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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L602	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus californicus		[MSW2] For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974:26, 34) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Reviewed as a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a).; [MSW3] For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a) and Hall (1981).; [HMW] Macrotus californicus S. F. Baird, 1858 , “Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California ,” 1JSA. For a long time, M. californicus was considered a subspecies of M. waterhousii . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] For a comparison with waterhousii , see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969 a ) and Hall (1981).; [IUCN] Considered by some authors to be a subspecies of waterhousii .; [batnames2023] For a comparison with waterhousii , see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969 a ) and Hall (1981).; [batnames2025_1.7] For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a) and Hall (1981).					(in M. waterhousiiT)									californicus	Considered by some authors to be a subspecies of waterhousii .			californicus	californicus			californicus S. F. Baird, 1858		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	California leaf-nosed bat	S California, S Nevada, Arizona, NW Mexico	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Macrotus californicus	U.S.A., California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.	Baird	1858	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10:116.	Distribution: Confined to the southwestern United States, northwestern and northeastern Mexico.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	California leaf-nosed bat	S California, S Nevada, Arizona, NW Mexico; ; ref. 4.40	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Baird	1858	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10:116.	For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974:26, 34) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Reviewed as a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a).	N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico) to S Nevada, S California (USA); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.		BAIRD	1858	Postorbital constriction relatively narrow (3.3-3.8 mm). Size fairly large (forearm length, 48-52 mm; condylobasal length, 19-21 mm).	Distribution: Confined to the southwestern United States, northwestern and northeastern Mexico.	No subspecies.		74	species	M. californicus	BAIRD	1858	Macrotus	genus	Macrotus californicus				Postorbital constriction relatively narrow (3.3-3.8 mm). Size fairly large (forearm length, 48-52 mm; condylobasal length, 19-21 mm).	No subspecies.		1. M. californicus BAIRD 1858.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostominae		Macrotus californicus	Macrotus		californicus	Baird		1858		Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	10		116		Californian Leaf-nosed Bat	USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma.	N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico) north to S Nevada and S California (USA); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.		For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a) and Hall (1981).	03A687BCFFB4FFB413B6FDB3FDB6F8F6	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	489	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFB4FFB413B6FDB3FDB6F8F6.xml	Macrotus californicus	Phyllostomidae	Macrotus	californicus	S. F. Baird	1858	Macrotus de Californie @fr | Kalifornien-Gro Rohrblattnase @de | Macrotode California @es	Macrotus californicus S. F. Baird, 1858 , “Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California ,” 1JSA. For a long time, M. californicus was considered a subspecies of M. waterhousii . Monotypic.	SW USA (S California , S Nevada , and Arizona ) and NW Mexico (Baja California , Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa).	Head-body 82-102 mm, tail 27-44 mm, ear 23-27 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 44-53 mm; weight 11-15 g. Compared with many phyllostomids, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is medium-sized, with long, dense fur. Pelage varies from grayish to brownish gray; bases of hairs are pale. Snoutis narrow but not elongated, with short noseleaf (4-6 mm), horseshoe fused below nostrils, and cleft lower lip. Ears are notably long,joined at bases with membrane over forehead. Tragus is longer than noseleaf. Tail is long, with most of its length enclosed by well-developed uropatagium, and its tip protrudes beyond edge of this membrane. Calcar is relatively long. With short broad wings, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat can fly at low speeds using minimal energy. Because of this adaptation, it is not suited for long-distance travel and is non-migratory. Molars have distinctive (primitive) W-pattern. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34 for all species of Macrotus . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 or 46 and FN = 60, with 16 or 20 biarmed and 16 or 28 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is minute acrocentric.	Scrub habitats of Sonoran and Mojave deserts in the Colorado River Valley in southern California, Nevada, and Arizona and similar desert areas of western Mexico at elevations below 600 m (California) and up to ¢. 1300 m elsewhere.	Californian Leaf-nosed Bats mainly eat insects, especially Lepidoptera , Orthoptera , Coleoptera , and Odonata. Seeds have been found occasionally in feces. Many food items are insects that seldom fly, are flightless, or fly in the daytime, which provides strong evidence that it preys on insects that are on the ground or vegetation.	