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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L593	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus minimus		[MSW2] Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983:134-137). Includes/rwctiuorMs; see Heaney and Rabor (1982).; [MSW3] Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Pteropus minimus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Java , Indonesia . Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus are currently recognized as distinct species based on morphology, but they cannot be differentiated genetically in Indochina and might be a single species. Further genetic and morphometric assessment with more complete geographical sampling is needed. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes lagochilus ; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus ; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso(1998).; [batnames2023] Includes lagochilus ; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus ; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso(1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso(1998).				lagochilus	(lagochilus)	fructivorus, horsfieldi, kiodotes, lagochilus, meyeri, microtus, nanus, pygmaeus, rostratus.	minimus, lagochilus, nanus	minimus, booensis, lagochilus, nanus	horsfieldi, kiodotes, rostratus; lagochilus - fructivorus, meyeri; nanus - microtus, novaeguineae, pygmaeus	minimus, booensis, lagochilus, nanus		minimus, booensis, lagochilus, nanus	minimus - horsfieldi, kiodotes, rostratus; lagochilus - fructivorus, meyeri; nanus - microtus, novaeguineae, pygmaeus	minimus, rostratus, horsfieldi, kiodotes, lagochilus, nanus, novaeguineae, meyeri, microtus, pygmaeus, fructivorus, boensis		minimus, booensis, lagochilus, nanus	minimus - horsfieldi, kiodotes, rostratus; lagochilus - fructivorus, meyeri, tailiniensis; nanus - microtus, novaeguineae, pygmaeus	minimus, rostratus, horsfieldikiodotes, lagochilus, nanus, novaeguineae, meyeri, microtus, pygmaeus, fructivorus, boensis	minimus, rostratus, horsfieldii, kiodotes, cuvieri, lagochilus, nanus, novaeguineae, meyeri, microtus, pygmaeus, fructivorus, booensis, horsfieldi	 booensis, lagochilus, minimus, nanus	lagochilus - fructivorus, meyeri, tailiniensis; minimus - horsfieldi, kiodotes, rostratus; nanus - microtus, novaeguineae, pygmaeus	minimus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|rostratus (Horsfield, 1822)|horsfieldii Lesson, 1827 [nomen novum]|kiodotes Lesson, 1827 [nomen novum]|cuvieri Burnett, 1829 [nomen nudum]|lagochilus Matschie, 1899|nanus Matschie, 1899|novaeguineae Matschie in Krieger, 1899 [nomen nudum]|meyeri (Jentink, 1902)|microtus Andersen, 1911|pygmaeus Andersen, 1911|fructivorus E. H. Taylor, 1934|booensis Kompanje & Moeliker, 2001|horsfieldi Simmons, 2005 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Common long-tongued fruit bat	Indochina, Philippines, Solomons, NW, N Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Macroglossus minimus	Indonesia, Java.	E. Geoffroy	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:97.	Distribution: From Thailand and Viet nam south to Java and extending east to the Solomons islands and northern Australia, includ ing the Philippines.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Common long-tongued fruit bat NW, N Australia	Thailand, Indochina, Philippines – Solomons, African long-tongued bat (Megaloglossus woermanni)	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	E. Geoffroy	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:97.	Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983:134-137). Includes/rwctiuorMs; see Heaney and Rabor (1982).	Thailand to Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isis, and N Australia.	Indonesia, Java.		GEOFFROY	1810	Size relatively small (forearm length, 36-45 mm; condylobasal length of skull, 22-26 mm) with a relatively short rostrum (length from orbit to nares, 7.5-9.2 mm). Mandible slopes forward without forming a defi nite chin.	Distribution: From Thailand and Viet nam south to Java and extending east to the Solomons islands and northern Australia, includ ing the Philippines.	Three subspecies are here recognized:	M. m. minimus (Java and surrounding islands), M. m. lagochilus (= fructivorus) (Thailand and Vietnam to Nias [off the west coast of Sumatra], Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, central Moluccas, and the Lesser Sundas), M. m. nanus (= pygmaeus, microtus) (Northern and eastern Moluccas, New Guinea and surrounding islands, northern Australia, Bis marcks, and Solomons).	38	species	M. minimus	GEOFFROY	1810	Macroglossus	genus	Macroglossus minimus				Size relatively small (forearm length, 36-45 mm; condylobasal length of skull, 22-26 mm) with a relatively short rostrum (length from orbit to nares, 7.5-9.2 mm). Mandible slopes forward without forming a defi nite chin.	