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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L598	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Hipposideros commersoni [synonym of]	Hipposideros commersoni gigas	Hipposideros gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris gigas		[MSW3] commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).; [HMW] Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845 , “ Benguela ,” Angola . Macronycteris gigas was previously considered conspecific with M. vittatus and M. commersonii (under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).; [MDD2022] moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris; [IUCN] This species was formerly included in Hipposideros commersoni , but it is clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (Pye 1972; McWilliam 1982. Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent Hipposideros vittatus (J. Fahr pers. comm.). The species has both forest and savanna populations, and the savanna form might represent a distinct species.; [batnames2023] Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).; [MDD2023] moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris; [batnames2025_1.7] Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersonispecies group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris									gambiensis, niangarae			gigas	gigas - gambiensis, niangarae	gigas, gambiensis, niangarae, viegasi	This species was formerly included in Hipposideros commersoni , but it is clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (Pye 1972; McWilliam 1982. Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent Hipposideros vittatus (J. Fahr pers. comm.). The species has both forest and savanna populations, and the savanna form might represent a distinct species.	gigas	gigas - gambiensis, niangarae	gigas, gambiensis, niangarae, viegasi	gigas, gambiensis, niangarae, viegasi	gigas	gigas - gambiensis, niangarae	gigas (J. A. Wagner, 1845)|gambiensis (Andersen, 1906)|typica (Andersen, 1906) [nomen novum]|niangarae (J. A. Allen in J. A. Allen, Lang, & Chapin, 1917)|viegasi (Monard, 1939)						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Hipposideridae			Hipposideros gigas	Hipposideros		gigas	Wagner	y	1845		Arch. Naturgesch.	11	1	148		Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	Angola, Benguela.	Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Central African Republic, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Cameroon, Nigeria and west to Senegal. The range of this taxon may be more extensive and is currently under review (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)	IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).	gambiensis K. Andersen, 1906; niangarae J. A. Allen, 1917.	commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J. Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).	03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff84ffdac676a204fff8ff9affef4346	233	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/BD/87/03BD87A2C670A202FF4DFD68FDAD4EFE.xml	Macronycteris gigas	Hipposideridae	Macronycteris	gigas		1845	Phyllorhine géante @fr | Riesenrundblattnase @de | Macronicterio gigante @es | Giant Roundleaf Bat @en	Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845 , “ Benguela ,” Angola . Macronycteris gigas was previously considered conspecific with M. vittatus and M. commersonii (under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. Monotypic.	Widely distributed throughout tropical Africa from Senegal E to extreme W Uganda and E DR Congo , with isolated populations in W Angola , SE Kenya , and N, NE & SE Tanzania ; also on Bioko I .	Head-body 98-115 mm, tail 25-50 mm, ear 24-36 mm, hindfoot 18-28 mm, forearm 95-124 mm; weight 85-138 g. Males are larger than females. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is the largest species of Macronycteris . It has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three or four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, medium to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally; it has numerous flecks and paler markings. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An orange morph exists which is rusty brown throughout Difficult to distinguish from the Striped Leaf-nosed Bat ( M. vittatus ), but is significantly larger and generally darker.	The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits lowland and coastal rainforest, and extends into wooded savanna, where it occurs in gallery forest. It occurs at elevations up to 1500 m , at Mount Nimba , Liberia .	The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects including large beetles (Coleoptera) and winged termites (Isoptera). It puts on significant amounts of fat at the end of the rainy season.	In Gabon , mating takes place inJune and the single young is bom in October, during the rainy season. Young bats can fly at 30-35 days of age and are fully grown at two months, but only become sexually mature after two years. In coastal Kenya , mating takes place inJuly-August, with births in November.	The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but it may also roost in hollow trees and may hang in thick vegetation. Echolocation call includes a F component at 54—56 kHz.	Giant Leaf-nosed Bats roost in colonies of a few tens to a few hundred individuals. Pregnant females segregate into maternity roosts for only a few days. Some populations are migratory (e.g. in Kenya they migrate from the coast inland in October and again in May to take advantage of the wet season’s arrival).