http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L641	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Miniopterus schreibersi [synonym of]	N/A	Miniopterus schreibersi [synonym of]	Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus	Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	N/A	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus fuliginosus		[HMW] of M. fuliginosus is not completely resolved because no genetic study has included samples from populations in south-central India and Sri Lanka that are isolated from other populations and live in very different environments. Bats formerly assigned to the schreibersii species complex from mainland South-east Asia need to be genetically identified to know if they belong to M. fuliginosus, M. blepotis , or M. magnater . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in schreibersii , but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004) and Li et al. (2015). We have assigned both blepotis and eschscholtzii as subspecies of this taxon, pending additional study.; [MDD2022] split from M. schreibersii; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2023] Formerly included in schreibersii , but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004), Li et al. (2015), and Kusuminda et al. (2022). We recognize eschscholtzii as a separate species based on the work of Kusuminda et al. (2022), which strongly suggests that - once the holotype is examined - eschscholtzii will be recognized as a distinct species. Although Ibanez and Juste (2019) considered blepotis a full species, we prefer to retain it in fuliginosus , pending additional study. The holotype has not been recently examined, and it is unclear which populations across Asia and Melanesia belong to blepotis ; see Cardinal and Christidis (2000) and Ibanez and Juste (2019).; [MDD2023] split from M. schreibersii and tentatively includes blepotis, which has been recognized by some authors with limited data; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] split from M. schreibersii and tentatively includes blepotis, which has been recognized by some authors with limited data; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in schreibersii, but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004), Li et al. (2015), and Kusuminda et al. (2022). We recognize eschscholtzii as a separate species based on the work of Kusuminda et al. (2022), which strongly suggests that - once the holotype is examined - eschscholtzii will be recognized as a distinct species. Although Ibanez and Juste (2019) considered blepotis a full species, we prefer to retain it in fuliginosus, pending additional study. The holotype has not been recently examined, and it is unclear which populations across Asia and Melanesia belong to blepotis; see Cardinal and Christidis (2000) and Ibanez and Juste (2019).; [MDD2025_2.2] split from M. schreibersii and tentatively includes blepotis, which has been recognized by some authors with limited data; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae												blepotis, eschscholtzii		fuliginosus, japoniae, chinensis, parvipes		fuliginosus, blepotis 	fuliginosus - chinensis, japoniae, parvipes; blepotis - haradai, ravus	fuliginosus, japoniae, chinensis, parvipes	fuliginosus, sciboldii, blepotis, japoniae, chinensis, parvipes, ravus, haradai 	blepotis, fuliginosus	blepotis - haradai, ravus; fuliginosus - chinensis, japoniae, parvipes	fuliginosus (B. H. Hodgson, 1835)|sciboldii J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]|blepotis (Temminck, 1840)|japoniae O. Thomas, 1906|chinensis O. Thomas, 1908|parvipes G. M. Allen, 1923|ravus Sody, 1930|haradai K. Maeda, 1982|harardai Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]						N/A																																								NA																											E84887F9FFD4D65A0AC8FE4618BD3100	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	693	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD4D65A0AC8FE4618BD3100.xml	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	Minioptére fuligineux @fr | Asiatische Langfligelfledermaus @de | Minidpterode Asia @es | Minidptero @es | Asian Bent-winged Bat @en | Eastern Bent-winged Bat @en | Eastern Long-fingered Bat @en	of M. fuliginosus is not completely resolved because no genetic study has included samples from populations in south-central India and Sri Lanka that are isolated from other populations and live in very different environments. Bats formerly assigned to the schreibersii species complex from mainland South-east Asia need to be genetically identified to know if they belong to M. fuliginosus, M. blepotis , or M. magnater . Monotypic.	NE Afghanistan , N Pakistan , NW, N, NE & S India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , N Myanmar , N Vietnam , S, SE & E China , Taiwan , Korean Peninsula, extreme S Russian Far East, and Japan (except Hokkaido ); it may occur in Bhutan and Bangladesh .	Head-body 47-65 mm, tail 44-61 mm, ear 8:7-12 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 44-7-49-6 mm; weight 13-6 g (+ 1-1 g SD). Pelage of the Asian Long-fingered Bat is soft, velvety, and silky. Bases and tips of hairs are unicolored. Dorsal surface is blackish brown to gray-brown. Venteris slightly paler, usually dark gray-brown, and occasionally has a more or less reddish morph. Ears are short. Tragus is slightly curved forward. Membranes are dark, almost black. Dental formula for all species of Miniopterusis12/3,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52 ( Japan and China ) or 2n = 46 and FN = 54 ( India ).	