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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L611	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris melanops		[MSW3] Subgenus Melonycteris. Reviewed by Flannery (1993b); also see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Melonycteris melanops Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “New Ireland.” Melonycteris does not include Nesonycteris based on high degree of morphological distinctions, including distinct dentition and relatively high degree of genetic differentation. The two genera have traditionally been included in Macroglossinae , but genetic data place them as basal members of Pteropodinae. They are generally considered closely related to Notopteris , but latest phylogenetic studies indicate that Melonycteris and Nesonycteris are sister to Pteropus and allies. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [IUCN] Generic synonym = Nesonycteris .; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).						alboscapulatus.			alboscapulatus			melanops 	melanops - alboscapulatus	melanops, alboscapulatus	Generic synonym = Nesonycteris .	melanops 	melanops - alboscapulatus	melanops, alboscapulatus	alboscapulata, melanops	melanops	melanops - alboscapulatus	alboscapulata (Ramsay, 1877)|melanops Dobson, 1877		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Black-bellied fruit bat	E New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Melonycteris melanops	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., "Duke of York Isl."	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:119.	Distribution: As for subgenus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Black-bellied fruit bat	Bismarck Arch., New Guinea?	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:119.		Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable.	Given by Anderson (1912:790) as "New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl." (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.).		DOBSON	1877	Size relatively large (forearm length, 57-63 mm). Ventral fur nearly black, strongly contrasting with dorsum.	Distribution: As for subgenus.	No subspecies.		39	species	M. melanops	DOBSON	1877	Melonycteris	subgenus	Melonycteris melanops				Size relatively large (forearm length, 57-63 mm). Ventral fur nearly black, strongly contrasting with dorsum.	No subspecies.		1. M. melanops DOBSON 1877.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris	Melonycteris	melanops	Dobson		1877		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1877		119		Black-bellied Fruit Bat	Given by Andersen (1912:790) as "New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl." (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.).	Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable (Flannery, 1993b).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877.	Subgenus Melonycteris. Reviewed by Flannery (1993b); also see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFF83F6628C6F3C5FFDF5F810	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	129	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF83F6628C6F3C5FFDF5F810.xml	Melonycteris melanops	Pteropodidae	Melonycteris	melanops	Dobson	1877	Mélonyctére a ventre noir @fr | Schwarzbauch-Blitenflughund @de | Melonicterio de vientre cenizo @es | Bismarck Blossom Bat @en | Black-bellied Bat @en | Black-bellied Fruit Bat @en	Melonycteris melanops Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “New Ireland.” Melonycteris does not include Nesonycteris based on high degree of morphological distinctions, including distinct dentition and relatively high degree of genetic differentation. The two genera have traditionally been included in Macroglossinae , but genetic data place them as basal members of Pteropodinae. They are generally considered closely related to Notopteris , but latest phylogenetic studies indicate that Melonycteris and Nesonycteris are sister to Pteropus and allies. Monotypic.	Bismarck Archipelago ( New Ireland , Duke of York, Mioko, New Britain , Tolokiwa, Umboi, and Dyaul Is); probably also on Sakar and Lavongai Is.	Head-body 78- 1-110 mm (tailless), ear 13- 7-19 mm , hindfoot 13— 24 mm , forearm 50-68- 3 mm ; weight 31- 5-63 g . Males average larger than females in weight and lengths of ear, forearm, and hindfoot. The Black-bellied Blossom Bat has distinctive orange back; black belly; bright pinkish/orangish blotching on skin of feet, head, and wing membranes; and long papillae-tipped tongue to collect nectar. Head is long, with elongated rostrum and tubular divergent nostrils. Ears are relatively short, elongated, and pointed attips; eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Pelage has unique reverse countershading, because ventral pelage is darker than dorsal pelage. Dorsum and crown of head are bright reddish orange; venter, face, and throat are black. Shoulders have distinctive white spot that occasionally extends onto ears and back of head. Claws are black proximally, with white tips. Uropatagium and calcar are highly reduced; uropatagium is only small strip along inner leg. Skull has elongated rostrum, with long infraorbital canal (as in Notopteris ); males have larger sagittal crest than females. Dental formula is12/2, C1/1,P 3/3. M 2/5 (x2) = 34. Incisors are minute; P? is aboutfive timessize of P'; and molars and premolars are largely reduced and elongated compared with other pteropodids.	