sramek etal. (2013) | Vincentet al. (2011) | Volleth & Heller (1994a)	https://zenodo.org/record/5735250/files/figure.png	16. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus schreibersii French: Minioptére de Schreibers / German: Eigentliche Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago de cueva Other common names: Schreiber’s Bent-winged Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio schreibersii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , “sudostlichen Gebirge des Bannats: in der Columbézer Héhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbazer Cave],” Banat, near Coronini, Romania . Recent phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing have restricted M. schreibersii to Europe, North Africa, and part of the Near East. Populations of Miniopterus of medium size from sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia , and Australia , which were until recently all included within this species, are now considered distinct species, not even closely related to M. schreibersii . The genetically closest species to M. schreibersii are M. pallidus from the Middle East and M. maghrebensis from north-western Africa. Monotypic. Distribution. S Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to N & W Anatolia ( Turkey ) and W Georgia , N to C France , Slovakia , and Romania , and S to Morocco , N Algeria , Tunisia , NW & NE Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica), Syria , Lebanon , Israel , and possiblyJordan, also on most Mediterranean Is; historical records or occasionally in SW Germany , Switzerland , and Czech Republic . In the Maghreb,it shares habitat with the Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat ( M. maghrebensis ) and in Levant with the Pallid Long-fingered Bat ( M. pallidus ), but distributional limits in these areas are not well defined. Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-59 mm, tail 52-63 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 9-8-10-9 mm, forearm 43—-47-1 mm; weight 10-14 g. Pelage of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is short, very dense, and silky. Dorsum is uniformly grayish, ashen, or more rarely grayish brown, with somewhat paler venter. Hairs are bicolored, with darker bases. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark. Ears are small, and tragus (5-5-7 mm) is slender and slightly curved forward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52-56 ( Italy , Switzerland , Greece , and Turkey ). X-chromosomeis metacentric, and Y-chromosome is dot-like acrocentric. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including semi-desert steppes (Maghreb, Levant, or south-eastern Iberia ), humid areas of deciduous forest in the north of the distribution, and Mediterranean scrub and forests, generally at elevations of 1000-1400 m. Breeding colonies of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat generally occur below 1000 m , although they can occur up to 1200 m . Non-breeding and hibernating colonies can occupy shelters up to ¢. 1400 m . Food and Feeding. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis an aerial hawker, mostly hunting moths in open spaces, but it has sufficiently maneuverable flight to forage in forest edge, clearings, below forest canopies, and close to vegetation. In France near the northern limit of the distribution, they frequently use well-lit urban areas to forage, preferring areas lit by white streetlights. They also forage in orchards and parks. In contrast, dense pine forests and closed and homogeneous deciduous or mixed woodlands are avoided. For commuting, they mainly use woodland borders, hedgerows, and riverine forests. In Italy , they were most active over rivers and to a lesser extent in olives and chestnuts groves and Mediterranean and beech woodlands, and they were never recorded in Mediterranean maquis (shrubland) and agricultural lands. In Portugal , Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat more actively forages activity near water, urban areas, and native forests. Diet mostly contains Lepidoptera , which generally accounts for more than 70% by volume of ingested prey. In a study conducted in Slovenia , Lepidoptera was the main prey: 79% of the annual diet by volume, maximum of more than 90% in summer, and minimum of 50% in autumn. With decreasing importance, other insects in the diet were Neuroptera (mostly Chrysopidae ) with average volume of 9-2% and maximum of 26% in late autumn, Diptera with average volume of 7:4% and maximum of 15-7% in spring and 21:6% in autumn, Trichoptera with average volume of 2:2% and 12:3% in autumn, and Coleoptera with average volume of 1:4% and maximum of ¢.10% at the end of spring. Diet was most diverse in late October. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat hunts small to medium-sized winged prey (wing length: 2-18 mm, average 13-2 mm). It can switch to other seasonally abundant prey. A recent study in which prey species were identified with DNA sequencing of remains of prey in feces and using metabarcoding techniques allowed more detailed understanding of dietary composition. Samples of 79 individuals from 16 different locations in seven European countries were analyzed. There were twelve arthropod orders, among which lepidopterans were predominant (they were present in more than 97% of the samples analyzed and accounted for 75% of the total operational taxonomy-assigned units (OTUs). Diptera (20 families) was the second most common order, appearing in more than 50% of the samples, and Neuroptera and Coleoptera occurred in 25% of the samples. Thirty-five families of Lepidoptera were represented in the samples, with Noctuidae the most frequent, occurring in 85% of samples and with more than 300 different OTUs, followed by Geometridae at 50%. As many as 44 insects consumed are considered agricultural pests, mostly moths that occurred in 92% of the samples; 22 of these pests are considered major pests and appeared in 73% of the samples. Dipterous families also occurred in samples; these families (e.g. Culicidae and Simuliidae ) can cause discomfort and transmit diseases to humans and domestic animals. Many prey species consumed by Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats are tympanate insects (mainly moths in families Noctuidae and Geometridae and lacewings of the family Chrysopidae ), capable of hearing ultrasound calls of bats. Echolocation calls of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have peak frequency of 54 kHz, whichis at the limit of the hearing capacity of tympanate moths. Breeding. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with one young per pregnancy and delayed implantation in winter. Mating occurs in September and early October. Egg is fertilized immediately, but blastocyst does not implant in the uterus until end of hibernation, which in the French Pyrenees is in March or early April. Births occur in late June or earlyJuly in France and Spain and at the beginning ofJune in the more temperate areas of Portugal . Complete duration of the reproductive cycle from mating to birth is 8-9 months. Young begin to fly at ¢.40 days old and are fully developed at 60-70 days old. Females reach sexual maturity at c.1 year old and have their first young at c.2 years old. Activity patterns. In France , pregnant Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats emerged from roosts to feed c.1 hour after sunset in May and returned 2-5 hours before sunrise with a period of activity of 5-5 hours. Lactating females emerged c.42 minutes after sunset in June and returned c.2 hours before sunrise, with c.6 hours oftotal activity. During all nights, no female returned to the roost temporarily, even during lactation. In Slovenia , the first bat emerged ¢.20 minutes after sunset in a small colony of 100 individuals. Like most temperate species, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats enter daily torpor to save energy during short unfavorable periods and hibernate during the coldest months of winter. Duration of hibernation is variable depending on local weather, ranging from five months at most in northern France to two months in areas with milder winters in Portugal and Spain . Shelters selected for hibernation have temperatures of 5-10°C in Spain and 3-7-4-5°C in Croatia . Hibernation is not continuous but characterized by interruptions of activity with movement within and among roosts. In north-eastern Spain ( Catalonia ) and Croatia , hibernation occurs from the end of December to mid-February. Before hibernation in October to mid-November, body mass increases up to 31-5% in just 29 days. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats roost in caves and cave-like structures such as mines and tunnels. Some individuals or small groups occasionally occur in fissures of rocks or human structures. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with start frequencies of 59-3-113-5 kHz, end frequencies of 47-5-55-7 kHz, peak frequencies of 49-4-62-5 kHz, durations of 2—13-8 milliseconds, and intervals of 40-209-3 millisecondsin Italy and start frequencies of 104-8-118-3 kHz, end frequencies of 46-3-52 kHz, peak frequencies of 56-4—61-7 kHz, and durations of 2-8—4-6 milliseconds in Turkey . Movements, Home range and Social organization. In France , radio-tracked female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats during periods shorter than a week had home ranges that corresponded to their foraging strategy of an open-air hunter with good flight abilities. Home ranges were significantly larger for lactating females (average 22,318 ha) than for pregnant females (10,837 ha). The entire colony’s home range, from all radio-tracking records, was smaller for pregnant females (89,359 ha) than for lactating females (162,997 ha). Each bat foraged every night in 1-9 small feeding areas. The longest distance recorded with precision from the roost to a foraging area was 29-7 km for a lactating female and 24-7 km for a pregnant female. In Portugal , females during reproduction do not move more than 15-5 km from their day roost, and 82% of feeding areas were found within a 10km radius of the day roost. Selection of feeding areas wasrelated to distance to the day roost and proximity of water. Populations of Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat have a typical metapopulation structure. Each population occupies a large territory of several thousand square kilometers where it has a network of underground roosts with different environmental characteristics. Different subpopulations occupy different roosts within their territory throughout the annual cycle, depending on energy requirements of each period for each sex and age class. Throughout the year, each individual will have used a good number of these shelters. It was found that the main cause of seasonal movements in Portugal was to occupy caves with temperatures suitable for needs of each group at a particular time of the year. Nursery colonies are located in caves with temperatures of ¢.19°C, those used for hibernation have temperatures of ¢.11-5°C, and those used during transitions have intermediate temperatures that allow beneficial daytime torpor. A second cause of movement can be access to foraging areas with better ambient temperatures and better insect availability. After hibernation, female Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats migrated to spring or equinoctial roosts and again to maternity roosts just before parturition. Soon after young were weaned, females migrated to equinoctial roosts where they spent autumn and sometimes winter. Pattern of migration of males was similar to that of females, but they left and arrived at hibernacula later and remained more mobile during the maternity season. Young remained in warm nurseries longer than their mothers, presumably because high temperatures of nurseries help increase growth. Maternity colonies spent the yearly cycle in well-defined home ranges (mean 19 km ?) that overlapped greatly. Individuals were furthest from maternity sites during hibernation, but even then, 80% remained within 90 km of them. Each hibernaculum attracted individuals from multiple nurseries within 10-8 km? Females in Portugal were highly philopatric. This has an important impact on genetic structure of the populations such that nursery colonies have strong geographic structure. Females do not affect gene flow among colonies, but males do because during the mating season, individuals of both sexes from different colonies meet in certain refuges. Greater genetic diversity is found in these mating shelters and hibernacula. Displacement among roosts can exceed 300 km , but most are less than 100 km . Because of the seasonal nature of these movements and distances involved, Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat is considered a regional migrant. In these migratory and commuting flights, individuals use rivers as landmarks for orientation and navigation. During these movements, individuals travel more than 50 km /h. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Batis very gregarious, and it, without a doubt, forms the largest colonies in Europe, although they are modest in size compared with other species of Miniopterus . In Bezanovo Parnicite Cave in northern Bulgaria , 65,000 individuals have been counted, and in Dyavolskoto Garlo Cave in the Rhodopes Mountains of southern Bulgaria , as many as 40,800 individuals were counted during hibernation. This cave supposedly hosts Schreibers’s Longfingered Bats from Bulgaria , Greece , and the Republic of North Macedonia . As many as 60,000 females and their young were counted in a nursery colony in Devetaskata Pestera Cave in Bulgaria . In Croatia , 35,000 individuals were found in a nursery colony, and more than 30,000 individuals in KusStrovka Cave and 27,000 in a hut of Visti¢ina were hibernating in Trbusnjak. These bats are probably part of the Pannonian—Dinaric metapopulation that includes populations from Austria , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , and Croatia whose existence has been revealed through marking studies. In Portugal , the Cave of Marvao Island has a colony of¢.20,000 breeding and hibernating individuals. In Spain, the largest hibernation colony is 33,000 individuals and is located in an abandoned train tunnel. Longest longevity record for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat 1s 16 years. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat has been extirpated in Germany and Ukraine and has declined to near extirpation in Switzerland since the 1960s. Similarly, a hibernating population in Austria has declined from 2500 to only 1-2 individuals, and all maternity colonies have been lost. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Bibliography. Aizpurua et al. (2018), Bashta (2009), Benda & Paunovi¢ (2019), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Hanak & Cerveny (2011), Benda, Hanak, Horaéek et al. (2007), Benda, Ivanova et al. (2003), Benda, Lu¢an et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Bilgin, Girin, Maraci et al. (2012), Bilgin, Gurun, Rebelo et al. (2016), Bilgin, Karatas et al. (2006), Boye (2004), Brosset (1962b), Brosset & Caubeére (1959), De Lucas (2008), Dietz et al. (2009), Duli¢ (1963), Furman, Coraman et al. (2009), Furman, Oztung & Coraman (2010), Furman, Postawa et al. (2010), Garin et al. (2008), Hanék etal. (2001), Hu Gao etal. (2016), Karatag & Sozen (2004), Karatas et al. (2008), Krystufek (2008), Krystufek & Rezek Donev (2005), Kuhl (1817), Nagy & Postawa (2011), Palmeirim & Rodrigues (1992), Pavlini¢ et al. (2010), de Paz (1985), Pereira et al. (2009), Petrov & von Helversen (2011), Peyre & Herlant (1963), Presetnik & Aulagnier (2013), Rainho (2007), Rainho & Palmeirim (2011), Rodrigues (2013), Rodrigues & Palmeirim (2008), Rodrigues et al. (2010), Russo & Jones (2002, 2003), Serra-Cobo (1989), Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marqués-Bonet & Lahuerta (2000), Serra-Cobo, Lépez-Roig, Marques-Bonet & Martinez-Rica (2000), Serra-Cobo, Sanz-Trullén & Martinez-Rica (1998), Sramek etal. (2013), Vincentet al. (2011), Volleth & Heller (1994a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus schreibersii	Miniopterus		schreibersii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 14	Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat	 baussencis Laurent, 1944; inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936; italicus Dal Piaz, 1926; ursinii Bonaparte, 1837;<b> blepotis </b> Temminck, 1840; ravus Sody, 1930;  <b>chinensis</b> Thomas, 1908; <b>dasythrix</b> Temminck, 1840; <b> eschscholtzii </b> Waterhouse, 1845; <b> fuliginosus </b> Hodgson, 1835; <b> haradai </b> Maeda, 1982; <b> japoniae </b> Thomas, 1905; <b> orsinii </b> Temminck, 1840; pulcher Harrison, 1956; <b> parvipes </b> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b>smitianus</b> Thomas, 1927; <b>villiersi</b> Aellen, 1956.	Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).	S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus, Iran, and Bulgaria to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; Philippines; New Guinea; Solomon Isls (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Bismarck Arch., Cabo Verde	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Formerly included magnater . Does not include natalensis or arenarius , see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori ; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and Gubała, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi , but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling ( schreibersii ). This complex probably includes more than one species.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus schreibersii	23	Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat	Schreiber's Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	schreibersii	Natterer	1817	1	Vespertilio_Schreibersii	Natterer, J. (1817). In Kuhl, H. Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau, 41.		ZMB 2702 [lectotype]		"südöstlichen Gebirge des Bannats in der Columbäzer Höhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbäzer Cave]," Banat, near Coronini, Romania.			schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)|ursinii Bonaparte, 1837|italicus Dal Piaz, 1926|inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936|baussencis Laurent, 1944	previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Puechmaille, S. J., Allegrini, B., Benda, P., Gürün, K., Å rà mek, J., Ibanez, C., ... & Bilgin, R. (2014). A new species of the Miniopterus schreibersii species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Maghreb Region, North Africa. Zootaxa, 3794(1), 108-124.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.|Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.	Portugal|Spain|France|Switzerland|Italy|Austria?|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Romania|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Turkey|Russia|Georgia|Lebanon|Syria|Israel|Palestine|Jordan?