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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L636	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus australis		[MSW2] Two species may be included in this complex; see Koopman (1989a:9).; [MSW3] Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989a), Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus, shortridgei). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi, referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).; [HMW] Miniopteris [sic] australis Tomes, 1858 , Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands , New Caledonia . Miniopterus australis is in the australis complex, which once grouped all small species of Miniopterus from Asia, Australia , and Melanesia. This complex is now split, and most of taxa considered as subspecies of M. australis are now considered valid species ( M. macrocneme , M. paululus , M. pusillus , and M. shortridger). Taxonomic status of the complex is still not completely resolved and requires an in-depth genetic study of its components. Placement of populations from Borneo, Sulawesi , and Ambon in relation to M. paululus and M. pusillus is especially confusing. Available mtDNA sequences indicate that populations of Vanuatu and Australia are quite differentiated from each other, and several subspecies will probably be recognized in the future. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989 a ), Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus , shortridgei ). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi , referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).; [MDD2022] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [IUCN] Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. In the case of Miniopterus australis , the type locality is the ‘Loyalty Islands’ (= New Caledonia and adjacent smaller islands) but this name is applied widely to populations of small-sized Miniopterus spread across island South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia. Available molecular data suggest that several populations referred to ‘australis ’ from across its range are each well-differentiated and likely to represent distinct species (Appleton et al. 2004, S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus australis .; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989 a ), Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus , shortridgei ). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi , referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).; [MDD2023] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989a), Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus, shortridgei). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi, referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae				pusillus, witkampi, tibialis, paululus	(solomonensis)	paululus, shortridgei, solomonensis, tibialis, witkampi (These come from a variety of sources, some of which are probably erroneous).	witkampi, tibialis, australis, solomonensis	australis, solomonensis, tibialis				australis, solomonensis, tibialis		australis, tibialis, solomonensis	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. In the case of Miniopterus australis , the type locality is the ‘Loyalty Islands’ (= New Caledonia and adjacent smaller islands) but this name is applied widely to populations of small-sized Miniopterus spread across island South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia. Available molecular data suggest that several populations referred to ‘australis ’ from across its range are each well-differentiated and likely to represent distinct species (Appleton et al. 2004, S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus australis .	australis, solomonensis, tibialis		australis, tibialis, solomonensis	australis, tibialis, solomonensis	australis, solomonensis, tibialis		australis Tomes, 1858|tibialis (Tomes, 1858)|solomonensis K. Maeda, 1982		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Little long-fingered bat	Thailand, Philippines – E Australia, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Miniopterus australis	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isis., Lifu (21° S. and 167.3° E.) (France).	Tomes	1858	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858:125.	Distribution: Ranging from Borneo to New Guinea, the Solomons, eastern Australia, and the New Hebrides.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Little long-fingered bat	Java, Borneo, Philippines – E Australia, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is; ref. 4.91, 92	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Tomes	1858	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858:125.	Two species may be included in this complex; see Koopman (1989a:9).	Philippines, Borneo, and Java, southeast to Vanuatu (= New Hebrides) and E Australia.	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isis, Lifu (21°S, 167.3°E) (France).		TOMES	1858	Size relatively small (forearm length, 34-47 mm; condylobasal length, 12-15 mm). Rostrum relatively broad.	Distribution: Ranging from Borneo to New Guinea, the Solomons, eastern Australia, and the New Hebrides.	Four subspecies are recognized here:	M. a. witkampi (Borneo), M. a. tibialis (Celebes, Moluccas), M. a. australis (eastern New Guinea, eastern Australia to the New Hebrides), M. a. solomonensis (Solomons). Allocation of western New Guinea populations subspecifically is uncertain.	