Primarily disturbed and secondary forests, gardens, banana and cocoa plantations, and rarely primary forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Blackbellied Blossom Bats seem to thrive in human-associated environments with very abundant food. They have been found at higher densities in cultivated banana plantations than in wild banana stands in primary forests. Day roosts are primarily in foliage (particularly dry banana leaves), but they have been found in rocky outcrops.	Black-bellied Blossom Bats are nectarivorous, feeding on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, especially Musa ( Musaceae ) and cocoa (Theo broma cacao, Malvaceae ) in plantations. They eat soft fruits in captivity. They usually land on or near a flower and use their long papillae-tipped tongue to extract nectar while also getting pollen on their fur to groom off later.	Black-bellied Blossom Bats probably produce two litters/year, with one young/litter. Lactating and pregnant females are found in two major peaks, suggesting that births occur in June-July and December—January.	Black-bellied Blossom Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting during the day. At night, they spend less than 36% of their time flying while foraging; rest of the night is spent feeding at flowers. Mean flight times were 20-8-30-7 seconds between food sources, and individuals made 69-99 flights in the span of two hours. Black-bellied Blossom Bats have very low metabolic rates for a mammal of its size. They do not seem to enter torpor often, but their body temperature tends to decrease slightly as ambient temperatures decrease.	The Black-bellied Blossom Bat is highly territorial and generally found roosting alone rather than in any form of group other than female-young pairs. Roosting sites are generally less than 100 m away from foraging sites, although young roosted as much as 400 m away from their important foraging area. Home ranges are 0-5-9-2 ha, and core feeding areas have 1-9 trees with active florescence. Adults of the same sex never invade each other home ranges, but individuals of the opposite sex can have considerable overlap in home ranges and foraging times. Because they maintain relatively large home ranges, young often have not established a home range and either wait to find a vacant area or fight and claim another individual’s home range.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackbellied Blossom Bat is considered relatively common throughout its distribution. It faces no major threats, especially because it is so tolerant and even thrives in humanaltered habitats. Native people on New Ireland call them “Amanda Arahwak,” which means “poison bat,” coming from lore that if their call is heard, a poisoner (or sorcerer) is nearby.	Andersen (1912b) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Bonaccorso, Helgen, Allison & Hamilton (2008) | Bonaccorso, Winkelmann & Byrnes (2005) | Flannery (1993, 1995a) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | McNab & Bonaccorso (2001) | Pulvers & Colgan (2007)		124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat Melonycteris melanops French: Mélonyctére a ventre noir / German: Schwarzbauch-Blitenflughund / Spanish: Melonicterio de vientre cenizo Other common names: Bismarck Blossom Bat , Black-bellied Bat , Black-bellied Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Melonycteris melanops Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “New Ireland.” Melonycteris does not include Nesonycteris based on high degree of morphological distinctions, including distinct dentition and relatively high degree of genetic differentation. The two genera have traditionally been included in Macroglossinae , but genetic data place them as basal members of Pteropodinae. They are generally considered closely related to Notopteris , but latest phylogenetic studies indicate that Melonycteris and Nesonycteris are sister to Pteropus and allies. Monotypic. Distribution. Bismarck Archipelago ( New Ireland , Duke of York, Mioko, New Britain , Tolokiwa, Umboi, and Dyaul Is); probably also on Sakar and Lavongai Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 78- 1-110 mm (tailless), ear 13- 7-19 mm , hindfoot 13— 24 mm , forearm 50-68- 3 mm ; weight 31- 5-63 g . Males average larger than females in weight and lengths of ear, forearm, and hindfoot. The Black-bellied Blossom Bat has distinctive orange back; black belly; bright pinkish/orangish blotching on skin of feet, head, and wing membranes; and long papillae-tipped tongue to collect nectar. Head is long, with elongated rostrum and tubular divergent nostrils. Ears are relatively short, elongated, and pointed attips; eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Pelage has unique reverse countershading, because ventral pelage is darker than dorsal pelage. Dorsum and crown of head are bright reddish orange; venter, face, and