http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L650	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Miniopterus schreibersi [synonym of]	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus magnater		[MSW3] Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis, here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [HMW] Miniopterus schreibersii magnater Sanborn, 1931 , “Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea ,” Papua New Guinea . Miniopterus magnater is somewhat larger than species in the schreibersii complex, and preliminary genetic studies have confirmed that it is well differentiated from other Asian forms previously included in that complex, but they also seem to indicate that populations assigned to M. magnater from South-east Asia are very different from those in New Guinea . Detailed genetic study is necessary to clarify taxonomyin this lineage. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis , here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995 a ) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater ; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).; [MDD2022] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [IUCN] Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus magnater is a medium-sized species in the genus, and is easy to confuse with M. oceanensis (previously referred to as M. schreibersii in the Indo-Australasian region). Confusing identifications even further is the identity and affiliation of forms on different islands, such as bismarckensis (Hill 1983), which may instead be more closely related to M. tristis (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, it is assumed here that M. magnater is spread from mainland South East Asia, through Borneo and parts of Indonesia to the island of New Guinea.; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis , here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995 a ) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater ; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).; [MDD2023] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis, here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae					(macrodens)	macrodens.	magnater, macrodens	magnater, macrodens				magnater, macrodens		magnater, macrodens	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus magnater is a medium-sized species in the genus, and is easy to confuse with M. oceanensis (previously referred to as M. schreibersii in the Indo-Australasian region). Confusing identifications even further is the identity and affiliation of forms on different islands, such as bismarckensis (Hill 1983), which may instead be more closely related to M. tristis (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, it is assumed here that M. magnater is spread from mainland South East Asia, through Borneo and parts of Indonesia to the island of New Guinea.	magnater, macrodens		magnater, macrodens	magnater, macrodens	macrodens, magnater 		magnater Sanborn, 1931|macrodens K. Maeda, 1982						N/A					Distribution: Burma and southeastern China to Borneo and Java and east to the Lesser Sundas and New Guinea; possibly also in Madagascar.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	(? bismarckensis)	S China, Malaya – Java, Borneo, New Guinea; ref. 4.91	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Sanborn	1931	Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 18:26.		NE India and SE China to Timor (Indonesia) and New Guinea.	Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.		SANBORN	1931	Size fairly large (forearm length, 47-53 mm; condylobasal length, 15-18 mm). Braincase relatively broad.	Distribution: Burma and southeastern China to Borneo and Java and east to the Lesser Sundas and New Guinea; possibly also in Madagascar.	Two subspecies are here recognized:	M. m. magnater (New Guinea), M. m. macrodens (remainder of range).	134	species	M. magnater	SANBORN	1931	Miniopterus	genus	Miniopterus magnater				Size fairly large (forearm length, 47-53 mm; condylobasal length, 15-18 mm). Braincase relatively broad.	Two subspecies are here recognized:		11. M. magnater SANBORN 1931 [inflatus group].	11	_M. m. macrodens_ Maeda, 1982; _M. m. magnater_ Sanborn, 1931			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Miniopterinae		Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus		magnater	Sanborn		1931		Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.	18		26		Western Long-fingered Bat	Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.	NE India, SE China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor (Indonesia), Borneo, Moluccas, and New Guinea including the Bismarck Arch.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	macrodens Maeda, 1982.	Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis, here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).	E84887F9FFD4D65B0F3CF88F147A35AA	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	693	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD4D65B0F3CF88F147A35AA.xml	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	magnater	Sanborn	1931	Grand Minioptere @fr | Malaiische Langfligelfledermaus @de | Miniépterogrande @es | Large Bent-winged Bat @en | Western Bent-winged Bat @en | Western Long-fingered Bat @en	Miniopterus schreibersii magnater Sanborn, 1931 , “Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea ,” Papua New Guinea . Miniopterus magnater is somewhat larger than species in the schreibersii complex, and preliminary genetic studies have confirmed that it is well differentiated from other Asian forms previously included in that complex, but they also seem to indicate that populations assigned to M. magnater from South-east Asia are very different from those in New Guinea . Detailed genetic study is necessary to clarify taxonomyin this lineage. Monotypic.	NE India ( Meghalaya ), S China (including Hong Kong and Hainan I), most of mainland SE Asia, Sunda Is ( Sumatra , Borneo, Java , Nusa Penida, and Timor), and C Moluccas (Seram and Ambon Is) to New Guinea ; it may occur in Bangladesh .	