134	species	M. australis	TOMES	1858	Miniopterus	genus	Miniopterus australis				Size relatively small (forearm length, 34-47 mm; condylobasal length, 12-15 mm). Rostrum relatively broad.	Four subspecies are recognized here:		4. M. australis TOMES 1858 [australis group].	4	_M. a. australis_ Tomes, 1858; _M. a. solomonensis_ Maeda, 1982; _M. a. tibialis_ (Tomes, 1858)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Miniopterinae		Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus		australis	Tomes		1858		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1858		125		Little Long-fingered Bat	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21°S, 167°03'E) (France).	Philippines, Borneo, Java, Timor, Moluccas, southeast to Vanuatu and E Australia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	solomonensis Maeda, 1982; tibialis Tomes, 1858.	Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989a), Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus, shortridgei). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi, referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).	E84887F9FFD3D65E0FD1F57E199434A5	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	696	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD3D65E0FD1F57E199434A5.xml	Miniopterus australis	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus	australis	Tomes	1858	Minioptére australasien @fr | Kleine Australische Langfligelfledermaus @de | Miniépteroaustraliano @es | Little Bent-winged Bat @en	Miniopteris [sic] australis Tomes, 1858 , Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands , New Caledonia . Miniopterus australis is in the australis complex, which once grouped all small species of Miniopterus from Asia, Australia , and Melanesia. This complex is now split, and most of taxa considered as subspecies of M. australis are now considered valid species ( M. macrocneme , M. paululus , M. pusillus , and M. shortridger). Taxonomic status of the complex is still not completely resolved and requires an in-depth genetic study of its components. Placement of populations from Borneo, Sulawesi , and Ambon in relation to M. paululus and M. pusillus is especially confusing. Available mtDNA sequences indicate that populations of Vanuatu and Australia are quite differentiated from each other, and several subspecies will probably be recognized in the future. Monotypic.	Borneo, Sulawesi , Moluccas (Bacan, Seram, and Ambon Is), Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo I), Admiralty Is ( Manus I), Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain I), Louisiade Archipelago (Trobriand and Woodlark Is), Solomon Is, Vanuatu , New Caledonia (including Loyalty Is), and E coast of Australia from Cape York to N New South Wales (including Possession, Magnetic, and Bribie Is).	Head-body 36-48 mm, tail 38-50 mm, ear 8-5-12 mm, hindfoot 6-5-9 mm, forearm 35-41 mm; weight 5-6-5 g. Pelage of the Little Long-fingered Bat is uniform chocolate-brown to dark brown on dorsum,slightly lighter on venter. It occasionally has large reddish patches due to ammonia effect on pelage in large nursery colonies. Ears are short, and tragus (3-2—-6-3 mm) has parallel edges on basal one-half, strong forward curvature on distal one-half, and serrated upper margin. Skin of muzzle, ears, wings, forearms, and hindfeet is dark brown. The Little Long-fingered Bat is smaller than the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat ( M. macrocneme ) and the Small Long-fingered Bat ( M. pusillus ) and somewhat larger than the Philippine Longfingered Bat ( M. paululus ) and Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (M. shortridger). Diploid number is 2n = 46 ( Sabah , Borneo).	Subtropical rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyllous forests, coastal forests, river and coastal scrubs, and human settlements from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m . The Little Long-fingered Bat is cave dwelling, and although it is more common in limestone areas, it is less strict than other species of Miniopterus in terms of roost selection. In Australia , it roosts near extensive areas of relatively dense vegetation. A colony of ¢.30 individuals was found in a large hollow in a 30m soapy box tree ( Citronella moorei, Cardiopteridaceae ) in Australia .	The Little Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, foraging mainly in open spaces. Nevertheless, it has a relatively low wing loading (5-8 N/m?) that allows it to fly rapidly and with considerable maneuverability between shrub and canopy layers of densely wooded areas. Nematoceranflies, ants, moths, and wasps were found in three stomachs from specimens in Papua New Guinea and Australia .	