throat are black. Shoulders have distinctive white spot that occasionally extends onto ears and back of head. Claws are black proximally, with white tips. Uropatagium and calcar are highly reduced; uropatagium is only small strip along inner leg. Skull has elongated rostrum, with long infraorbital canal (as in Notopteris ); males have larger sagittal crest than females. Dental formula is12/2, C1/1,P 3/3. M 2/5 (x2) = 34. Incisors are minute; P? is aboutfive timessize of P'; and molars and premolars are largely reduced and elongated compared with other pteropodids. Habitat. Primarily disturbed and secondary forests, gardens, banana and cocoa plantations, and rarely primary forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Blackbellied Blossom Bats seem to thrive in human-associated environments with very abundant food. They have been found at higher densities in cultivated banana plantations than in wild banana stands in primary forests. Day roosts are primarily in foliage (particularly dry banana leaves), but they have been found in rocky outcrops. Food and Feeding. Black-bellied Blossom Bats are nectarivorous, feeding on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, especially Musa ( Musaceae ) and cocoa (Theo broma cacao, Malvaceae ) in plantations. They eat soft fruits in captivity. They usually land on or near a flower and use their long papillae-tipped tongue to extract nectar while also getting pollen on their fur to groom off later. Breeding. Black-bellied Blossom Bats probably produce two litters/year, with one young/litter. Lactating and pregnant females are found in two major peaks, suggesting that births occur in June-July and December—January. Activity patterns. Black-bellied Blossom Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting during the day. At night, they spend less than 36% of their time flying while foraging; rest of the night is spent feeding at flowers. Mean flight times were 20-8-30-7 seconds between food sources, and individuals made 69-99 flights in the span of two hours. Black-bellied Blossom Bats have very low metabolic rates for a mammal of its size. They do not seem to enter torpor often, but their body temperature tends to decrease slightly as ambient temperatures decrease. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black-bellied Blossom Bat is highly territorial and generally found roosting alone rather than in any form of group other than female-young pairs. Roosting sites are generally less than 100 m away from foraging sites, although young roosted as much as 400 m away from their important foraging area. Home ranges are 0-5-9-2 ha, and core feeding areas have 1-9 trees with active florescence. Adults of the same sex never invade each other home ranges, but individuals of the opposite sex can have considerable overlap in home ranges and foraging times. Because they maintain relatively large home ranges, young often have not established a home range and either wait to find a vacant area or fight and claim another individual’s home range. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackbellied Blossom Bat is considered relatively common throughout its distribution. It faces no major threats, especially because it is so tolerant and even thrives in humanaltered habitats. Native people on New Ireland call them “Amanda Arahwak,” which means “poison bat,” coming from lore that if their call is heard, a poisoner (or sorcerer) is nearby. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso, Helgen, Allison & Hamilton (2008), Bonaccorso, Winkelmann & Byrnes (2005), Flannery (1993, 1995a), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), McNab & Bonaccorso (2001), Pulvers & Colgan (2007).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Melonycteris melanops	Melonycteris		melanops	Dobson	1877	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:59:00	Black-bellied Fruit Bat	 alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877.	Given by Andersen (1912:790) as "New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl." (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.)	Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable (Flannery, 1993)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Melonycteris melanops	23	Black-bellied Blossom Bat	Bismarck Blossom Bat|Black-bellied Bat|Black-bellied Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	MELONYCTERINI	Melonycteris	NA	melanops	Dobson	1877	0	Melonycteris_melanops	Dobson, G. E. (1877). On a collection of Chiroptera from Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent parts of New Ireland and New Britain. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1877, 119.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90436#page/177/mode/1up	BM 1877.7.18.10		"Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "New Ireland."			melanops Dobson, 1877|alboscapulatus (Ramsay, 1877)	NA	NA	Papua New Guinea	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Melonycteris_melanops	0	sciname match	Melonycteris_melanops	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13139	Melonycteris melanops	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Melonycteris	melanops	Dobson, 1877	Generic synonym = Nesonycteris .	