The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is considered polygynous and monoestrous, with delayed implantation. After breeding in autumn, embryos develop very slowly until March when growth continues at a more normal rate before birth in May-June. Twins are common.	The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging 1-4 hours after sundown and then retiring to a night roosting place; in early morning, its greatest activity seems to occur between 2-5 hours and 30 minutes before sunrise. Flight is slow and highly maneuverable. It does not hibernate. It roosts exclusively in caves, deserted mine tunnels, and deep grottos, usually within 10-25 m of tunnel entrances, and it does not seem to require dark retreats. Coolness influences selection of roosts, particularly in hot summers.	The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat forages in understories of riparian habitats, apparently moving no more than 10 km from roosts. During summer, most males form separate colonies close to female groups of ¢.100-500 individuals; however, a handful of dominant males stay within a female colony and maintain harems of 5-25 females and young.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is common and widely distributed.	Anderson (1969) | Barlow &Tamsitt (1968) | Davis & Baker (1974) | Hatfield (1937) | Nelson-Rees et al. (1968) | Simmons (2005) | Solari (2018a)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458604/files/figure.png	1. Californian Leat-nosed Bat Macrotus californicus French: Macrotus de Californie / German: Kalifornien-GroRohrblattnase / Spanish: Macroto de California Taxonomy. Macrotus californicus S. F. Baird, 1858 , “Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California ,” 1JSA. For a long time, M. californicus was considered a subspecies of M. waterhousii . Monotypic. Distribution. SW USA (S California , S Nevada , and Arizona ) and NW Mexico (Baja California , Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and N Sinaloa). Descriptive notes. Head-body 82-102 mm, tail 27-44 mm, ear 23-27 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 44-53 mm; weight 11-15 g. Compared with many phyllostomids, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is medium-sized, with long, dense fur. Pelage varies from grayish to brownish gray; bases of hairs are pale. Snoutis narrow but not elongated, with short noseleaf (4-6 mm), horseshoe fused below nostrils, and cleft lower lip. Ears are notably long,joined at bases with membrane over forehead. Tragus is longer than noseleaf. Tail is long, with most of its length enclosed by well-developed uropatagium, and its tip protrudes beyond edge of this membrane. Calcar is relatively long. With short broad wings, the Californian Leaf-nosed Bat can fly at low speeds using minimal energy. Because of this adaptation, it is not suited for long-distance travel and is non-migratory. Molars have distinctive (primitive) W-pattern. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 34 for all species of Macrotus . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 or 46 and FN = 60, with 16 or 20 biarmed and 16 or 28 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is minute acrocentric. Habitat. Scrub habitats of Sonoran and Mojave deserts in the Colorado River Valley in southern California, Nevada, and Arizona and similar desert areas of western Mexico at elevations below 600 m (California) and up to ¢. 1300 m elsewhere. Food and Feeding. Californian Leaf-nosed Bats mainly eat insects, especially Lepidoptera , Orthoptera , Coleoptera , and Odonata. Seeds have been found occasionally in feces. Many food items are insects that seldom fly, are flightless, or fly in the daytime, which provides strong evidence that it preys on insects that are on the ground or vegetation. Breeding. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is considered polygynous and monoestrous, with delayed implantation. After breeding in autumn, embryos develop very slowly until March when growth continues at a more normal rate before birth in May-June. Twins are common. Activity patterns. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging 1-4 hours after sundown and then retiring to a night roosting place; in early morning, its greatest activity seems to occur between 2-5 hours and 30 minutes before sunrise. Flight is slow and highly maneuverable. It does not hibernate. It roosts exclusively in caves, deserted mine tunnels, and deep grottos, usually within 10-25 m of tunnel entrances, and it does not seem to require dark retreats. Coolness influences selection of roosts, particularly in hot summers. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat forages in understories of riparian habitats, apparently moving no more than 10 km from roosts. During summer, most males form separate colonies close to female groups of ¢.100-500 individuals; however, a handful of dominant males stay within a female colony and maintain harems of 5-25 females and young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Californian Leaf-nosed Bat is common and widely distributed. Bibliography. Anderson (1969), Barlow &Tamsitt (1968), Davis & Baker (1974), Hatfield (1937), Nelson-Rees et al. (1968), Simmons (2005), Solari (2018a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Macrotus californicus	Macrotus		californicus	Baird	1858	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	0.4972	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma	S Nevada and S California (USA) south to N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico)	Not listed.	Least Concern	For a comparison with waterhousii , see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969 a ) and Hall (1981).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Macrotus californicus	23	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	MACROTINAE	NA	Macrotus	NA	californicus	S. F. Baird	1858	0	Macrotus_californicus	Baird, S. F. (1858). Description of a Phyllostome Bat from California, in The Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10, 116.