Mostly temperate habitats from arid steppes in Afghanistan to wooded areas in China and Japan , more tropical habitats in southern India (wet evergreen forests) and Sri Lanka , and mainly lower hilly country in Sri Lanka from sea level to elevations above 2000 m (Himalayas).	The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically forages in open spaces 9-12 m above grasslands, woodlands, and open water. Diet mainly contains species of Lepidoptera , generally more than 50% by volume of prey. Diptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera are also frequent prey but have a minor and variable importance depending on time of year and locality. Hymenoptera, Ephemeroptera , and Plecoptera are occasionally eaten. Body lengths of prey seem to be less than 25 mm .	The Asian Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy. This cycle has local variations to adapt to different climatic conditions throughout its wide distribution. Tropical populations of southern India and Sri Lanka do not have any delay throughout the cycle, but females in northern populations in cold climates in Japan have delayed implantation of blastocysts and post-implantation delays during gestation. This second delay is a facultative response to prolonged torporlinked to cool conditions and associated decreases in food availabilities. Gestation lasts ¢.4 months in tropical populations and ¢.8-5 months in northernmost populations; these northern populations have c.2 months of delayed implantation, c.3 months of delayed development, and 3-5 months of fetal growth. Populations in temperate mild climates, intermediate between these two extremes, only have a few months of delayed implantation. In any case, it seems that births in all populations are synchronized during short periods of time. In Japan , copulation takes place in autumn, and births occur synchronously from late June to earlyJuly. Most females give birth for the first time at the end of their second year. In tropical India , copulation takes place in the second and third weeks of February, and all births in the colony occur between 15 June and 25 June. Neonates are completely naked, with closed eyes, and weigh c. 3 g . Sex ratio is even during their first 2-3 months oflife. It has been suggested that young are nursed communally, probably related to enormous size of the breeding colony (100,000-200,000 individuals). Lactating females are found until mid-August. By mid-October, young are the size and weight of adults. Sexual maturity of females is not reached until they are at least 20 months old and males at ¢.19 months old.	In Ohse-do Cave (Kyushu district, 32° N ) in Japan , Asian Longfingered Bats started vocalizing c.1-2 hours before emerging from the cave. Such an early awakening is probably due to endogenous activity rhythm, and light sampling behavior could be seen a few minutes before individuals emerged. Emergence time was synchronized with sunset and correlated with appearance of prey. Asian Longfingered Bats are most active soon after sunset in early spring and late autumn and secondarily active before sunrise. This activity pattern seems to correspond to their feeding pattern. Feeding in summer lasted until c.02:00 h. There is always some activity during winter. When temperature at dusk is less than 7°C, activity is greatly reduced, but when it is 7-13°C,at least one-half of the colony becomes active. During periods of winter activity, Asian Long-fingered Bats must be foraging because fresh feces appear under colonies. Hibernation begins in December and ends at the end of February. In late autumn, body fat begins to rapidly increase and reaches maximum values at the end of November (weight 15-16 g for adults and 13-9-14-5 g for young). At the end of February when hibernation ends, body weights are 11-5-12-5 g for adults and 10-8-11-2 g for young. During this period, individuals select in the coldest areas of the cave with temperatures of 68°C and maintain their body temperatures to less than one degree above ambient temperatures. Tropical populations do not hibernate. The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically roosts in caves but also uses abandoned mines, tunnels, and similar structures such as underground channels. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Regional characteristics include: start frequencies of 54-3-113 kHz, end frequencies of 42-9-53 kHz, peak frequencies of 44-5-62-4 kHz, and durations of 1-5-9 milliseconds in southern India ; peak frequencies 53-5-57-5 kHz in China ; peak frequencies of 50-3 kHz in Korea ; and peak frequencies of 52-1 kHz in Japan .	The Asian Long-fingered Bat probably has a metapopulation structure, like other temperate species of Miniopterus . Displacement of 200 km was recorded in Japan that is of similar magnitude to those known in Europe for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat between different refuges used by the same population. Breeding colonies of up to 12,000 individuals are known in Japan , consisting almost entirely of adult females. Hibernation colonies can have up to 83,000 individuals, although they are usually much smaller. The colony in Robbers’ Cave in Western Ghats, India , contains 100,000-200,000 individuals in the breeding period, and it includes females and males with no apparent sexual segregation. This colony is considered the “mother colony,” which contains individuals from other “secondary colonies” usually within 70 km of the mother colony.	