20000000	Melonycteris melanops	Least Concern		2021	2021-07-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is common throughout the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea where it is frequently found in modified habitats including food gardens, plantations, village edges, disturbed and secondary forests. It faces no major threats and appears to thrive in human altered habitats (Bonnacorso 1998, Lavery 2019).	This species roosts in foliage typically less than 100 m from feeding areas. It feeds on the nectar and pollen of flowering plants, especially banana and cacao plants and is found in high densities in gardens and plantations with abundant food sources. It appears to be rare in primary tropical forest. Females are believed to give birth to a single pup twice per year in June-July and December-January (Lavery 2019, Bonnacorso et al. 2005).	The species faces no major threats, and the population is stable or possibly increasing given its apparent preference for gardens and plantations.	It is a commonly found species and total population size is likely to well exceed 10,000 mature individuals across its range. The species roosts individually and is highly territorial defending small home ranges (0.5–9.2 ha) containing 1-9 flowering trees from other adults of the same sex (Lavery 2019). The population is likely to be stable or increasing.	Stable	This species has been recorded in the islands of the Bismarck archipelago of Papua New Guinea including New Ireland, Duke of York, Mioko, New Britain, Tolokiwa, Umboi and Dyual islands. It is found from sea level to 1,600 m elevation.	The species is not known to be hunted, used, or traded.	Terrestrial	There are no recommended conservation measures for this species.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Melonycteris		melanops	Dobson	1877	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:59:00	Black-bellied Fruit Bat	 alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877.	Given by Andersen (1912:790) as "New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl." (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.)	Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable (Flannery, 1993)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Melonycteris melanops	1004431	23	Black-bellied Blossom Bat	Bismarck Blossom Bat|Black-bellied Bat|Black-bellied Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	MELONYCTERINI	Melonycteris	NA	melanops	Dobson	1877	0	Melonycteris_melanops	Dobson, G. E. (1877). On a collection of Chiroptera from Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent parts of New Ireland and New Britain. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1877, 119.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90436#page/177/mode/1up	BM 1877.7.18.10		"Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "New Ireland."			melanops Dobson, 1877|alboscapulatus (Ramsay, 1877)	NA	NA				Papua New Guinea	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Melonycteris_melanops	0	sciname match	Melonycteris_melanops	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Melonycteris_melanops	1004431	23	Black-bellied Blossom Bat	Bismarck Blossom Bat|Black-bellied Bat|Black-bellied Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Melonycterini	Melonycteris	NA	melanops	Dobson	0	Melonycteris melanops	Dobson, G.E. 1877-06. On a collection of Chiroptera from Duke-Of-York Island and adjacent parts of New Ireland and New Britain. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1877(1):114-123.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28510687	BMNH:Mamm:1877.7.18.10	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/cc3f510d-8cd9-43cc-9852-8dad6074eece	"Duke-of-York Island and the adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "New Ireland."			NA	NA				Papua New Guinea	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Melonycteris_melanops	0	sciname match	Melonycteris_melanops	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Melonycteris		melanops	Dobson	1877	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:59:00	Black-bellied Fruit Bat	alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877.	Given by Andersen (1912:790) as "New Ireland, coast adjacent to Duke of York Isl." (Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.)	Bismarck Arch.; a New Guinea record is highly questionable (Flannery, 1993)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13139/21977021/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed by Flannery (1993); also see Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Melonycteris melanops; Melonycteris melanops; Melonycteris melanops; Melonycteris melanops; Melonycteris melanops; Melonycteris melanops; alboscapulatus; alboscapulatus; melanops; alboscapulatus; Mélonyctére a ventre noir; Schwarzbauch-Blitenflughund; Melonicterio de vientre cenizo; Bismarck Blossom Bat; Black-bellied Bat; Black-bellied Fruit Bat; Black-bellied Blossom Bat; Bismarck Blossom Bat; Black-bellied Bat; Black-bellied Fruit Bat; Black-bellied Fruit Bat; Black-bellied Fruit Bat; M. melanops