Reproductive cycle ofthe Little Long-fingered Bat has been studied in several areas within its wide distribution. It was always seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy and synchronization of births within each population. Delayed implantation has not been found at any latitude, but in different places, reproductive cycle has some peculiarities. In northern New South Wales at the southern limit ofits distribution ( 28°30 °-31° S), a silent heat (ovulation without fertilization and prior to behavioral estrus and insemination) occurs in April. Males have spermatogenesis from April to the end ofJuly and store sperm in epididymides from mid-May to mid-September. Copulatory behavioris first noted at the end ofJuly with conception occurring in mid-August, and implantation occurs within a month. Births occur in December. In Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu ( 15°15 S ), copulation takes place from mid-August to the beginning of September, and gestation lasts c.4 months until mid-December. In New Caledonia ( 21° S ), cycle is delayed c.1 month with respect to Vanuatu . In all these cases, cycle is adjusted to austral seasonality. In Borneo ( 4° N ), with little variation in daylength but already in the Northern Hemisphere, apparently the cycle is boreal, with ovulation in the first one-half of December and births in late April and early May after a pregnancy of c.5 months. In this case, gestation and births of Little Long-fingered Bats coincide with nesting of most birds that feed their young with insects. It has been suggested that a period of post-implantation delay is responsible for extended gestation in Borneo compared with other places. In Sulawesi (Mangolo Reserve, 4° S ) in the Southern Hemisphere, two of three females were pregnant in November, suggesting a southern cycle. In New South Wales, Little Long-fingered Bats share maternity colonies and cluster with much greater numbers of the Australian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus orianae oceanensis), benefitting from this larger species’ ability to increase roost temperatures from metabolic heat. Temperature at the roost can be as high as 39°C, which favors growth of altricial young. As in other Miniopterus , young Little Longfingered Bats are born naked and blind, and they fledge at c.7 weeks of age. Females do not get pregnantin their first year of life in New South Wales, but in Borneo, they can breed in the first year.	The Little Long-fingered Bat begins activity ¢.20 minutes before sunset in Vanuatu , flying inside the roost first. Emergence begins c.10 minutes before sunset and lasts ¢.20 minutes, leaving at a rate of ¢.120-150 ind/minute. Large numbers of individuals return to the roost at ¢.02:00 h. In Vanuatu , Little Long-fingered Bats are active year-round, but in subtropical habitats at the southern limit of the distribution in New South Wales, they decrease activity significantly during austral winter (July-August) and are torpid only on the coldest days. In contrast, other less tropical species—like the Australian Long-fingered Bat—in the same area, with which they share roosts, show a more intense hibernation. In addition to caves, mines, and tunnels, Little Long-fingered Bats use tree cavities as roosts. Little Long-fingered Bats are occasionally found in houses and other artificial roosts (not totally dark) and culverts in New Caledonia . Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with end frequency slightly above 50 kHz in New Caledonia .	It is said that the Little Long-fingered Bat can migrate, but the longest movement recorded—made by two females between nursery roost and another secondary roost—was 60 km in New South Wales . Very large maternity colonies with ¢.100,000 individuals are known in Borneo and Queensland (Mount Etna Cave), but figures ofless than 10,000 females are more common. After the breeding season, a colony disperses to secondary roosts located within its territory. In Borneo, another type of social organization has been described. Little Long-fingered Bats are distributed inside the cave in small groups of less than ten individuals in erosion holes. These groups are considered harems because they are composed of one male and up to six females. This structure is maintained throughout the year, from the breeding period to reproductive inactivity. Groups are not stable in terms of composition or in their use of particular erosion holes in the cave. Little Long-fingered Bats often share roost with other cave-dwelling bats such as species of Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, or other Miniopterus .	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	Bonaccorso (1998) | Churchill (2008) | Dwyer (1968) | Furman, Oztung & Coraman (2010) | Harada & Kobayashi (1980) | Hughes etal. (2011) | Kirsch et al. (2002) | Kitchener & Suyanto (2002) | Medway (1971) | Payne et al. (2007) | Phillipps & Phillipps (2016) | Revilliod (1914) | Rhodes (2002) | Richardson (1977) | Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Pennay et al. (2008) | Sanborn & Nicholson (1950) | Schulz (1997b) | Sramek etal. (2013) | Suyanto & Struebig (2007) | Tomes (1858a) | Vestjens & Hall (1977) | Wiantoro et al. (2017)	https://zenodo.org/record/5735234/files/figure.png	11. Little Long-fingered Bat Miniopterus australis French: Minioptére australasien / German: Kleine Australische Langfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Miniéptero australiano Other common names: Little Bent-winged Bat Taxonomy. Miniopteris [sic] australis Tomes, 1858 , Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands , New Caledonia . Miniopterus australis is in the australis complex, which once grouped all small species of Miniopterus from Asia, Australia , and Melanesia. This complex is now split, and most of taxa considered as subspecies of M. australis are now considered valid species ( M. macrocneme , M. paululus , M. pusillus , and M. shortridger). Taxonomic status of the complex is still not completely resolved and requires an in-depth genetic study of its components. Placement of populations from Borneo, Sulawesi , and Ambon in relation to M. paululus and M. pusillus is especially confusing. Available mtDNA sequences indicate that populations of Vanuatu and Australia are quite differentiated from