Head-body 58-75 mm, tail 52-64 mm, ear 11-17 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 48-54 mm; weight 11-3-21-3 g. Pelage of the Large Long-fingered Bat 1s thick, soft, almost uniform black to dark brown, and unicolored on dorsum; hairs on chest have pale tips becoming uniform pale gray-brown on abdomen. Pelage occasionally has reddish patches or is even completely reddish. Ears are small, and tragus is short (5-7 mm), blunt, and curved slightly forward. All exposed skin including membranesis black-brown to black. Diploid numberis 2n = 46 ( Sabah , Borneo).	Major habitats include human settlements; open land; disturbed secondary woodlands with bamboo; cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations; and pristine forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m in Borneo and ¢. 2100 m in New Guinea .	The Large Long-fingered Bat generally forages on insects captured in flight above canopies and also low over streams and small water bodies. It forages for insects around streetlights. No details on diet are available. On following pages: 3. Small Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus pusillus ); 4. Intermediate Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus medius ); 5. Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus fuscus ); 6. Eschscholtz's Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus eschscholtzil); 7. Philippine Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus paululus ); 8. Great Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus tristis ); 9. Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus shortridgel); 10. Javanese Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus blepotis ); 11. Little Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus australis ); 12. Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus macrocneme ); 13. Loyalty Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus robustior ); 14. Australian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus orianae ); 15. Pallid Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus pallidus ); 16. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ); 17. Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus maghrebensis ).	In New Guinea , ten female Large Long-fingered Bats captured in July were reproductively inactive, but six females captured in mid-August each carried one halfdeveloped fetus.	The Large Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It is cave dwelling. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Mean call characteristics in Thailand are start frequency 85-3 kHz, end frequency 42-3 kHz, peak frequency 47-4 kHz, duration 4-3 milliseconds, and interval 65-2 milliseconds.	Colonies in caves usually have a few hundred individuals but can reach up to several thousand. Large Long-fingered Bats usually share roosts with other cave-dwelling bats (Taphozous, Hipposideros, Rhinolophus, Miniopterus , etc.).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	Akmali et al. (2015) | Bates et al. (2000) | Blood & McFarlane (1988) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Bonaccorso & Reardon (2008d) | Borisenko & Kruskop (2003) | Bumrungsri et al. (2006) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008) | Francis et al. (2010) | Harada & Kobayashi (1980) | Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes & Walston (2001) | Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014) | Hughes et al. (2011) | Li Shi et al. (2015) | Maeda (1982) | Payne et al. (2007) | Phillipps & Phillipps (2016) | Robinson & Smith (1997) | Saikia (2018) | Sanborn (1931) | Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010) | Suyanto & Struebig (2007)	https://zenodo.org/record/5735208/files/figure.png	2. Large Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus magnater French: Grand Minioptere / German: Malaiische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero grande Other common names: Large Bent-winged Bat , Western Bent-winged Bat , Western Long-fingered Bat Taxonomy. Miniopterus schreibersii magnater Sanborn, 1931 , “Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea ,” Papua New Guinea . Miniopterus magnater is somewhat larger than species in the schreibersii complex, and preliminary genetic studies have confirmed that it is well differentiated from other Asian forms previously included in that complex, but they also seem to indicate that populations assigned to M. magnater from South-east Asia are very different from those in New Guinea . Detailed genetic study is necessary to clarify taxonomyin this lineage. Monotypic. Distribution. NE India ( Meghalaya ), S China (including Hong Kong and Hainan I), most of mainland SE Asia, Sunda Is ( Sumatra , Borneo, Java , Nusa Penida, and Timor), and C Moluccas (Seram and Ambon Is) to New Guinea ; it may occur in Bangladesh . Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-75 mm, tail 52-64 mm, ear 11-17 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 48-54 mm; weight 11-3-21-3 g. Pelage of the Large Long-fingered Bat 1s thick, soft, almost uniform black to dark brown, and unicolored on dorsum; hairs on chest have pale tips becoming uniform pale gray-brown on abdomen. Pelage occasionally has reddish patches or is even completely reddish. Ears are small, and tragus is short (5-7 mm), blunt, and curved slightly forward. All exposed skin including membranesis black-brown to black. Diploid numberis 2n = 46 ( Sabah , Borneo). Habitat. Major habitats include human settlements; open land; disturbed secondary woodlands with bamboo; cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations; and pristine forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m in Borneo and ¢. 2100 m in New Guinea . Food and Feeding. The Large Long-fingered Bat generally forages on insects captured in flight above canopies and also low over streams and small water bodies. It forages for insects around streetlights. No details on diet are available. On following pages: 3. Small Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus pusillus ); 4. Intermediate Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus medius ); 5. Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus fuscus ); 6. Eschscholtz's Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus eschscholtzil); 7. Philippine Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus paululus ); 8. Great Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus tristis ); 9. Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus shortridgel); 10. Javanese Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus blepotis ); 11. Little Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus australis ); 12. Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus macrocneme ); 13. Loyalty Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus robustior ); 14. Australian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus orianae ); 15. Pallid Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus pallidus ); 16. Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ); 17. Maghrebian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus maghrebensis ). Breeding. In New Guinea , ten female Large Long-fingered Bats captured in July were reproductively inactive, but six females captured in mid-August each carried one halfdeveloped fetus. Activity patterns. The Large Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It is cave dwelling. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Mean call characteristics in Thailand are start frequency 85-3 kHz, end frequency 42-3 kHz, peak frequency 47-4 kHz, duration 4-3 milliseconds, and interval 65-2 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies in caves usually have a few hundred individuals but can reach up to several thousand. Large Long-fingered Bats usually share roosts with other cave-dwelling bats (Taphozous, Hipposideros, Rhinolophus, Miniopterus , etc.). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Bates et al. (2000), Blood & McFarlane (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso & Reardon (2008d), Borisenko & Kruskop (2003), Bumrungsri et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008), Francis et al. (2010), Harada & Kobayashi (1980), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes & Walston (2001), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hughes et al. (2011), Li Shi et al. (2015), Maeda (1982), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Robinson & Smith (1997), Saikia (2018), Sanborn (1931), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Suyanto & Struebig (2007).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus magnater	Miniopterus		magnater	Sanborn	1931	0	Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.	18:26	Western Long-fingered Bat	<b> macrodens </b>Maeda, 1982.	Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.	NE India, SE China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor (Indonesia), Borneo, Moluccas, and New Guinea including the Bismarck Arch.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis , here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995 a ) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater ; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus magnater	23	Large Long-fingered Bat	Large Bent-winged Bat|Western Bent-winged Bat|Western Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	magnater	Sanborn	1931	0	Miniopterus_schreibersii_magnater	Sanborn, C. C. (1931). Bats from Polynesia, Melanesia, and Malaysia. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series, 18(2), 26.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20764#page/28/mode/1up	FMNH 31802		"Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea," Papua New Guinea.			magnater Sanborn, 1931|macrodens Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.	India|China|Myanmar|Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Laos|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei?|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_magnater	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_magnater	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13566	Miniopterus magnater	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MINIOPTERIDAE	Miniopterus	magnater	Sanborn, 1931	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. Miniopterus magnater is a medium-sized species in the genus, and is easy to confuse with M. oceanensis (previously referred to as M. schreibersii in the Indo-Australasian region). Confusing identifications even further is the identity and affiliation of forms on different islands, such as bismarckensis (Hill 1983), which may instead be more closely related to M. tristis (Simmons 2005). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, it is assumed here that M. magnater is spread from mainland South East Asia, through Borneo and parts of Indonesia to the island of New Guinea.	200000000	Miniopterus magnater	Least Concern		2021	2019-06-30 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because there is no identified threat that would act across the large spatial scale of its currently recognised distribution, but despite the profound issues with distinguishing this and other medium-sized species of Miniopterus in the region currently because of the conserved morphology of the genus and unresolved taxonomic issues. Given that encroachment upon natural ecosystems continues unabated in South East Asia, it is possible that some large regionally-significant colonies may be subject to disturbances or have already been extirpated. This conservation status will need to be reassessed when new taxonomic and distributional information is available.	Like other Miniopterus, this species roosts in caves and similar structures, sometimes with other species, and can form large colonies. It forages for insects in primary and secondary forest, and apparently around human settlements near lights (Bonaccorso 1998).	All Miniopterus are vulnerable when in their diurnal roosts, and removal of cave roost habitat and disturbance of the larger breeding colonies has the potential to have significant effects. The removal of smaller roost sites may also make it increasingly difficult for the species to disperse within its range. It may be collected for food in New Guinea. Caves with large colonies also have the potential to occur in areas that coincide with the interests of mining, including quarrying for limestone. The removal of natural forest habitat also reduces the foraging habitat of this and other Miniopterus species.	Population size is unknown, but taxonomic investigations underway may lead to better estimates given its distribution limits.	