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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L666	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus robustior		[MSW2] See Hill (1971fl:579) for the status of this species.; [MSW3] See Hill (1971a), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Miniopterus australis robustior Revilliod in Sarasin & Roux, 1914 , “Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé.” Miniopterus robustior was originally described as a “giant” subspecies of M. australis , but cranial characteristics clearly point to a distinct species and a diminutive member of the M. tristis species group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Hill (1971 a ), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995 b ).; [MDD2022] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2023] See Hill (1971 a ), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995 b ).; [MDD2023] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] See Hill (1971a), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995b).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae														robustior				robustior 	robustior 			robustior Revilliod, 1914		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Loyalty Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Miniopterus robustior	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isis., Lifu Isl., Quepenee (France).	Revilliod	1914	In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool., 1:359.	Distribution: Confined to the Loyality islands (east of New Caledonia).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Loyalty Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Revilliod	1914	In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool., 1:359.	See Hill (1971fl:579) for the status of this species.	Loyalty Isis (E of New Caledonia).	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isis, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (France).		REVILLIOD	1913	Size fairly small (forearm length, 39-43 mm; condylobasal length, 13-16 mm). Braincase relatively narrow.	Distribution: Confined to the Loyality islands (east of New Caledonia).	No subspecies.		134	species	M. robustior	REVILLIOD	1913	Miniopterus	genus	Miniopterus robustior				Size fairly small (forearm length, 39-43 mm; condylobasal length, 13-16 mm). Braincase relatively narrow.	No subspecies.		12. M. robustior REVILLIOD 1913 [tristis group].	12	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Miniopterinae		Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus		robustior	Revilliod		1914		In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.	1		359		Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	New Caledonia (France), Loyalty Isls, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (= Chépénéhé).	Loyalty Isls (E of New Caledonia).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Endangered.		See Hill (1971a), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995b).	E84887F9FFD0D65F0F3EF41B14433004	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	697	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD0D65F0F3EF41B14433004.xml	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	robustior	Revilliod	1914	Minioptere des Loyauté @fr | Loyalty- @de | nseln-Langfllgelfledermaus @en | Miniéptero de Loyalty @es | Loyalty Bent-winged Bat @en	Miniopterus australis robustior Revilliod in Sarasin & Roux, 1914 , “Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé.” Miniopterus robustior was originally described as a “giant” subspecies of M. australis , but cranial characteristics clearly point to a distinct species and a diminutive member of the M. tristis species group. Monotypic.	Loyalty Is (Lifou and Maré), New Caledonia .	Head-body 43-49 mm, tail 37-5-46 mm, ear 11-5-13 mm, hindfoot 7-8-9 mm, forearm 39-42.-2 mm. Pelage of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is uniform brown, somewhat lighter on venter than on dorsum. Upper surface of uropatagium is hairy on its anterior part. Wing is inserted into tarsus. Tragus has the same width along all its length and is barely curved on upper part; its outer edge is not serrated. Loyalty Long-fingered Bats occur in sympatry with more widely distributed Little Long-fingered Bats ( M. australis ) and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats ( M. macrocneme ). The simple, straight tragus with blunt rounded tip is useful to distinguish the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat from the Little Long-fingered Bat and the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat. Ear and forearm of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat are longer than in the Little L.ong-fingered Bat, and tibia (14-3-15-8 mm) is shorter than in the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat .	Coral atolls barely above an elevation of 100 m .	There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight.	Several maternity colonies were found with pregnant females in October.	The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. It is strictly cave dwelling. There are about seven caves distributed on Lifou and Maré islands used as roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequencies of 42-45 kHz.	The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat forms reproductive colonies of ¢.1000-1500 individuals, often sharing roosts with Little Long-fingered Bats and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats.	Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Loyalty Long-fingered Batis less than 5000 km ? and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km ®. Its distribution is severely fragmented, and extent and quality of its natural habitat on the Loyalty Islands are continuing to decline.	Brescia (2008d) | Hill (1971c¢) | Kirsch et al. (2002) | Peterson (1981) | Revilliod (1914) | Tate (1941 e)	https://zenodo.org/record/5735240/files/figure.png	13. Loyalty Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus robustior French: Minioptere des Loyauté / German: Loyalty-Inseln-Langfllgelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero de Loyalty Other common names: Loyalty Bent-winged Bat Taxonomy. Miniopterus australis robustior Revilliod in Sarasin & Roux, 1914 , “Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé.” Miniopterus robustior was originally described as a “giant” subspecies of M. australis , but cranial characteristics clearly point to a distinct species and a diminutive member of the M. tristis species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Loyalty Is (Lifou and Maré), New Caledonia . Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-49 mm, tail 37-5-46 mm, ear 11-5-13 mm, hindfoot 7-8-9 mm, forearm 39-42.-2 mm. Pelage of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is uniform brown, somewhat lighter on venter than on dorsum. Upper surface of uropatagium is hairy on its anterior part. Wing is inserted into tarsus. Tragus has the same width along all its length and is barely curved on upper part; its outer edge is not serrated. Loyalty Long-fingered Bats occur in sympatry with more widely distributed Little Long-fingered Bats ( M. australis ) and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats ( M. macrocneme ). The simple, straight tragus with blunt rounded tip is useful to distinguish the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat from the Little Long-fingered Bat and the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat. Ear and forearm of the Loyalty Long-fingered Bat are longer than in the Little L.ong-fingered Bat, and tibia (14-3-15-8 mm) is shorter than in the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat . Habitat. Coral atolls barely above an elevation of 100 m . Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but other long-fingered bats feed mainly on soft insects captured in flight. Breeding. Several maternity colonies were found with pregnant females in October. Activity patterns. The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat is thought to be nocturnal. It is strictly cave dwelling. There are about seven caves distributed on Lifou and Maré islands used as roosts. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with peak frequencies of 42-45 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Loyalty Long-fingered Bat forms reproductive colonies of ¢.1000-1500 individuals, often sharing roosts with Little Long-fingered Bats and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Loyalty Long-fingered Batis less than 5000 km ? and its area of occupancy is less than 500 km ®. Its distribution is severely fragmented, and extent and quality of its natural habitat on the Loyalty Islands are continuing to decline. Bibliography. Brescia (2008d), Hill (1971c¢), Kirsch et al. (2002), Peterson (1981), Revilliod (1914), Tate (1941 e).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus robustior	Miniopterus		robustior	Revilliod	1914	0	In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.	0.291	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	None.	New Caledonia (France), Loyalty Isls, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (= Ch&eacute;p&eacute;n&eacute;h&eacute;).	Loyalty Isls (E of New Caledonia).	Not listed.	Endangered	See Hill (1971 a ), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995 b ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus robustior	23	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	Loyalty Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	robustior	Revilliod	1914	0	Miniopterus_australis_robustior	Revilliod, P. (1914). Les Mamifères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des iles Loyalty. In Sarasin, F. & Roux, J. (eds.). Nova Caledonia. Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. Recherches scientifiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie et aux iles Loyalty. A. Zoologie. (Vol1, L. IV). C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden, 359.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29836#page/441/mode/1up	NMB 1752, NMB 1753, NMB 1754, NMB 1755, NMB 1756, NMB 1757, NMB 1758, NMB 1759, NMB 1760 [syntypes]; AM M.5172 [?syntype]		"Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé."			robustior Revilliod, 1914	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.	New Caledonia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Miniopterus_robustior	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_robustior	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13570	Miniopterus robustior	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MINIOPTERIDAE	Miniopterus	robustior	Revilliod, 1914		20000000	Miniopterus robustior	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)	2020	2020-06-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The Loyalty Bent-Winged Bat (Miniopterus robustior ) is assessed as Endangered under criterion B (EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)). The species' range is severely fragmented on Lifou and Maré in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia (two subpopulations; two locations). Its ; area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated as 28 km² (using the 2 x 2 km grid approach) at the seven (7) known cave roosts where the bats are most at risk as they spend approximately half of their lives in the roosts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,422 km². The population is suspected to be declining as the cave roosts are disturbed from human visitation and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its natural habitat. The species is also threatened by feral cats and wind power development.	The Loyalty Bent-winged Bat is a colonial cave-roosting species that roosts with both Very little is known of the species ecology. It is currently known from Pregnant females have been captured in October 2001 (Kirsch et al. 2002). The biometrics of the species are: Length Head Body: male 44-46 mm, female 43-49 mm; Tail: male 37.5-43.5 mm, female 42-46 mm; Forearm: male 39.5-40.5 mm, female 39-42.2 mm; Tibia: male 15-15.8 mm, female 14.3-15.2 mm; and Ear: male 11.5-12.2 mm, female 12-13 mm (From Revilliod 1914 and Flannery 1995).	