Three subspecies are here recognized:		2. M. minimus (GEOFFROY 1810).	2	_M. m. booensis_ Kompanje & Moeliker, 2001; _M. m. lagochilus_ Matschie, 1899 (synonyms: _fructivorus_ Taylor, 1934, _meyeri_ (Jentink, 1902)); _M. m. minimus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810) (synonyms: _cuvieri_ Burnett, 1829, _horsfieldii_ Lesson, 1827, _kiodotes_ Lesson, 1827, _rostratus_ (Horsfield, 1822)); _M. m. nanus_ Matschie, 1899 (synonyms: _microtus_ Andersen, 1911, _novaeguineae_ Matschie, 1899, _pygmaeus_ Andersen, 1911)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus		minimus	E. Geoffroy	y	1810		Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	15		97		Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat	Indonesia, Java.	Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001a).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	horsfieldi Lesson, 1827; kiodotes Lesson, 1827; rostratus Horsfield, 1822; booensis Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001; lagochilus Matschie, 1899; fructivorus Taylor, 1934; meyeri Jentink, 1902; nanus Matschie, 1899; microtus K. Andersen, 1911; novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [nomen nudum]; pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911.	Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFE9F607899E35F2F714F3D5	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	103	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFE9F607899E35F2F714F3D5.xml	Macroglossus minimus	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus	minimus		1810	Petit Macroglosse @fr | Kleiner Langzungenflughund @de | Macroglosus pequeno @es | Daggertoothed Flower Bat @en | Daggertoothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat @en | Daggertoothed Longtongued Blossom Bat @en | Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat @en | Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat @en | Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat @en	Pteropus minimus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Java , Indonesia . Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus are currently recognized as distinct species based on morphology, but they cannot be differentiated genetically in Indochina and might be a single species. Further genetic and morphometric assessment with more complete geographical sampling is needed. Four subspecies recognized.	M.m.minimusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—Java,MaduraI,BaliI,KangeanIs,andLombokI. M.m.booensisKompanje&Moeliker,2001—BooIsintheRajaAmpatIsoftNWNewGuinea. M.m.lagochilusMatschie,1899—C&SThailand,SVietnam(includingConSonI),W&SCambodia,PeninsularMalaysia,Sumatra,NiasI,Borneo,NatunaIs,Philippines,Sulawesi,TalaudIs,TimorI,andMoluccas(Halmahera,Buru,Seram,andAmbonIsaswellasafewothersmallerIsgroups). M. m. nanus Matschie, 1899 — New Guinea , Yapen I, Geelvink Is, Raja Ampat Is, Fergusson I, Bougainville I, Aru Is, Bismarck Archipelago , Kai Is, Admiralty Is, Solomon Is, and N Australia (NE Western Australia , N Northern Territory , Melville I, and N Queensland ).	Head-body 49-77 mm , tail c. 0-4 mm , ear 11-18- 5 mm , hindfoot 10-3-23- 3 mm , forearm 37- 4—45 mm ; weight 8-25 g . Males average larger than females. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Batis the smallest species of pteropodid. It has elongated muzzle with very long papillae-tipped tongue, extremely reduced tail, reduced uropatagium along inner legs, and claw on second digits of wings. It is very similar to the Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat ( M. sobrinus ) but is generally smaller with shorter muzzle, less prominent chin, slightly more side-facing nostrils with small groove under each nostril, and internarial medial groove that distinctly extends to upper lip. Head and muzzle are elongated, and nostrils are rounded and face forward. Dorsal pelage varies across populations and can be buffy brown, yellowish/golden brown, or russet-brown, with hairs having pale bases; ventral pelage is generally paler and grayer, being almost creamy in some individuals. Adult males have V-shaped apocrine gland complex running across chest that resembles a thick pink welt, giving adult males a pungent strong musky smell; Vsshaped gland is absent in females and young. Glands are apparently absent from populations on the Bismarck Archipelago but are found in most populations. Ears are relatively long, rounded, and dark brownish; eyes are large, with dark rufous brown irises. Tail is very minute and difficult to see or completely lacking. Uropatagium is highly reduced, attaching at base where tail would be and following leg up to ankles where it attaches to highly reduced calcar. Second digit of wing has a claw; third and fifth metacarpals are subequal in size, and wing is dark with fur extending over upper arm dorsally and ventrally. Skull is long, with very long and narrow rostrum; braincase is strongly deflected downward. Jaw is thin and comparatively weak. Dental formula for all species of Macroglossusis12/2,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Molars and premolars are largely reduced and flattened; large gap occurs between P' and next premolar (P%); C, is long, thin, and strongly curved outward; extra molars have been reported in some specimens; and upper incisors are very reduced, project slightly forward, and are separated from one another and canines by small gaps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 60 (Indochina) or 62 (Java).	