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros gigas ). Although the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread, it is locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss (significant deforestation), cave disturbance, and subsistence hunting for food.	Brosset (1966b, 1969) | Brosset & Saint Girons (1980) | Decher & Fahr (2007) | Happold, D.C.D. (1987) | Happold, M. (2013y) | Lang & Chapin (1917a, 1917b) | McWilliam (1982) | Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016) | Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys et al. (2013) | Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010) | Monadjem,Taylor et al. (2010) | Porter et al. (2010) | Pye (1972) | Rosevear (1965) | Schütter et al. (1982) | Thorn & Kerbis Peterhans (2009) | Wolton et al. (1982)		15. Giant Leaf-nosed Bat Macronycteris gigas French: Phyllorhine géante / German: Riesenrundblattnase / Spanish: Macronicterio gigante Other common names: Giant Roundleaf Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845 , “ Benguela ,” Angola . Macronycteris gigas was previously considered conspecific with M. vittatus and M. commersonii (under the latter name), and this has created much confusion in the records from old literature. Monotypic. Distribution. Widely distributed throughout tropical Africa from Senegal E to extreme W Uganda and E DR Congo , with isolated populations in W Angola , SE Kenya , and N, NE & SE Tanzania ; also on Bioko I . Descriptive notes. Head-body 98-115 mm, tail 25-50 mm, ear 24-36 mm, hindfoot 18-28 mm, forearm 95-124 mm; weight 85-138 g. Males are larger than females. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is the largest species of Macronycteris . It has a distinctive noseleaf that is divided into four cells on its posterior margin with three or four lateral leaflets. Pelage is dense and short, medium to dark brown dorsally, and somewhat paler ventrally; it has numerous flecks and paler markings. Flanks and armpits are white, and there is dark band across shoulders. Ears are long and narrow. A frontal sac is present in both sexes. An orange morph exists which is rusty brown throughout Difficult to distinguish from the Striped Leaf-nosed Bat ( M. vittatus ), but is significantly larger and generally darker. Habitat. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat inhabits lowland and coastal rainforest, and extends into wooded savanna, where it occurs in gallery forest. It occurs at elevations up to 1500 m , at Mount Nimba , Liberia . Food and Feeding. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects including large beetles (Coleoptera) and winged termites (Isoptera). It puts on significant amounts of fat at the end of the rainy season. Breeding. In Gabon , mating takes place inJune and the single young is bom in October, during the rainy season. Young bats can fly at 30-35 days of age and are fully grown at two months, but only become sexually mature after two years. In coastal Kenya , mating takes place inJuly-August, with births in November. Activity patterns. The Giant Leaf-nosed Bat roosts predominantly in caves, but it may also roost in hollow trees and may hang in thick vegetation. Echolocation call includes a F component at 54—56 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Giant Leaf-nosed Bats roost in colonies of a few tens to a few hundred individuals. Pregnant females segregate into maternity roosts for only a few days. Some populations are migratory (e.g. in Kenya they migrate from the coast inland in October and again in May to take advantage of the wet season’s arrival). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as Hipposideros gigas ). Although the Giant Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread, it is locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss (significant deforestation), cave disturbance, and subsistence hunting for food. Bibliography. Brosset (1966b, 1969), Brosset & Saint Girons (1980), Decher & Fahr (2007), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, M. (2013y), Lang & Chapin (1917a, 1917b), McWilliam (1982), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards,Taylor, Denys eta/. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman eta/. (2010), Monadjem,Taylor et al. (2010), Porter et al. (2010), Pye (1972), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thorn & Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Wolton eta/. (1982).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Hipposideridae	Macronycteris gigas	Macronycteris		gigas	Wagner	1845	1	Arch. Naturgesch.	11(1): 148	Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	 gambiensis K. Andersen, 1906; niangarae J. A. Allen, 1917.	Angola, Benguela.	Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Central African Republic, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Cameroon, Nigeria and west to Senegal. The range of this taxon may be more extensive and is currently under review (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Macronycteris gigas	23	Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	Giant Roundleaf Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	HIPPOSIDERIDAE	NA	NA	Macronycteris	NA	gigas	J. A. Wagner	1845	1						"Benguela," Angola.			gigas (J. A. Wagner, 1845)|gambiensis (K. Andersen, 1906)|niangarae (J. A. Allen, 1917)|viegasi (Monard, 1939)	moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris	Foley, N. M., Goodman, S. M., Whelan, C. V., Puechmaille, S. J., & Teeling, E. (2017). Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica, 19(1), 1-18.	Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Angola|Uganda?