Not assessed as a separate species on The [UCNRed List, where itis included under Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( M. schreibersii ) as Near Threatened.	Akmali et al. (2015) | Ao Lei et al. (2006) | Appleton et al. (2004) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Benda & Gaisler (2015) | Brosset (1962c) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Francis et al. (2010) | Fukui et al. (2015) | Funakoshi & Takeda (1998) | Funakoshi & Uchida (1975, 1978a) | Furman, Oztunc¢ & Coraman (2010) | Gopalakrishna et al. (1986) | Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes & Walston (2001) | Hodgson (1835) | Hu Kailiang et al. (2011) | Kimura & Uchida (1983) | Kruskop et al. (2012) | Li Shi et al. (2015) | Maeda (1982) | Mahmood-ul-Hassan & Salim (2015) | Ohdachi et al. (2009) | Saikia (2018) | Sramek et al. (2013) | Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010) | Tian Lanxiang et al. (2004) | Uchida et al. (1984) | Vanitharani et al. (2013) | Wordley et al. (2014) | Zhang Chunmian et al. (2018)	https://zenodo.org/record/5735206/files/figure.png	1. Asian Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus fuliginosus French: Minioptére fuligineux / German: Asiatische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Minidptero de Asia Other common names: Asian Bent-winged Bat , Eastern Bent-winged Bat , Eastern Long-fingered Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio fuliginosa [sic] Hodgson, 1835 , “ Nepal .” Miniopterus fuliginosus was traditionally included in M. schreibersii until recent genetic and morphometric evidence confirmed it as a valid species and totally independent of West Palearctic Miniopterus and different from the rest of Eastern/ Australian species once included in the schreibersui species complex ( M. magnater , M. eschscholtzii , M. blepotis , and M. orianae ). Taxonomy of M. fuliginosus is not completely resolved because no genetic study has included samples from populations in south-central India and Sri Lanka that are isolated from other populations and live in very different environments. Bats formerly assigned to the schreibersii species complex from mainland South-east Asia need to be genetically identified to know if they belong to M. fuliginosus, M. blepotis , or M. magnater . Monotypic. Distribution. NE Afghanistan , N Pakistan , NW, N, NE & S India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , N Myanmar , N Vietnam , S, SE & E China , Taiwan , Korean Peninsula, extreme S Russian Far East, and Japan (except Hokkaido ); it may occur in Bhutan and Bangladesh . Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-65 mm, tail 44-61 mm, ear 8:7-12 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 44-7-49-6 mm; weight 13-6 g (+ 1-1 g SD). Pelage of the Asian Long-fingered Bat is soft, velvety, and silky. Bases and tips of hairs are unicolored. Dorsal surface is blackish brown to gray-brown. Venteris slightly paler, usually dark gray-brown, and occasionally has a more or less reddish morph. Ears are short. Tragus is slightly curved forward. Membranes are dark, almost black. Dental formula for all species of Miniopterusis12/3,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 52 ( Japan and China ) or 2n = 46 and FN = 54 ( India ). Habitat. Mostly temperate habitats from arid steppes in Afghanistan to wooded areas in China and Japan , more tropical habitats in southern India (wet evergreen forests) and Sri Lanka , and mainly lower hilly country in Sri Lanka from sea level to elevations above 2000 m (Himalayas). Food and Feeding. The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically forages in open spaces 9-12 m above grasslands, woodlands, and open water. Diet mainly contains species of Lepidoptera , generally more than 50% by volume of prey. Diptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera are also frequent prey but have a minor and variable importance depending on time of year and locality. Hymenoptera, Ephemeroptera , and Plecoptera are occasionally eaten. Body lengths of prey seem to be less than 25 mm . Breeding. The Asian Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy. This cycle has local variations to adapt to different climatic conditions throughout its wide distribution. Tropical populations of southern India and Sri Lanka do not have any delay throughout the cycle, but females in northern populations in cold climates in Japan have delayed implantation of blastocysts and post-implantation delays during gestation. This second delay is a facultative response to prolonged torporlinked to cool conditions and associated decreases in food availabilities. Gestation lasts ¢.4 months in tropical populations and ¢.8-5 months in northernmost populations; these northern populations have c.2 months of delayed implantation, c.3 months of delayed development, and 3-5 months of fetal growth. Populations in temperate mild climates, intermediate between these two extremes, only have