|Cyprus|Malta|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	80000000	Miniopterus schreibersii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MINIOPTERIDAE	Miniopterus	schreibersii	(Kuhl, 1817)	<span>In previous Red List assessments, this species included Miniopterus schreibersii pallidus , which is now raised to species level.	200000000	Miniopterus schreibersii	Vulnerable	A2c	2020	2019-07-04 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Miniotperus schreibersii ;is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion A2c as its global population is estimated to have declined ;by at least 30% over the last 16.5 years (three generations; generation length = 5.5 years; Pacifici et al. 2013). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) have been decreasing as the species has been extirpated in Germany (Germany 2018), Ukraine (Ukraine 2018) and Austria (Spitzenberger 2019). In Switzerland the species has declined since the 1960s. In Romania, half of the roosts have disappeared since the 1960s.	Roosts almost exclusively in underground sites. Summer breeding colonies may comprise 500-10,000 individuals, with the most numerous aggregation of 70.000 in a French cave (EUROBATS 2019). It usually hibernates in clusters is spacious caves, amounting around 40,000 in three caves in Serbia (Paunović 2004), Romania (Bücs et al.  2018) and European Turkey (Paksuz, Özkan 2012). Miniopterus schreibersii forages mainly in deciduous woodlands and mature orchards (including olive groves), gardens, along hedgerows separating pastures and riverine forests and in urban areas. In the Mediterranean area they can use grasslands, but avoid arable land and maquis. However, in Portugal they use farmland (olive and cereals), avoiding montado with denser tree cover and favouring areas close to the roost. In some populations pregnant and lactating females forage over white street-lamps. In France, feeding areas are commonly located within 30 km of the main roost, while in Portugal 82% of females forage within 10 km of the colony. In France, each female foraged over an area of 18.5 ha in Franche-Comté, 7.5 ha in the Rhône Valley. Females moved from one good feeding area to another during the night: from 3 patches within a 500 m radius of a roost to up to 6 patches 4 km away and demonstrated fidelity to feeding areas over at least short periods, whereas juveniles changed their feeding areas every night. Lactating females foraged farther from the roost than pregnant females. Their home range was 22,318 ± 7,141 ha vs. 10,837 ± 5,399 ha in the Rhône Valley. The foraging area of maternity colonies was ca 200,000 ha. Lepidoptera dominated in the diet in all seasons and comprised 76–95 % of the volume. Diptera (mainly Tipulidae in late summer) was the second main prey in France versus Neuroptera in Slovenia. Prey also included larvae of Lepidoptera and Aranaeidea, as well as taxa flying close to vegetation. According to a DNA barcoding study, Geometridae and Noctuidae were the most represented families of the lepidopterans. Dipterans were the second most consumed prey. Several taxa of Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Trichoptera were also recorded. Prey also included many pest arthropod species (see Kyheröinen et al.  2018 for the literature review). Schreiber's bat is a migrant species which changes its roosts several times during the year, long-distance movements occur occasionally (the longest recorded distance is 833 km: Hutterer et al.  2005). The maximum known age is 22 years (Gazaryan 2004).	The main threat to this bat is disturbance to colonies, both in winter and summer roosts. Unsuitable physical protection of cave entrances (e.g. with improperly designed grilles) may lead to abandonment or decline in numbers. In 2002, mass mortality events were reported for populations in France, Spain and Portugal, there are also historical records for such mortality in Italy. Hundreds of individuals were found dead in spring. Mortality up to 60% in one year was reported from France (Roué, Némoz 2002), and 40% mortality occurred in Spain during the same period including 1,000 dead individuals out of 6,000 in one colony. A number of sites were subsequently deserted. In 2013, a mass-mortality incident occurred in a Miniopterus schreibersii bat colony, causing the death of ~500 individuals in Northeast Hungary (Bükk mountains). Mortality events in Spain and Hungary were both associated with the Lloviu virus (Kemenesi et al.  2018). Another event with ca 200 casualties of uncertain origin was reported in 2018 from Georgia (EUROBATS 2018). Mortality at wind turbines was recorded from Spain, Portugal and France, but may occur everywhere within the range (Rodrigues et al.  2015).	