|Kenya|Tanzania	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Macronycteris_gigas	0	oldname match	Hipposideros_gigas	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	44687	Macronycteris gigas	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	HIPPOSIDERIDAE	Macronycteris	gigas	Wagner, 1845	This species was formerly included in Hipposideros commersoni , but it is clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (Pye 1972; McWilliam 1982. Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent Hipposideros vittatus (J. Fahr pers. comm.). The species has both forest and savanna populations, and the savanna form might represent a distinct species.	20000000	Macronycteris gigas	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species has been recorded from a range of habitats; it is generally found in lowland tropical forest (including secondary and riverine forest), but has been recorded from savanna in parts of its range (e.g.. Kenya). Colonies typically roost in caves, but in some instances may be found roosting in dense vegetation (Happold 1987).	This widespread species is locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss (significant deforestation), cave disturbance, and subsistence hunting for food.	Numbers of animals in roosts ranges from the hundreds, to up to tens of thousands in the savanna form of coastal Kenya.	Unknown	This species is found throughout much of western Africa from Senegal east to Cameroon, with a number of additional records further east and south, from Gabon, Congo, western Angola, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo/Uganda border area, northwestern and eastern Tanzania, and southeastern Kenya. There are also records from Namibia and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo that need to be verified. It has been found on Bioko Island, but not so far in mainland Equatorial Guinea.		Terrestrial	In view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within some protected areas. No direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. Further investigation is needed into the systematic status of the savanna form.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Hipposideridae	Macronycteris		gigas	Wagner	1845	1	Arch. Naturgesch.	11(1): 148	Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	 gambiensis K. Andersen, 1906; niangarae J. A. Allen, 1917.	Angola, Benguela.	Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Central African Republic, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Cameroon, Nigeria and west to Senegal. The range of this taxon may be more extensive and is currently under review (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersoni species group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).	Macronycteris gigas	1004642	23	Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	Giant Roundleaf Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Hipposideridae	NA	NA	Macronycteris	NA	gigas	J. A. Wagner	1845	1						"Benguela," Angola.			gigas (J. A. Wagner, 1845)|gambiensis (K. Andersen, 1906)|niangarae (J. A. Allen, 1917)|viegasi (Monard, 1939)	moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris	Foley, N. M., Goodman, S. M., Whelan, C. V., Puechmaille, S. J., & Teeling, E. (2017). Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica, 19(1), 1-18.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Angola|Uganda?|Kenya|Tanzania	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Macronycteris_gigas	0	oldname match	Hipposideros_gigas	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Macronycteris_gigas	1004642	23	Giant Roundleaf Bat	Giant Roundleaf Bat|Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Hipposideridae	NA	NA	Macronycteris	NA	gigas	J. A. Wagner	1	Rhinolophus gigas	Wagner, J.A. 1845. Diagnosen einiger neuen Arten von Nagern und Handflüglern. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11:145-149.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14776498				"Benguela," Angola.			moved from Hipposideros to Macronycteris	Foley, N. M., Goodman, S. M., Whelan, C. V., Puechmaille, S. J., & Teeling, E. (2017). Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica, 19(1), 1-18.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Angola|Uganda?|Kenya|Tanzania	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Macronycteris_gigas	0	oldname match	Hipposideros_gigas	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Hipposideridae	Macronycteris		gigas	Wagner	1845	1	Arch. Naturgesch.	11(1): 148	Giant Leaf-nosed Bat	gambiensis K. Andersen, 1906; niangarae J. A. Allen, 1917.	Angola, Benguela.	Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Central African Republic, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Cameroon, Nigeria and west to Senegal. The range of this taxon may be more extensive and is currently under review (J. Fahr, pers. comm.)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44687/22075133/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Previously included in Hipposideros, but distinct see Foley et al. 2018. commersonispecies group. Formerly included in commersoni, but clearly distinct based on differences in morphology and echolocation calls (J.Fahr and D. Kock, pers. comm.; D. Lunde, pers. comm.; McWilliam, 1982; Pye, 1972). Reviewed in part by Peterson et al. (1995). Some West African specimens identified as gigas may represent vittatus (J. Fahr, pers. comm.).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Hipposideros gigas; Macronycteris gigas; Macronycteris gigas; Macronycteris gigas; Macronycteris gigas; Macronycteris gigas; gambiensis; niangarae; gambiensis; niangarae; gigas; gambiensis; niangarae; viegasi; Phyllorhine géante; Riesenrundblattnase; Macronicterio gigante; Giant Roundleaf Bat; Giant Leaf-nosed Bat; Giant Roundleaf Bat; Giant Leaf-nosed Bat; Giant Leaf-nosed Bat; M. gigas