each other, and several subspecies will probably be recognized in the future. Monotypic. Distribution. Borneo, Sulawesi , Moluccas (Bacan, Seram, and Ambon Is), Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo I), Admiralty Is ( Manus I), Bismarck Archipelago ( New Britain I), Louisiade Archipelago (Trobriand and Woodlark Is), Solomon Is, Vanuatu , New Caledonia (including Loyalty Is), and E coast of Australia from Cape York to N New South Wales (including Possession, Magnetic, and Bribie Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-48 mm, tail 38-50 mm, ear 8-5-12 mm, hindfoot 6-5-9 mm, forearm 35-41 mm; weight 5-6-5 g. Pelage of the Little Long-fingered Bat is uniform chocolate-brown to dark brown on dorsum,slightly lighter on venter. It occasionally has large reddish patches due to ammonia effect on pelage in large nursery colonies. Ears are short, and tragus (3-2—-6-3 mm) has parallel edges on basal one-half, strong forward curvature on distal one-half, and serrated upper margin. Skin of muzzle, ears, wings, forearms, and hindfeet is dark brown. The Little Long-fingered Bat is smaller than the Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bat ( M. macrocneme ) and the Small Long-fingered Bat ( M. pusillus ) and somewhat larger than the Philippine Longfingered Bat ( M. paululus ) and Shortridge’s Long-fingered Bat (M. shortridger). Diploid number is 2n = 46 ( Sabah , Borneo). Habitat. Subtropical rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyllous forests, coastal forests, river and coastal scrubs, and human settlements from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1500 m . The Little Long-fingered Bat is cave dwelling, and although it is more common in limestone areas, it is less strict than other species of Miniopterus in terms of roost selection. In Australia , it roosts near extensive areas of relatively dense vegetation. A colony of ¢.30 individuals was found in a large hollow in a 30m soapy box tree ( Citronella moorei, Cardiopteridaceae ) in Australia . Food and Feeding. The Little Long-fingered Bat is an aerial hawker, foraging mainly in open spaces. Nevertheless, it has a relatively low wing loading (5-8 N/m?) that allows it to fly rapidly and with considerable maneuverability between shrub and canopy layers of densely wooded areas. Nematoceranflies, ants, moths, and wasps were found in three stomachs from specimens in Papua New Guinea and Australia . Breeding. Reproductive cycle ofthe Little Long-fingered Bat has been studied in several areas within its wide distribution. It was always seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per pregnancy and synchronization of births within each population. Delayed implantation has not been found at any latitude, but in different places, reproductive cycle has some peculiarities. In northern New South Wales at the southern limit ofits distribution ( 28°30 °-31° S), a silent heat (ovulation without fertilization and prior to behavioral estrus and insemination) occurs in April. Males have spermatogenesis from April to the end ofJuly and store sperm in epididymides from mid-May to mid-September. Copulatory behavioris first noted at the end ofJuly with conception occurring in mid-August, and implantation occurs within a month. Births occur in December. In Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu ( 15°15 S ), copulation takes place from mid-August to the beginning of September, and gestation lasts c.4 months until mid-December. In New Caledonia ( 21° S ), cycle is delayed c.1 month with respect to Vanuatu . In all these cases, cycle is adjusted to austral seasonality. In Borneo ( 4° N ), with little variation in daylength but already in the Northern Hemisphere, apparently the cycle is boreal, with ovulation in the first one-half of December and births in late April and early May after a pregnancy of c.5 months. In this case, gestation and births of Little Long-fingered Bats coincide with nesting of most birds that feed their young with insects. It has been suggested that a period of post-implantation delay is responsible for extended gestation in Borneo compared with other places. In Sulawesi (Mangolo Reserve, 4° S ) in the Southern Hemisphere, two of three females were pregnant in November, suggesting a southern cycle. In New South Wales, Little Long-fingered Bats share maternity colonies and cluster with much greater numbers of the Australian Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus orianae oceanensis), benefitting from this larger species’ ability to increase roost temperatures from metabolic heat. Temperature at the roost can be as high as 39°C, which favors growth of altricial young. As in other Miniopterus , young Little Longfingered Bats are born naked and blind, and they fledge at c.7 weeks of age. Females do not get pregnantin their first year of life in New South Wales, but in Borneo, they can breed in the first year. Activity patterns. The Little Long-fingered Bat begins activity ¢.20 minutes before sunset in Vanuatu , flying inside the roost first. Emergence begins c.10 minutes before sunset and lasts ¢.20 minutes, leaving at a rate of ¢.120-150 ind/minute. Large numbers of individuals return to the roost at ¢.02:00 h. In Vanuatu , Little Long-fingered Bats are active year-round, but in subtropical habitats at the southern limit of the distribution in New South Wales, they decrease activity significantly during austral winter (July-August) and are torpid only on the coldest days. In contrast, other less tropical species—like the Australian Long-fingered Bat—in the same area, with which they share roosts, show a more intense hibernation. In addition to caves, mines, and tunnels, Little Long-fingered Bats use tree cavities as roosts. Little Long-fingered Bats are occasionally found in houses and other artificial roosts (not totally dark) and culverts in New Caledonia . Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with end frequency slightly above 50 kHz in New Caledonia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. It is said that the Little Long-fingered Bat can migrate, but the longest movement recorded—made by two females between nursery roost and another secondary roost—was 60 km in New South Wales . Very large maternity colonies with ¢.100,000 individuals are known in Borneo and Queensland (Mount Etna Cave), but figures ofless than 10,000 females are more common. After the breeding season, a colony disperses to secondary roosts located within its territory. In Borneo, another type of social organization has been described. Little Long-fingered Bats are distributed inside the cave in small groups of less than ten individuals in erosion holes. These groups are considered harems because they are composed of one male and up to six females. This structure is maintained throughout the year, from the breeding period to reproductive inactivity. Groups are not stable in terms of composition or in their use of particular erosion holes in the cave. Little Long-fingered Bats often share roost with other cave-dwelling bats such as species of Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, or other Miniopterus . Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Dwyer (1968), Furman, Oztung & Coraman (2010), Harada & Kobayashi (1980), Hughes etal. (2011), Kirsch et al. (2002), Kitchener & Suyanto (2002), Medway (1971), Payne et al. (2007), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Revilliod (1914), Rhodes (2002), Richardson (1977), Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Pennay et al. (2008), Sanborn & Nicholson (1950), Schulz (1997b), Sramek etal. (2013), Suyanto & Struebig (2007), Tomes (1858a), Vestjens & Hall (1977), Wiantoro et al. (2017).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus australis	Miniopterus		australis	Tomes	1858	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1860:05:00	Little Long-fingered Bat	<b> solomonensis </b>Maeda, 1982;<b> tibialis </b>Tomes, 1858.	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21&deg;S, 167&deg;03&#39E) (France).	Philippines, Borneo, Java, Timor, Moluccas, southeast to Vanuatu and E Australia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989 a ), Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus , shortridgei ). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi , referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Miniopterus australis	23	Little Long-fingered Bat	Little Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MINIOPTERIDAE	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	australis	Tomes	1858	0	Miniopteris_australis	Tomes, R. F. (1858). A monograph of the genus Miniopteris. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1858, 125.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100585#page/177/mode/1up	BM 1854.5.19.5 [lectotype]		Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.			australis (Tomes, 1858)|tibialis (Tomes, 1858)|solomonensis Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.	Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|Papua New Guinea|Australia|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_australis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_australis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13562	Miniopterus australis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MINIOPTERIDAE	Miniopterus	australis	Tommes, 1858	Members of the Old World genus Miniopterus are among the most abundant bats in many parts of the Old World but they are extremely conservative in body form and ecology. Many species have been thought to have large geographic ranges, sometimes spanning multiple biogeographic regions of the world, but a different pattern has emerged from recent molecular studies that suggest higher species richness and patterns of regional endemicity (Appleton et al. 2004, Tian et al. 2004). There have been few other efforts to apply modern taxonomic methods using genetic markers to Miniopterus across South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia, and consequently field identifications and museum labels for the entire regional group remain questionable. A genome-scale molecular systematic examination underway of the entire genus in this region has indicated that the current taxonomic arrangement of this regional assemblage is a poor approximation of the true diversity and phylogenetic structure of the group (S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). This study is providing: 1) an overall phylogenetic perspective of the major lineages of Indo-Australasian Miniopterus and a genetic framework for reassessing the species and their geographic boundaries, 2) resolution of most issues of nomenclature given the available species-level and subspecific names, and 3) development of reliable diagnostic tools to facilitate accurate species determinations in the future and to retrospectively identify specimens in museum collections. Until the various components of the work are published, the assessment of the conservation status of all South East Asian, Australasian and Melanesian Miniopterus should be regarded as highly preliminary. In the case of Miniopterus australis , the type locality is the ‘Loyalty Islands’ (= New Caledonia and adjacent smaller islands) but this name is applied widely to populations of small-sized Miniopterus spread across island South East Asia, Australasia and Melanesia. Available molecular data suggest that several populations referred to ‘australis ’ from across its range are each well-differentiated and likely to represent distinct species (Appleton et al. 2004, S. Wiantoro and K.N. Armstrong in prep.). Until the necessary taxonomic work has been completed, the entire group is assessed as one entity under the name Miniopterus australis .	