http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L595	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus sobrinus		[MSW2] This is the species previously called minimus; see Hill (1983).; [MSW3] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).; [HMW] Macroglossus minimus sobrinus RK. Andersen, 1911 , “Gunong lgari [= Mount Igari], Perak ,” Malaysia . Although M. sobrinus and M. minimus are currently considered distinct species based on morphology, genetic data do not support this in Indochina. Additional genetic and morphometric research with samples from throughout their distributions is needed to resolve taxonomy of Macroglossus . Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).; [IUCN] Macroglossus sobrinus was earlier treated as subspecies of M. minimus E. Geoffroy, 1810 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but it is considered distinct by Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), Koopman (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Simmons (2005).; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).				minimus		fraternus.	fraternus, sobrinus	sobrinus, fraternus		sobrinus, fraternus		sobrinus, fraternus		sobrinus, fraternus	Macroglossus sobrinus was earlier treated as subspecies of M. minimus E. Geoffroy, 1810 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but it is considered distinct by Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), Koopman (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Simmons (2005).	sobrinus, fraternus		sobrinus, fraternus 	sobrinus, fraternus 	fraternus, sobrinus 		sobrinus Andersen, 1911|fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Hill long-tongued fruit	NE India – Java, Bali bat	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Macroglossus sobrinus	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari, 2,000 ft. (610 m).	K. Andersen	1911	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:642.	Distribution: From Burma and Vietnam to Java, including the Mentawai is lands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Hill long-tongued fruit bat	NE India – Java, Bali	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1911	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 3:642.	This is the species previously called minimus; see Hill (1983).	SE Asia, Sumatra and Java, adjacent small islands.	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari, 2,000 ft. (610 m).		ANDERSEN	1911	Size relatively large (forearm length, 42-51 mm; condylobasal length of skull, 25-29 mm) with a relatively long rostrum (length from orbit to nares, 9.5-11.7 mm). Mandible projecting forward to form a definite chin.	Distribution: From Burma and Vietnam to Java, including the Mentawai is lands.	Two well-marked subspecies:	E. s. fraternus (Mentawais) E. s. sobrinus (remaining range).	38	species	M. sobrinus	ANDERSEN	1911	Macroglossus	genus	Macroglossus sobrinus				Size relatively large (forearm length, 42-51 mm; condylobasal length of skull, 25-29 mm) with a relatively long rostrum (length from orbit to nares, 9.5-11.7 mm). Mandible projecting forward to form a definite chin.	Two well-marked subspecies:		1. M. sobrinus ANDERSEN 1911.	1	_M. s. fraternus_ Chasen & Kloss, 1928; _M. s. sobrinus_ Andersen, 1911			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus		sobrinus	K. Andersen		1911		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	3		641, 642		Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).	NE India, Burma, C and S Thailand, S Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sipora, Siberut, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia). Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928.	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).	03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	104	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFEAF60489B9351EFCEFF39B.xml	Macroglossus sobrinus	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus	sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	Grand Macroglosse @fr | Gro Rer Langzungenflughund @de | Macroglosus grande @es | Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat @en | Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat @en | Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat @en | Greater Nectar Bat @en | Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat @en | Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat @en	Macroglossus minimus sobrinus RK. Andersen, 1911 , “Gunong lgari [= Mount Igari], Perak ,” Malaysia . Although M. sobrinus and M. minimus are currently considered distinct species based on morphology, genetic data do not support this in Indochina. Additional genetic and morphometric research with samples from throughout their distributions is needed to resolve taxonomy of Macroglossus . Two subspecies recognized.	M.s.sobrinusK.Andersen,1911—NEIndia(Sikkim,WestBengal,ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Mizoram,andTripura),SCChina(SYunnan),mainlandSEAsia,Sumatra,Simeulue,Nias,Krakatau,Java,andBaliIs. M.s. fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928 — Mentawai Is (Siberut, Sipora, and North Pagai).	Head-body 70-89 mm , tail ¢. 0-6 mm , ear 14-19 mm , hindfoot 10-18 mm , forearm 38-52 mm ; weight 18-29 g . The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is very similar to the Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat ( M. minimus ) but can be distinguished by being generally larger with longer muzzle, its more prominent chin, slightly more forward-facing nostrils, and lack of grooves on upper lip. Head and muzzle are elongated, with very long papillae-tipped tongue, and nostrils are rounded and forward facing. Dorsal pelage is clay to buffy brown, with pale base to hair; ventral pelage is paler and grayer, being almost creamy. Ears are relatively long, rounded, and dark brownish; eyes are large, with dark rufous brown irises. Tail is very minute and difficult to see or completely lacking. Uropatagium is highly reduced, attaching at base where tail would be and following leg up to ankles where it attaches to highly reduced calcar. Second digit of wing has claw, third and fifth metacarpals are subequal in size, and wing is dark with fur extending over upper arm dorsally and ventrally. Skull is long, with very long and narrow rostrum; braincase is strongly deflected downward. Jaw is thin and comparatively weak. Molars and premolars are largely reduced and flattened; large gap occurs between P' and next premolar (P°); C is long, thin, and strongly curved outward; and upper incisors are very reduced, project slightly forward, and are separated from one each other and canines by small gaps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 60 in Thailand .	Various evergreen forests including primary and secondary montane and lowland forests, often found in dipterocarp forests, mangrove swamps, and plantations (commonly banana and cashew plantations) from sea level up to elevations of c. 2000 m .	Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats are nectarivorous, feeding on a large variety of plants, and are considered primary pollinators of some of them. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering near it and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen from plants they have foraged on. Wild and cultivated bananas ( Musa sp. , Musaceae ) seem to be preferred, but other cultivated and wild flowering trees are used. They have also been recorded around durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) and cashew ( Anacardium occidentale , Anacardiaceae ) plantations. It probably occasionally feeds on soft fruits.	Pregnant Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats have been captured in August and March-April in Vietnam , suggesting bimodal polyestry. Females have one young per pregnancy.	The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is nocturnal. It roosts under large leaves of various trees, including banana and palm leaves, and under roofs of houses.	Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats roost alone, in mother-young pairs, or in small spaced-out groups of 5-10 individuals. Home ranges are probably small, and they probably move c. 1-2 km /night.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major threats currently facing the Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat. It is relatively common throughoutits wide distribution, although it might be threatened locally by habitat loss through deforestation for agricultural expansion and bamboo extraction in South Asia.	Bates & Harrison (1997) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Feng Qing et al. (2007) | Francis (2008a) | Francis et al. (2010) | Hood et al. (1988) | Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston, Bates et al. (2008) | Itino et al. (1991) | Kruskop (2013a) | Matveev (2005) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Thomas et al. (2013)		74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat Macroglossus sobrinus French: Grand Macroglosse / German: GroRer Langzungenflughund / Spanish: Macroglosus grande Other common names: Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat , Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat , Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat , Greater Nectar Bat , Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat , Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Macroglossus minimus sobrinus RK. Andersen, 1911 , “Gunong lgari [= Mount Igari], Perak ,” Malaysia . Although M. sobrinus and M. minimus are currently considered distinct species based on morphology, genetic data do not support this in Indochina. Additional genetic and morphometric research with samples from throughout their distributions is needed to resolve taxonomy of Macroglossus . Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.sobrinusK.Andersen,1911—NEIndia(Sikkim,WestBengal,ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Mizoram,andTripura),SCChina(SYunnan),mainlandSEAsia,Sumatra,Simeulue,Nias,Krakatau,Java,andBaliIs. M.s. fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928 — Mentawai Is (Siberut, Sipora, and North Pagai). Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-89 mm , tail ¢. 0-6 mm , ear 14-19 mm , hindfoot 10-18 mm , forearm 38-52 mm ; weight 18-29 g . The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is very similar to the Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat ( M. minimus ) but can be distinguished by being generally larger with longer muzzle, its more prominent chin, slightly more forward-facing nostrils, and lack of grooves on upper lip. Head and muzzle are elongated, with very long papillae-tipped tongue, and nostrils are rounded and forward facing. Dorsal pelage is clay to buffy brown, with pale base to hair; ventral pelage is paler and grayer, being almost creamy. Ears are relatively long, rounded, and dark brownish; eyes are large, with dark rufous brown irises. Tail is very minute and difficult to see or completely lacking. Uropatagium is highly reduced, attaching at base where tail would be and following leg up to ankles where it attaches to highly reduced calcar. Second digit of wing has claw, third and fifth metacarpals are subequal in size, and wing is dark with fur extending over upper arm dorsally and ventrally. Skull is long, with very long and narrow rostrum; braincase is strongly deflected downward. Jaw is thin and comparatively weak. Molars and premolars are largely reduced and flattened; large gap occurs between P' and next premolar (P°); C is long, thin, and strongly curved outward; and upper incisors are very reduced, project slightly forward, and are separated from one each other and canines by small gaps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 60 in Thailand . Habitat. Various evergreen forests including primary and secondary montane and lowland forests, often found in dipterocarp forests, mangrove swamps, and plantations (commonly banana and cashew plantations) from sea level up to elevations of c. 2000 m . Food and Feeding. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats are nectarivorous, feeding on a large variety of plants, and are considered primary pollinators of some of them. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering near it and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen from plants they have foraged on. Wild and cultivated bananas ( Musa sp. , Musaceae ) seem to be preferred, but other cultivated and wild flowering trees are used. They have also been recorded around durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) and cashew ( Anacardium occidentale , Anacardiaceae ) plantations. It probably occasionally feeds on soft fruits. Breeding. Pregnant Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats have been captured in August and March-April in Vietnam , suggesting bimodal polyestry. Females have one young per pregnancy. Activity patterns. The Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat is nocturnal. It roosts under large leaves of various trees, including banana and palm leaves, and under roofs of houses. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bats roost alone, in mother-young pairs, or in small spaced-out groups of 5-10 individuals. Home ranges are probably small, and they probably move c. 1-2 km /night. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major threats currently facing the Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat. It is relatively common throughoutits wide distribution, although it might be threatened locally by habitat loss through deforestation for agricultural expansion and bamboo extraction in South Asia. Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Corbet & Hill (1992), Feng Qing et al. (2007), Francis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Hood et al. (1988), Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston, Bates et al. (2008), Itino et al. (1991), Kruskop (2013a), Matveev (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Thomas et al. (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus sobrinus	Macroglossus		sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 3: 641-642	Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat	<b> fraternus </b>Chasen and Kloss, 1928.	