a few months of delayed implantation. In any case, it seems that births in all populations are synchronized during short periods of time. In Japan , copulation takes place in autumn, and births occur synchronously from late June to earlyJuly. Most females give birth for the first time at the end of their second year. In tropical India , copulation takes place in the second and third weeks of February, and all births in the colony occur between 15 June and 25 June. Neonates are completely naked, with closed eyes, and weigh c. 3 g . Sex ratio is even during their first 2-3 months oflife. It has been suggested that young are nursed communally, probably related to enormous size of the breeding colony (100,000-200,000 individuals). Lactating females are found until mid-August. By mid-October, young are the size and weight of adults. Sexual maturity of females is not reached until they are at least 20 months old and males at ¢.19 months old. Activity patterns. In Ohse-do Cave (Kyushu district, 32° N ) in Japan , Asian Longfingered Bats started vocalizing c.1-2 hours before emerging from the cave. Such an early awakening is probably due to endogenous activity rhythm, and light sampling behavior could be seen a few minutes before individuals emerged. Emergence time was synchronized with sunset and correlated with appearance of prey. Asian Longfingered Bats are most active soon after sunset in early spring and late autumn and secondarily active before sunrise. This activity pattern seems to correspond to their feeding pattern. Feeding in summer lasted until c.02:00 h. There is always some activity during winter. When temperature at dusk is less than 7°C, activity is greatly reduced, but when it is 7-13°C,at least one-half of the colony becomes active. During periods of winter activity, Asian Long-fingered Bats must be foraging because fresh feces appear under colonies. Hibernation begins in December and ends at the end of February. In late autumn, body fat begins to rapidly increase and reaches maximum values at the end of November (weight 15-16 g for adults and 13-9-14-5 g for young). At the end of February when hibernation ends, body weights are 11-5-12-5 g for adults and 10-8-11-2 g for young. During this period, individuals select in the coldest areas of the cave with temperatures of 68°C and maintain their body temperatures to less than one degree above ambient temperatures. Tropical populations do not hibernate. The Asian Long-fingered Bat typically roosts in caves but also uses abandoned mines, tunnels, and similar structures such as underground channels. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals. Regional characteristics include: start frequencies of 54-3-113 kHz, end frequencies of 42-9-53 kHz, peak frequencies of 44-5-62-4 kHz, and durations of 1-5-9 milliseconds in southern India ; peak frequencies 53-5-57-5 kHz in China ; peak frequencies of 50-3 kHz in Korea ; and peak frequencies of 52-1 kHz in Japan . Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Asian Long-fingered Bat probably has a metapopulation structure, like other temperate species of Miniopterus . Displacement of 200 km was recorded in Japan that is of similar magnitude to those known in Europe for Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat between different refuges used by the same population. Breeding colonies of up to 12,000 individuals are known in Japan , consisting almost entirely of adult females. Hibernation colonies can have up to 83,000 individuals, although they are usually much smaller. The colony in Robbers’ Cave in Western Ghats, India , contains 100,000-200,000 individuals in the breeding period, and it includes females and males with no apparent sexual segregation. This colony is considered the “mother colony,” which contains individuals from other “secondary colonies” usually within 70 km of the mother colony. Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The [UCNRed List, where itis included under Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( M. schreibersii ) as Near Threatened. Bibliography. Akmali et al. (2015), Ao Lei et al. (2006), Appleton et al. (2004), Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Brosset (1962c), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Fukui et al. (2015), Funakoshi & Takeda (1998), Funakoshi & Uchida (1975, 1978a), Furman, Oztunc¢ & Coraman (2010), Gopalakrishna et al. (1986), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes & Walston (2001), Hodgson (1835), Hu Kailiang et al. (2011), Kimura & Uchida (1983), Kruskop et al. (2012), Li Shi et al. (2015), Maeda (1982), Mahmood-ul-Hassan & Salim (2015), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Saikia (2018), Sramek et al. (2013), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Tian Lanxiang et al. (2004), Uchida et al. (1984), Vanitharani et al. (2013), Wordley et al. (2014), Zhang Chunmian et al. (2018).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus fuliginosus	Miniopterus		fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	4(1835): 400	Eastern Bent-winged Bat	Yes.		Afghanistan through India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar S through Thailand, N into China, Taiwan, and Japan	Not listed.	