200000000	Miniopterus australis	Least Concern		2021	2019-06-30 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because of its apparently broad distribution, use of a broad range of habitats for foraging (including agricultural and disturbed areas), presumed large population size, and because specific key threats have not been identified that are thought to endanger a significant proportion of the population or a particular geographic group that might represent a distinct taxon.	This species roosts in colonies in caves and tunnels, stormwater drains, and sometimes buildings. There have been observations of occasional roosts in tree hollows ( e.g. in New South Wales, Churchill 2008). It forages for insects in rainforest, vine thicket Melaleuca swamps, coastal forest, and wet anddry sclerophyll forests (Bonaccorso 1998, Churchill 2008, Hoye and Hall 2008). In the Philippines, the species is dependent on caves (Heaney et al. 1998, Esselstyn et al. 2004) where it forages over the canopy in secondary and primary lowland areas, including agricultural areas (Taylor 1934, Sanborn 1952, Heaney et al. 1991, Rickart et al. 1993, Lepiten 1995). Captures in harp traps placed in along creekbeds (including creeks not flowing) have shown that they also fly below the canopy in closed forests in Timor-Leste and Australia (K.N. Armstrong unpublished), and foraging beneath the canopy has also been reported in Papua New Guinea (Bonaccorso 1998). The species may migrate seasonally. In Australia, they congregate in the summer months to form maternity colonies, and disperse again in winter. Mating in Australia begins in July, and implantation may be delayed, with females birthing a single young in December. In the southern part of their range in Australia, bats may go into shallow hibernation, where they rouse frequently throughout the season to forage. They sometimes congregate with other species of Miniopterus , and the warm conditions in these shared cave roosts allows them to extend their southern extent in Australia. They eat mostly beetles, moths and flies, but spiders can also make up close to a third of their diet (Churchill 2008). Across their range, the characteristic frequency of their echolocation calls is between c. 52–60 kHz (Reinhold et al. 2001, Armstrong and Aplin 2011, Pennay and Lavery 2017).	Across its range there are various activities that threaten the integrity of roost sites and disturb colonies, including limestone quarrying, land modification associated with other mining activity, and guano mining. If caves are left intact, individuals may reoccupy roosts when disturbances cease, but in most cases, there is too little information on the size of colonies and long-term trends in colony size to justify an assumption that some disturbances are temporary and have no effect. The removal of natural forest habitat also reduces the foraging habitat of this and other Miniopterus species.	It is generally a common species. Maternity colonies of thousands of individuals may be encountered (Flannery 1995). In the Philippines, the species is common in habitat with caves (Heaney et al. 1998). It is also common in Sabah and elsewhere in Indonesia. The largest summer breeding colony at Mt Etna in Australia in a limestone cave has been estimated at over 100,000 individuals, which is estimated as 80% of the breeding population in Australia. Similar-sized colonies in the tens of thousands have also been reported in New Britain (Smith and Hood 1981) and Borneo (Payne et al. 1985).	Stable	This apparently widespread single species ranges from the Philippines through the island of Java (Indonesia), Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia), Sulawesi (Indonesia), Timor (Timor-Leste and Indonesia), the Moluccan Islands (Indonesia), the Aru Islands (Indonesia), the island of New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), the Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia to eastern Australia, including several Torres Strait Islands. It occurs throughout the Philippines except Babuyan/Batanes group with specimens recorded from Bongao, Bohol, Capiz, Catanduanes, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon (Bulacan, Kalinga (Heaney et al. 2005), and Rizal provinces), Mindanao (Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao, and Zamboanga del Norte provinces), Negros, Panay, Polillo, and Siquijor (Heaney et al. 1998) being found from sea level to about 925 m asl (Heaney et al. 1998, Esselstyn et al. 2004, Heaney et al. 2005). The species has also been recorded from Samar (J. C. Gonzales pers. comm. 2006), Cebu (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006) and on Isarog at 1,450 m a.s.l. (J. Sedlock unpublished data). It ranges from sea level up to 2,800 m a.s.l. in New Guinea based on both capture and acoustic records (Bonaccorso 1998; Armstrong and Aplin 2011, 2014). A more accurate view of distribution will be derived from future taxonomic studies.		