The global population of Miniopterus schreibersiii is estimated to have declined by at least 30% throughout much of its range. ;Extinction has occurred in Germany (Germany 2018), Ukraine (Ukraine 2018) and Austria (Spitzenberger 2019). In Switzerland the species has declined since the 1960s. Migrating bats were sometimes recorded in caves along the French border, but no colonies had been revealed (Bohnenstenge et al. 2014). In Romania, half of the roosts have disappeared since the 1960s. Population in Serbia estimated at 150,000 without any conspicuous trend (Pejić et al. 2018). A baseline survey of main colonies in Anatolia brought a total of 18,251 Schreiber's bats (Çoraman, Çelik 2012).	Decreasing	Schreiber's Bent-winged Bat occurs from south-western Europe and north and west Africa through the Middle East to the Caucasus (Furman et al.   2010). It is known from records in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) where it occurs in sympatry with Miniopterus maghrebensis (Puechmaille et al.   2014). In the Caucasus, it has been found only in Russia and Georgia, whereas M. pallidus occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia and further eastwards (Bilgin et al.   2016). A single adult male was recently found in the Hranická Chasm, south-eastern Czech Republic (Bartonička and Jedlička 2011), several bats were also recorded in Slovakia near the Polish border (Ceľuch 2014). ; It's EOO and AOO are declining in extent and quality as habitat loss and disturbance, especially at critical hibernacula roosts, have resulted in significant declines of the species and even extirpation in Germany (Germany 2018), Ukraine (Ukraine 2018) and Austria (Spitzenberger 2019). In Switzerland the species has declined since the 1960s. In Romania, half of the roosts have disappeared since the 1960s.		Terrestrial	In Europe, it is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of the range where these apply. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000, and some roosts are already protected by national legislation. There have been a number of LIFE-funded projects for this species in Spain, Italy, Romania and Germany.	Afrotropical|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		schreibersii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 14	Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat	 baussencis Laurent, 1944; inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936; italicus Dal Piaz, 1926; ursinii Bonaparte, 1837;<b> blepotis </b> Temminck, 1840; ravus Sody, 1930;  <b>chinensis</b> Thomas, 1908; <b>dasythrix</b> Temminck, 1840; <b> eschscholtzii </b> Waterhouse, 1845; <b> fuliginosus </b> Hodgson, 1835; <b> haradai </b> Maeda, 1982; <b> japoniae </b> Thomas, 1905; <b> orsinii </b> Temminck, 1840; pulcher Harrison, 1956; <b> parvipes </b> G. M. Allen, 1923; <b>smitianus</b> Thomas, 1927; <b>villiersi</b> Aellen, 1956.	Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).	S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus, Iran, and Bulgaria to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; Philippines; New Guinea; Solomon Isls (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Bismarck Arch., Cabo Verde	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Formerly included magnater . Does not include natalensis or arenarius , see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori ; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and GubaÅ‚a, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi , but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling ( schreibersii ). This complex probably includes more than one species.	Miniopterus schreibersii	1005135	23	Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat	Schreiber's Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	schreibersii	Natterer	1817	1	Vespertilio_Schreibersii	Natterer, J. (1817). In Kuhl, H. Die Deutschen Fledermäuse. Hanau, 41.		ZMB 2702 [lectotype]		"südöstlichen Gebirge des Bannats in der Columbäzer Höhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbäzer Cave]," Banat, near Coronini, Romania.			schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)|ursinii Bonaparte, 1837|italicus Dal Piaz, 1926|inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936|baussencis Laurent, 1944	previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Puechmaille, S. J., Allegrini, B., Benda, P., Gürün, K., Å rà mek, J., Ibanez, C., ... & Bilgin, R. (2014). A new species of the Miniopterus schreibersii species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Maghreb Region, North Africa. Zootaxa, 3794(1), 108-124.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.|Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Portugal|Spain|France|Switzerland|Italy|Austria?|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Romania|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Turkey|Russia|Georgia|Lebanon|Syria|Israel|Palestine|Jordan?|Cyprus|Malta|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_schreibersii	1005135	23	Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat	Schreiber's Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	schreibersii	Kuhl	1	Vespertilio Schreibersii	Kuhl, H. 1817. Die deutschen Fledermäuse. None, Hanau, 67 pp.	https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-91692	ZMB 2702	lectotype		"südöstlichen Gebirge des Bannats in der Columbäzer Höhle [= southeastern mountains of Banat in the Columbäzer Cave]," Banat, near Coronini, Romania.			previously included M. blepotis, M. fuliginosus, M. orianae, M. pallidus, M. eschscholtzii, M. villiersi. and populations now attributed to M. maghrebensis; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Puechmaille, S. J., Allegrini, B., Benda, P., Gürün, K., Å rà mek, J., Ibanez, C., ... & Bilgin, R. (2014). A new species of the Miniopterus schreibersii species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Maghreb Region, North Africa. Zootaxa, 3794(1), 108-124.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.|Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Portugal|Spain|France|Switzerland|Italy|Austria?|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Romania|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Turkey|Russia|Georgia|Lebanon|Syria|Israel|Palestine|Jordan?|Cyprus|Malta|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_schreibersii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		schreibersii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 6, 41	Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat	baussencis Laurent, 1944; inexpectatus Heinrich, 1936; italicus Dal Piaz, 1926; ursinii Bonaparte, 1837;blepotis Temminck, 1840; ravus Sody, 1930;  chinensis Thomas, 1908; dasythrix Temminck, 1840; eschscholtzii Waterhouse, 1845; fuliginosus Hodgson, 1835; haradai Maeda, 1982; japoniae Thomas, 1905; orsinii Temminck, 1840; pulcher Harrison, 1956; parvipes G. M. Allen, 1923; smitianus Thomas, 1927; villiersi Aellen, 1956.	Romania, Mountains of Banat, Banat, near Coronini, Kolumbacs Cave (= Kulmbazer Cave = Columbäzar Cave).	S Europe and Morocco through the Caucasus, Iran, and Bulgaria to most of China and Japan; most of Indo-Malayan region; Philippines; New Guinea; Solomon Isls (including Bougainville Isl); Australia; subsaharan Africa; Bismarck Arch., Cabo Verde	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/81633057/195856522'target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	Formerly included magnater. Does not include natalensis or arenarius, see Koopman (1994). Does not include majori; see Peterson et al. (1995). Does not include pallidus; see Furman et al. (2010). Reviewed by Crucitti (1976); see also Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Harrison and Bates (1991), Kock (1996), Bates and Harrison (1997), Cardinal and Christidis (2000), Conole(2000), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). Subspecies boundaries are not always clear (e.g., see Hill [1983] and Yoshiyuki [1989]), and some populations have not been allocated to subspecies. Present in Poland as a regional migrant (see Piksa and GubaÅ‚a, 2021). Sometimes misspelled schriebersi, but see Bogdanowicz and Kick (1998) for correct spelling (schreibersii). This complex probably includes more than one species. In the list given on page 6, the name appears with a single i (schreibersi ), while on page 41, it is spelled as schreibersii.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus schreibersii; Miniopterus schreibersii; Miniopterus schreibersii; Miniopterus schreibersii; Miniopterus schreibersii; Miniopterus schreibersii; schreibersii; bassanii; blepotis; chinensis; dasythrix; eschscholtzii; fuliginosus; haradai; japoniae; oceanensis; orianae; orsinii; pallidus; parvipes; smitianus; villiersi; baussencis; inexpectatus; italicus; ursinii; blepotis - ravus; pallidus - pulcher; blepotis; chinensis; dasythrix; eschscholtzii; fuliginosus; haradai; japoniae; orsinii; parvipes; smitianus; villiersi; baussencis; inexpectatus; italicus; ursinii; blepotis - ravus; orsinii - pulcher; schreibersii; ursinii; italicus; inexpectatus; baussencis; Minioptére de Schreibers; Eigentliche Langfligelfledermaus; Murciélagode cueva; Schreiber’s Bent-winged Bat; Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat; Schreiber's Bent-winged Bat; Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat; Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat; M. schreibersii