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).	NE India, Burma, C and S Thailand, S Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sipora, Siberut, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia), and China (see Qing et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010). Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Macroglossus sobrinus	23	Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat|Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Greater Nectar Bat|Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Macroglossus	NA	sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	0						"Gunong Igari [= Mount Igari], Perak," Malaysia.			sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911|fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928	NA	NA	India|China|Vietnam|Myanmar|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	12595	Macroglossus sobrinus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Macroglossus	sobrinus	K. Andersen, 1911	Macroglossus sobrinus was earlier treated as subspecies of M. minimus E. Geoffroy, 1810 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but it is considered distinct by Hill (1983), Corbet and Hill (1992), Koopman (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Simmons (2005).	20000000	Macroglossus sobrinus	Least Concern		2021	2020-11-28 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Macroglossus sobrinus is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is found to prefer lowland and montane forest. It occurs in secondary habitats and also in old fruit orchards, villages, and banana plantations, rarely recorded in mangroves also common in association with humans, particularly under roofs of houses. Roosts singly or as a few animals, commonly in rolled up banana leaves. Not recorded roosting in caves (Bates and Harrison 1997).	There are no major threats to this widespread and adaptable species as a whole. In South Asia, this species is inferred to be locally threatened by habitat loss, largely through commercial extraction of bamboo and the conversion of land to agricultural use (Molur et al. 2002).	This is generally a locally common species. Nothing much is known of its population in South Asia (Molur et al. 2002) ;but the species global population is presumed stable.	Stable	This species ranges from northeastern South Asia and southern China, to much of Southeast Asia. In South Asia it is found in India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura and West Bengal) (Molur et al. 2002). In southern China, it is found in Mengla, Xishuangbanna and Yunnan (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it ranges from Myanmar in the west, through Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam, Cambodia and Peninsular Malaysia, and from here occurs in Indonesia (the Mentawi Islands, Sumatra and Java). It has been recorded from elevations of up to 2,000 m asl.		Terrestrial	This species is present in many protected areas, and no direct conservation measures are needed as a whole. Within India, it is considered to be vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. The species has been recorded from protected area in India namely Namdapha Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh. Survey, population monitoring, habitat management and awareness to policy makers are critical recommendations for India (Molur et al. 2002).	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus		sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 3: 641-642	Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat	<b> fraternus </b>Chasen and Kloss, 1928.	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).	NE India, Burma, C and S Thailand, S Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sipora, Siberut, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia), and China (see Qing et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010). Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).	Macroglossus sobrinus	1004407	23	Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat|Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Greater Nectar Bat|Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Macroglossus	NA	sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	0						"Gunong Igari [= Mount Igari], Perak," Malaysia.			sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911|fraternus Chasen & Kloss, 1928	NA	NA				India|China|Vietnam|Myanmar|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Macroglossus_sobrinus	1004407	23	Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat|Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Greater Nectar Bat|Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Macroglossusinae	NA	Macroglossus	NA	sobrinus	Andersen	0	Macroglossus minimus sobrinus	Andersen, K.C. 1911-06-01. Six new fruit-bats of the genera _Macroglossus_ and _Syconycteris_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)7(42):641-643.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22098603	BMNH:Mamm:1898.11.29.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/dedff2e7-16cb-4a6d-b61c-4d07b91e10ef	"Gunong Igari [= Mount Igari], Perak," Malaysia.			NA	NA				India|China|Vietnam|Myanmar|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_sobrinus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus		sobrinus	K. Andersen	1911	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 3: 641-642	Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat	fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928.	Malaysia, Perak, Gunong Igari (= Mt Igari), 2,000 ft. (610 m).	NE India, Burma, C and S Thailand, S Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Sipora, Siberut, and Mentawai Isls (Indonesia), and China (see Qing et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010). Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12595/22027530/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Bergmans (2001).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Macroglossus sobrinus; Macroglossus sobrinus; Macroglossus sobrinus; Macroglossus sobrinus; Macroglossus sobrinus; Macroglossus sobrinus; sobrinus; fraternus; sobrinus; fraternus; fraternus; sobrinus; fraternus; Grand Macroglosse; Gro Rer Langzungenflughund; Macroglosus grande; Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat; Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Greater Nectar Bat; Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat; Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat; Greater Long-nosed Blossom Bat; Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Greater Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Greater Nectar Bat; Hill Long-tongued Blossom Bat; Hill Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat; M. sobrinus