Terrestrial	A common assumption for common and widespread species is that they are secure, and that adequate numbers occur in multiple protected areas. For species of Miniopterus that congregate seasonally to breed, a single catastrophic event can remove a significant fraction of a regional population. In addition, insidious processes and minor disturbances can function to cause declines both at breeding roosts and other areas where bats are present seasonally. Effective protection and strategic management of known roost sites, especially of the largest colonies, should be a priority for government land managers, ideally working with local authorities and communities. Broader-reaching policies that take steps to protect ever-dwindling natural forests and restrict the use of chemicals in agricultural areas will also help this species persist. In environmental impact assessments, so-called ‘localised effects’ may in fact have regional consequences, given the number and spatial extent of suitable protected caves available for colonies, particularly large seasonal breeding congregations. Assessments of the risk of developments to known large colonies therefore need to be informed by the broader context of habitat available for the species. The conservation status of all small Miniopterus needs reassessment in the light of new taxonomic and distributional information.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		australis	Tomes	1858	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1860:05:00	Little Long-fingered Bat	<b> solomonensis </b>Maeda, 1982;<b> tibialis </b>Tomes, 1858.	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21&deg;S, 167&deg;03&#39E) (France).	Philippines, Borneo, Java, Timor, Moluccas, southeast to Vanuatu and E Australia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989 a ), Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus , shortridgei ). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi , referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).	Miniopterus australis	1005105	23	Little Long-fingered Bat	Little Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	australis	Tomes	1858	0	Miniopteris_australis	Tomes, R. F. (1858). A monograph of the genus Miniopteris. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1858, 125.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100585#page/177/mode/1up	BM 1854.5.19.5 [lectotype]		Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.			australis (Tomes, 1858)|tibialis (Tomes, 1858)|solomonensis Maeda, 1982	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|Papua New Guinea|Australia|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_australis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_australis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Miniopterus_australis	1005105	23	Little Long-fingered Bat	Little Bent-winged Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Miniopteridae	NA	NA	Miniopterus	NA	australis	Tomes	0	Miniopteris Australis	Tomes, R.F. 1858-05-13. A monograph of the genus _Miniopteris_. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1858:115-128.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32271623	BMNH:Mamm:1854.5.19.5	lectotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/292780af-844a-4d7e-a702-393f5e4171e3	Lifu Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.	-21	167.05	moved from Vespertilionidae to Miniopteridae	Miller-Butterworth, C. M., Murphy, W. J., O'Brien, S. J., Jacobs, D. S., Springer, M. S., & Teeling, E. C. (2007). A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(7), 1553-1561.				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|Papua New Guinea|Australia|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Miniopterus_australis	0	sciname match	Miniopterus_australis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Miniopteridae	Miniopterus		australis	Tomes	1858	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1860:05:00	Little Long-fingered Bat	solomonensis Maeda, 1982; tibialis Tomes, 1858.	New Caledonia, Loyalty Isls, Lifu (21&deg;S, 167&deg;03&#39E) (France).	Philippines, Borneo, Java, Timor, Moluccas, southeast to Vanuatu and E Australia.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13562/209528942/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed by Peterson (1981), Maeda (1982), Hill (1983), Koopman (1989a), Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998), but note that these authors included taxa now considered to be distinct species (i.e., paululus, shortridgei). Revised by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002), who recognized but did not name an additional subspecies from Kai Isl. Does not include witkampi, referred to paululus by Kitchener and Suyanto (2002).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Miniopterus australis; Miniopterus australis; Miniopterus australis; Miniopterus australis; Miniopterus australis; Miniopterus australis; australis; solomonensis; tibialis; solomonensis; tibialis; australis; tibialis; solomonensis; Minioptére australasien; Kleine Australische Langfligelfledermaus; Miniépteroaustraliano; Little Bent-winged Bat; Little Long-fingered Bat; Little Bent-winged Bat; Little Long-fingered Bat; Little Long-fingered Bat; M. australis