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/34395/1858%20ansPhil%20V10%20%20bAIRD%20bAT%20116-117.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 2347		"Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California," USA.			californicus S. F. Baird, 1858	NA	NA	United States|Mexico	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Macrotus_californicus	0	sciname match	Macrotus_californicus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	12652	Macrotus californicus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Macrotus	californicus	Baird, 1858	Considered by some authors to be a subspecies of waterhousii .	20000000	Macrotus californicus	Least Concern		2018	2018-02-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in because of its wide distribution, occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	This species feeds at night primarily on moths and immobile diurnal insects such as butterflies and katydids, which it locates by vision, even at low ambient light levels. It uses warm diurnal roosts in caves, mines, and buildings. Depending on the season, the bats roost singly or in groups of up to several hundred individuals, hanging separately from the ceiling rather than clustering. Females congregate in large maternity colonies of about 100 to 200 individuals in the spring and summer, utilizing different mines or different areas within mines from those occupied in the winter. A few males are found in these colonies, although large male-only roosts also form. The single young is born between mid-May and early July, following a gestation of almost nine months (Wilson and Ruff 1999).	Human entry into mines or cave roosts and closure of mines for hazard abatement and renewed mining are the primary threats to <span style="font-style: italic;">Macrotus</span>. Loss of desert riparian habitat (as in the development of golf courses and housing areas in the Coachella Valley) are also responsible for population declines. This is specially critical as these caves are roosts for surviving winter but also maternity colonies in spring and summer. At northeastern Mexico there is one subpopulation isolated to their range that could be in risk (J. Arroyo-Cabrales, pers. comm.).	This species is locally common in parts of its range. Colonies of dozens or hundreds are common in some areas, and up to 500 have been observed in California; it occurs in large numbers in some mines in Arizona (Wilson and Ruff 1999). In Mexico, this species forms colonies on the order of 100-1,000 individuals (Ceballos and Oliva 2005).	Stable	This species is known from north Sinaloa and southwest Chihuahua (Mexico) north to south Nevada and south California (USA), also including Baja California (Mexico) (Simmons 2005).		Terrestrial	It is found in several protected areas, such as Sierra del Pinacate Reserve and Vizcaino protected area. For several caves identified as significant roosts (for hundreds of individuals) or maternity colonies, gating mines can be an important action.	Nearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Macrotus		californicus	Baird	1858	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	0.497222	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma	S Nevada and S California (USA) south to N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico)	Not listed.	Least Concern	For a comparison with waterhousii , see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969 a ) and Hall (1981).	Macrotus californicus	1004950	23	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	MACROTINAE	NA	Macrotus	NA	californicus	S. F. Baird	1858	0	Macrotus_californicus	Baird, S. F. (1858). Description of a Phyllostome Bat from California, in The Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 10, 116.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/34395/1858%20ansPhil%20V10%20%20bAIRD%20bAT%20116-117.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 2347		"Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California," USA.			californicus S. F. Baird, 1858	NA	NA			USA(CA,NV,AZ)	United States|Mexico	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Macrotus_californicus	0	sciname match	Macrotus_californicus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Macrotus_californicus	1004950	23	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Macrotinae	NA	Macrotus	NA	californicus	S. F. Baird	0	Macrotus californicus	Baird, S.F. 1858. Description of a phyllostome bat from California, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10:116-117.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47535709	USNM:MAMM:2347	holotype		"Fort Yuma [Imperial Co.], California," USA.			NA	NA			USA(CA,NV,AZ)	United States|Mexico	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Macrotus_californicus	0	sciname match	Macrotus_californicus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Macrotus		californicus	Baird	1858	0	Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.	0.497222	Californian Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	USA, California, Imperial Co., Old Fort Yuma	S Nevada and S California (USA) south to N Sinaloa and SW Chihuahua (Mexico); Baja California and Tamaulipas (Mexico)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12652/22031754/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	For a comparison with waterhousii, see Davis and Baker (1974) and Greenbaum and Baker (1976). Considered to be a subspecies of waterhousii by Anderson (1969a) and Hall (1981).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Macrotus californicus; Macrotus californicus; Macrotus californicus; Macrotus californicus; Macrotus californicus; Macrotus californicus; californicus; Macrotus de Californie; Kalifornien-Gro Rohrblattnase; Macrotode California; Californian Leaf-nosed Bat; Californian Leaf-nosed Bat; Californian Leaf-nosed Bat; M. californicus