Unknown	Taxonomic investigations underway may provide a more accurate understanding of the distribution limits of this species. Until then, the species is considered to have a wide distribution across mainland South East Asia, through Borneo and parts of Indonesia to the island of New Guinea (type locality in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea). It has been recorded from Myanmar in the west (recorded from Hpo-an and Mawlamyine, Bates et al. 2000), through southern China (including Hainan Island), many island localities including Sumatra (Indonesia), western Java (Indonesia), northern Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia), Timor (Indonesia and Timor-Leste), and Seram (Indonesia). It occurs over a larger part of Papua New Guinea and part of West Papua (Indonesia), from sea level to over 2,000 m asl (Bonaccorso 1998).		Terrestrial	A common assumption for common and widespread species is that they are secure, and that adequate numbers occur in multiple protected areas (e.g., Pu Mat National Park, Cuc Phuong National Park, and Toong Ching, Viet Nam; Hendrichsen et al. 2001). For species of Miniopterus that congregate seasonally to breed, a single catastrophic event can remove a significant fraction of a regional population. In addition, insidious processes and minor disturbances can function to cause declines both at breeding roosts and other areas where bats are present seasonally. Effective protection and strategic management of known roost sites, especially of the largest colonies, should be a priority for government land managers, ideally working with local authorities and communities. Given the potential that it is collected for food in parts of its range, liaison with local communities is required to achieve conservation outcomes. Broader-reaching policies that take steps to protect ever-dwindling natural forests will also help this species persist. In environmental impact assessments, so-called ‘localised effects’ may in fact have regional consequences, given the number and spatial extent of suitable protected caves available for colonies, particularly large seasonal breeding congregations. Assessments of the risk of developments to known large colonies therefore need to be informed by the broader context of habitat available for the species. The conservation status of all small Miniopterus needs to be reassessment in the light of new taxonomic and distributional information.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		magnater	Sanborn	1931	0	Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.	18:26	Western Long-fingered Bat	<b> macrodens </b>Maeda, 1982.	Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.	NE India, SE China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor (Indonesia), Borneo, Moluccas, and New Guinea including the Bismarck Arch.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis , here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995 a ) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater ; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).	Miniopterus magnater	1005119	23	Large Long-fingered Bat	Large Bent-winged Bat|Western Bent-winged Bat|Western Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	magnater	Sanborn	1931	0	Miniopterus_schreibersii_magnater	Sanborn, C. C. (1931). Bats from Polynesia, Melanesia, and Malaysia. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series, 18(2), 26.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20764#page/28/mode/1up	FMNH 31802		"Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea," Papua New Guinea.			magnater Sanborn, 1931|macrodens Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				India|China|Myanmar|Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Laos|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei?|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_magnater	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_magnater	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_magnater	1005119	23	Large Long-fingered Bat	Large Bent-winged Bat|Western Bent-winged Bat|Western Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	magnater	Sanborn	0	Miniopterus schreibersii magnater	Sanborn, C.C. 1931-02-12. Bats from Polynesia, Melanesia, and Malaysia. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 18(2):5-29.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2750529	FMNH:Mamm:31802	holotype	http://portal.vertnet.org/o/fmnh/mammals?id=4a0e6571-8e4b-48e8-8208-fb359bfbd427	"Marienberg, forty miles up the Sepik River, Territory of New Guinea," Papua New Guinea.			moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				India|China|Myanmar|Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Laos|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei?|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_magnater	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_magnater	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		magnater	Sanborn	1931	0	Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser.	18:26	Western Long-fingered Bat	macrodens Maeda, 1982.	Papua New Guinea, E Sepik, Marienberg.	NE India, SE China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Timor (Indonesia), Borneo, Moluccas, and New Guinea including the Bismarck Arch.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13566/209529644/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed by Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May also include bismarckensis, here listed as a synonym of tristis following Koopman (1993); see discussion in Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998). Some specimens from SE Asia previously identified as schrebersii may represent magnater; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus magnater; Miniopterus magnater; Miniopterus magnater; Miniopterus magnater; Miniopterus magnater; Miniopterus magnater; magnater; macrodens; macrodens; magnater; macrodens; Grand Minioptere; Malaiische Langfligelfledermaus; Miniépterogrande; Large Bent-winged Bat; Western Bent-winged Bat; Western Long-fingered Bat; Large Long-fingered Bat; Large Bent-winged Bat; Western Bent-winged Bat; Western Long-fingered Bat; Western Long-fingered Bat; Western Long-fingered Bat; M. magnater