The Loyalty Bent-winged Bat is threatened by destruction and human disturbance at roost sites throughout its range (Kirsh et al.  2002). Rainforests in New Caledonia have dramatically declined (from 70% to 21.5%) due to extensive logging and mining (Mittermeier et al.  1999). The extent of logging and mining has scaled back from the 1960s and 1970s as logging operations became localised. Unfortunately, the severe soil erosion impacts from these past land use practices (Stattersfield et al.  1998) persist today in many areas. Invasive species (pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rats) pose imminent threat to the species through modifying vegetation which can dramatically change prey availability. People start fires to attract the introduced Java deer (Cervus timorensis ) to the new growth that follows fire (Bouchet et al.  1995). Feral cats which have been documented to prey upon Microchiroptera bats in New Caledonia (Palmas et al.  2017), although the degree of threat to this species is unknown as no studies have been completed at or near known cave roosts where the species is more vulnerable. Further, significantly lower levels of Miniopterus bat activity has been documented at wind farms in New Caledonia, suggesting that habitat loss may be an important factor to consider when planning for the development of new wind farms and mitigating the impacts of existing facilities (Millon et al.  2018). Climate change is a major emerging threat that is bringing sea level rise which threatens the integrity of the caves upon which the bats rely on these low-lying islands. Further, there is an increasing trend of greater numbers of stronger cyclones being observed in the region and the average location of these storms are slowly moving to the poles (Kossin et al.  2014), increasing the risk to the caves from flooding and landslides which can destroy cave systems.	The global population of Loyalty Bent-winged Bats is not known (Flannery 1995). The species is known to roost in only seven (7) caves, some of which are mixed species colonies of Miniopterus (Miniopterus australis and M. macrocmene ; Kirsch et al. 2002). Colonies averaged 1,000 to 1,500 individuals of all three (3) Miniopterus species found on Lifou and Maré Islands (Kirsch et al., 2002). The species range is severely fragmented on Lifou and Maré in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia (two subpopulations; two locations).	Decreasing	The Loyalty Bent-winged Bat has the smallest distribution of other Miniopterus species and is known only from the islands of Lifou and Maré in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia (Flannery 1995). The species range is severely fragmented on Lifou and Maré in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia (two subpopulations; two locations). ;Its area of occupancy (AOO) is calculated as 28 km² (using the 2 x 2 km grid approach) at the seven (7) known cave roosts where the bats are most at risk as they spend approximately half of their lives in the roosts. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,422 km².	The species is not known to hunted or traded.	Terrestrial	<p>It is not known if the Loyalty Bent-winged Bat is present in any protected areas. The known cave-roosts need effective long-term protection and restoration, both of the cave system and habitat in the surrounding area to ensure they are not lost or degraded further. Human visitation should be carefully controlled or even restricted depending on the configuration of the caves. Robust monitoring of the species and its habitat is warranted and invasive species should be controlled and eradicated if possible. Further studies are required into the distribution, ecology, possible threats, and current status of this species.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		robustior	Revilliod	1914	0	In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.	0.290972	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	None.	New Caledonia (France), Loyalty Isls, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (= Ch&eacute;p&eacute;n&eacute;h&eacute;).	Loyalty Isls (E of New Caledonia).	Not listed.	Endangered	See Hill (1971 a ), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995 b ).	Miniopterus robustior	1005134	23	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	Loyalty Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	robustior	Revilliod	1914	0	Miniopterus_australis_robustior	Revilliod, P. (1914). Les Mamifères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des iles Loyalty. In Sarasin, F. & Roux, J. (eds.). Nova Caledonia. Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. Recherches scientifiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie et aux iles Loyalty. A. Zoologie. (Vol1, L. IV). C. W. Kreidels Verlag, Wiesbaden, 359.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29836#page/441/mode/1up	NMB 1752, NMB 1753, NMB 1754, NMB 1755, NMB 1756, NMB 1757, NMB 1758, NMB 1759, NMB 1760 [syntypes]; AM M.5172 [?syntype]		"Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé."			robustior Revilliod, 1914	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				New Caledonia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Miniopterus_robustior	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_robustior	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_robustior	1005134	23	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	Loyalty Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	robustior	Revilliod	0	Miniopterus australis robustior	Revilliod, P. 1914. Les mammifères de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et des ÃŽles Loyalty. Nova Caledonia 1:341-365.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6259573	BMNH:Mamm:1914.5.23.2, MCZ:Mamm:19375 (= NMB 1758), NMB 1752, NMB 1753, NMB 1754, NMB 1755, NMB 1756, NMB 1757, NMB 1758, NMB 1759, NMB 1760	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7ffac1b3-7a66-45fb-bbff-3950e5ff7e36 | https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:MAMM:19375 | https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Mamm:19375	"Iles Loyalty [= Loyalty Islands]: Lifou [Island], Quépénéé."			moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				New Caledonia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	EN	0	0	0	Miniopterus_robustior	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_robustior	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		robustior	Revilliod	1914	0	In Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia, A. Zool.	0.290972	Loyalty Long-fingered Bat	None.	New Caledonia (France), Loyalty Isls, Lifu Isl, Quepenee (= Ch&eacute;p&eacute;n&eacute;h&eacute;).	Loyalty Isls (E of New Caledonia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13570/22103451/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	See Hill (1971a), Peterson (1981), and Flannery (1995b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus robustior; Miniopterus robustior; Miniopterus robustior; Miniopterus robustior; Miniopterus robustior; Miniopterus robustior; robustior; Minioptere des Loyauté; Loyalty-; nseln-Langfllgelfledermaus; Miniéptero de Loyalty; Loyalty Bent-winged Bat; Loyalty Long-fingered Bat; Loyalty Bent-winged Bat; Loyalty Long-fingered Bat; Loyalty Long-fingered Bat; M. robustior