Vulnerable under Miniopterus schreibersii 	Formerly included in schreibersii , but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004) and Li et al. (2015). We have assigned both blepotis and eschscholtzii as subspecies of this taxon, pending additional study.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus fuliginosus	23	Asian Long-fingered Bat	Asian Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	1						"Nepal."			fuliginosus (Hodgson, 1835)|japoniae O. Thomas, 1905|chinensis O. Thomas, 1908|parvipes G. M. Allen, 1923	split from M. schreibersii; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.	Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan?|Bangladesh?|Myanmar|China|North Korea|South Korea|Russia|Japan|Taiwan|Vietnam	Asia	Palearctic|Indomalaya	NA	0	0	0	Miniopterus_fuliginosus	0	unmatched	NA	1																																			Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	4(48): 700	Eastern Bent-winged Bat	Yes.		Afghanistan through India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar S through Thailand, N into China, Taiwan, and Japan	Not listed.	Vulnerable under Miniopterus schreibersii 	Formerly included in schreibersii , but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004), Li et al. (2015), and Kusuminda et al. (2022). We recognize eschscholtzii as a separate species based on the work of Kusuminda et al. (2022), which strongly suggests that - once the holotype is examined - eschscholtzii will be recognized as a distinct species. Although Ibanez and Juste (2019) considered blepotis a full species, we prefer to retain it in fuliginosus , pending additional study. The holotype has not been recently examined, and it is unclear which populations across Asia and Melanesia belong to blepotis ; see Cardinal and Christidis (2000) and Ibanez and Juste (2019).	Miniopterus fuliginosus	1005111	23	Asian Long-fingered Bat	Asian Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Long-fingered Bat|Javanese Bent-winged Bat|Javanese Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	1						"Nepal."			fuliginosus (Hodgson, 1835)|japoniae O. Thomas, 1905|chinensis O. Thomas, 1908|parvipes G. M. Allen, 1923	split from M. schreibersii and tentatively includes blepotis, which has been recognized by some authors with limited data; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.|Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan?|Bangladesh?|Myanmar|China|North Korea|South Korea|Russia|Japan|Taiwan|Vietnam|Thailand|Cambodia|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Asia	Palearctic|Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	NA	0	0	0	Miniopterus_fuliginosus	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_fuliginosus	1005111	23	Asian Long-fingered Bat	Asian Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Bent-winged Bat|Eastern Long-fingered Bat|Javanese Bent-winged Bat|Javanese Long-fingered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	fuliginosus	B. H. Hodgson	1	Vespertilio fuliginosa	Hodgson, B.H. 1835. Synopsis of the Vespertilionidæ of Nipal. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (2)4:699-701.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37189993	untraced (number not known)	nonexistent		"Nepal."			split from M. schreibersii and tentatively includes blepotis, which has been recognized by some authors with limited data; moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Tian, L., Liang, B., Maeda, K., Metzner, W., & Zhang, Z. (2004). Molecular studies on the classification of Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 53(3), 303-311.|Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.|Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan?|Bangladesh?|Myanmar|China|North Korea|South Korea|Russia|Japan|Taiwan|Vietnam|Thailand|Cambodia|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Palearctic|Indomalaya|Australasia	NE	0	0	0	Miniopterus_fuliginosus	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		fuliginosus	Hodgson	1835	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	4(48): 700	Eastern Bent-winged Bat	Yes.		Afghanistan through India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar S through Thailand, N into China, Taiwan, and Japan	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	Not Evaluated	Formerly included in schreibersii, but distinct; see Appleton et al. (2004) Tian et al. (2004), Li et al. (2015), and Kusuminda et al. (2022). We recognize eschscholtzii as a separate species based on the work of Kusuminda et al. (2022), which strongly suggests that - once the holotype is examined - eschscholtzii will be recognized as a distinct species. Although Ibanez and Juste (2019) considered blepotis a full species, we prefer to retain it in fuliginosus, pending additional study. The holotype has not been recently examined, and it is unclear which populations across Asia and Melanesia belong to blepotis; see Cardinal and Christidis (2000) and Ibanez and Juste (2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus fuliginosus; Miniopterus fuliginosus; Miniopterus fuliginosus; Miniopterus fuliginosus; fuliginosus; japoniae; chinensis; parvipes; Minioptére fuligineux; Asiatische Langfligelfledermaus; Minidpterode Asia; Minidptero; Asian Bent-winged Bat; Eastern Bent-winged Bat; Eastern Long-fingered Bat; Asian Long-fingered Bat; Asian Bent-winged Bat; Eastern Bent-winged Bat; Eastern Long-fingered Bat; Eastern Bent-winged Bat; M. fuliginosus