Primary and secondary tropical moist forests, preferring secondary, agricultural, and disturbed habitats, and reportedly woodlands, mangroves, swamp forests, various plantations, and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2250 m (lower densities at high elevations). Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats occurin virtually every habitat type in the Philippines and are commonly found in various plantations (e.g. durians and bananas) and any environment that includes plants with large flowers to feed on.	Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats are nectarivorous and frugivorous, feeding on a large variety of plants and acting as a major pollinator for many of them;it occasionally eats fruits. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering nearit and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen from plants they foraged on. Diets change seasonally and vary widely based on region and what species of trees flower there. They seem to favor Musa ( Musaceae ) throughout their distribution, which is a major agricultural crop throughout Australasia. They also feed on nectar of Durio ( Malvaceae ), flowering coconut ( Cocos , Arecaceae ), Sonneratia ( Lythraceae ) mangroves, and jambu ( Syzygium , Myrtaceae ). In Australia , they feed on flowering Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ), Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ), Sonneratia mangroves, Barringtonia ( Lecythidaceae ), and bottlebrushes ( Callistemon , Myrtaceae ), all of which have large flowers. They pollinate various flowering trees including Musa and Sonneratia throughout Australasia. They occasionally feed on overripe fruit of a few trees, including some dioecious Ficus ( Moraceae ) and Timonius ( Rubiaceae ). They will also swallow seeds of these fruits (which are proportionally large for their body size) and act as a seed disperser. Some insect material has been found in stomach samples, but this evidently does not make up a large portion of the diet.	Breeding of Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats is relatively asynchronous, occurring year-round, but in areas with more seasonality, they seem to be seasonally bimodal polyestrous. In Brunei , most births occurred in November-December and April-May during periods of greatest rainfall. A similar trend was recorded in Australia , where births seem to occur during dry seasons in February-March and August— October. One female in Australia produced three successive litters in April, December, and March. Reproduction in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines seems to occur asynchronously year-round. Breeding occurs when a male approaches a roosting female and copulates for 10-15 seconds after mounting her, flying off shortly after. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats seem to have delayed implantation (at least in Papua New Guinea ) because sperm storage is evident in uteri. In Brunei , delayed embryonic development (probably as a result of sperm storage) was recorded after mating; mating occurred shortly after parturition of the last pregnancy. There are generally two litters/year, with one young/litter. Gestation appears to be c.120 days, although this has not been confirmed. Young cling to mothers constantly for the first 6-10 days and then stay in roosts while females forage. They become volant by ¢.40 days old but continue to hang onto their mothers in roosts until they are c¢.6 months old (based on captive individuals). Males seem to become sexually mature after c¢.7 months in Australia , which is when they developed a V-shaped gland complex on their chest. Females probably take ¢.9 months or more to reach sexual maturity. Use of V-shaped apocrine gland complex on chest of adult breeding malesis still uncertain; it might be important in sexual selection or other breeding purposes.	The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat is primarily nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting throughout the day, although individuals have been captured during the day. It can be found roosting under large leaves, branches, and loose bark and in hollow bamboo, hollows in trees, clusters of dead leaves, or abandoned buildings. While in day roosts, it can enter shallow torpor. Body temperature decreases during this time, and duration of torpor bouts is longer when ambient temperatures are lower. Body temperature also lowers in direct correlation with ambient temperatures. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has much lower metabolic rate than it is expected for a mammal of its weight. When foraging,its metabolic rate doubles that ofits resting metabolic rate, which is why entering torpor is important, dropping its energy expenditure to 60-80% ofits resting energy expenditure. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats apparently make an audible metallic call when flying at night, at least in Australia .	Lesser LLong-tongued Blossom Bats mostly roosts alone or in small spaced-out groups in small roosts. They do not seem to move long distances but will travel fairly long distances to food. There is evidence for a significant amount of gene flow between islands of the Philippines , indicating that individuals do make large movements between islands relatively regularly. Density on NegrosIsland in habitat that has been 15-30% deforested was 2 ind/ha. Home ranges of 18 individuals in Papua New Guinea were 1-9-15-1 ha, with some overlap among adults and young, primarily around gardens and other feeding areas. Adult males in the same study appeared to exclude conspecifics from richest feeding areas in primary forests.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has a wide distribution and is considered common.It might be threatened by local habitat destruction, butit is common in secondary habitats and agricultural areas.	Achondo et al. (2014) | Alviola et al. (2011) | Ando et al. (1980a) | Bartels et al. (1998) | Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Bonaccorso & McNab (1997) | Churchill (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004) | Flannery (1995a, 1995b) | Francis (2008a) | Francis, Borisenko et al. (2010) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Sedlock et al. (2008) | Furey et al. (2012) | Geiser & Kortner (2010) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Goodwin (1979) | Gunnell et al. (1996) | Heaney, Balete, Gee et al. (2005) | Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016) | Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991) | Heideman & Heaney (1989) | Heideman & Utzurrum (2003) | Hood (1989) | Hood & Smith (1989) | Khan et al. (2007) | Kitchener, Boeadi et al. (1990) | Kofron (2008) | Kompanje & Moeliker (2001) | Kruskop (2013a) | McKenzie & Rolfe (1986) | McKenzie, Gunnell et al. (1995) | McNab & Bonaccorso (2001) | Roberts (2006a) | Sedlock et al. (2008) | Shafie et al. (2011) | Syafiq et al. (2016) | Webber (1992) | Winkelmann & Goedeke (2000) | Winkelmann et al. (2003) | Yong & Dhaliwal (1976)		73. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat Macroglossus minimus French: Petit Macroglosse / German: Kleiner Langzungenflughund / Spanish: Macroglosus pequeno Other common names: Daggertoothed Flower Bat , Daggertoothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat , Daggertoothed Longtongued Blossom Bat , Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat , Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat , Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat , Northern Blossom Bat Taxonomy. Pteropus minimus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Java , Indonesia . Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus are currently recognized as distinct species based on morphology, but they cannot be differentiated genetically in Indochina and might be a single species. Further genetic and morphometric assessment with more complete geographical sampling is needed. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.minimusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—Java,MaduraI,BaliI,KangeanIs,andLombokI. M.m.booensisKompanje&Moeliker,2001—BooIsintheRajaAmpatIsoftNWNewGuinea. M.m.lagochilusMatschie,1899—C&SThailand,SVietnam(includingConSonI),W&SCambodia,PeninsularMalaysia,Sumatra,NiasI,Borneo,NatunaIs,Philippines,Sulawesi,TalaudIs,TimorI,andMoluccas(Halmahera,Buru,Seram,andAmbonIsaswellasafewothersmallerIsgroups). M. m. nanus Matschie, 1899 — New Guinea , Yapen I, Geelvink Is, Raja Ampat Is, Fergusson I, Bougainville I, Aru Is, Bismarck Archipelago , Kai Is, Admiralty Is, Solomon Is, and N Australia (NE Western Australia , N Northern Territory , Melville I, and N Queensland ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 49-77 mm , tail c. 0-4 mm , ear 11-18- 5 mm , hindfoot 10-3-23- 3 mm , forearm 37- 4—45 mm ; weight 8-25 g . Males average larger than females. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Batis the smallest species of pteropodid. It has elongated muzzle with very long papillae-tipped tongue, extremely reduced tail, reduced uropatagium along inner legs, and claw on second digits of wings. It is very similar to the Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat ( M. sobrinus ) but is generally smaller with shorter muzzle, less prominent chin, slightly more side-facing nostrils with small groove under each nostril, and internarial medial groove that distinctly extends to upper lip. Head and muzzle are elongated, and nostrils are rounded and face forward. Dorsal pelage varies across populations and can be buffy brown, yellowish/golden brown, or russet-brown, with hairs having pale bases; ventral pelage is generally paler and grayer, being almost creamy in some individuals. Adult males have V-shaped apocrine gland complex running across chest that resembles a thick pink welt, giving adult males a pungent strong musky smell; Vsshaped gland is absent in females and young. Glands are apparently absent from populations on the Bismarck Archipelago but are found in most populations. Ears are relatively long, rounded, and dark brownish; eyes are large, with dark rufous brown irises. Tail is very minute and difficult to see or completely lacking. Uropatagium is highly reduced, attaching at base where tail would be and following leg up to ankles where it attaches to highly reduced calcar. Second digit of wing has a claw; third and fifth metacarpals are subequal in size, and wing is dark with fur extending over upper arm dorsally and ventrally. Skull is long, with very long and narrow rostrum; braincase is strongly deflected downward. Jaw is thin and comparatively weak. Dental formula for all species of Macroglossusis12/2,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Molars and premolars are largely reduced and flattened; large gap occurs between P' and next premolar (P%); C, is long, thin, and strongly curved outward; extra molars have been reported in some specimens; and upper incisors are very reduced, project slightly forward, and are separated from one another and canines by small gaps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 60 (Indochina) or 62 (Java). Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical moist forests, preferring secondary, agricultural, and disturbed habitats, and reportedly woodlands, mangroves, swamp forests, various plantations, and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2250 m (lower densities at high elevations). Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats occurin virtually every habitat type in the Philippines and are commonly found in various plantations (e.g. durians and bananas) and any environment that includes plants with large flowers to feed on. Food and Feeding. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats are nectarivorous and frugivorous, feeding on a large variety of plants and acting as a major pollinator for many of them;it occasionally eats fruits. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering nearit and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen from plants they foraged on. Diets change seasonally and vary widely based on region and what species of trees flower there. They seem to favor Musa ( Musaceae ) throughout their distribution, which is a major agricultural crop throughout Australasia. They also feed on nectar of Durio ( Malvaceae ), flowering coconut ( Cocos , Arecaceae ), Sonneratia ( Lythraceae ) mangroves, and jambu ( Syzygium , Myrtaceae ). In Australia , they feed on flowering Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ), Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ), Sonneratia mangroves, Barringtonia ( Lecythidaceae ), and bottlebrushes ( Callistemon , Myrtaceae ), all of which have large flowers. They pollinate various flowering trees including Musa and Sonneratia throughout Australasia. They occasionally feed on overripe fruit of a few trees, including some dioecious Ficus ( Moraceae ) and Timonius ( Rubiaceae ). They will also swallow seeds of these fruits (which are proportionally large for their body size) and act as a seed disperser. Some insect material has been found in stomach samples, but this evidently does not make up a large portion of the diet. Breeding. Breeding of Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats is relatively asynchronous, occurring year-round, but in areas with more seasonality, they seem to be seasonally bimodal polyestrous. In Brunei , most births occurred in November-December and April-May during periods of greatest rainfall. A similar trend was recorded in Australia , where births seem to occur during dry seasons in February-March and August— October. One female in Australia produced three successive litters in April, December, and March. Reproduction in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines seems to occur asynchronously year-round. Breeding occurs when a male approaches a roosting female and copulates for 10-15 seconds after mounting her, flying off shortly after. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats seem to have delayed implantation (at least in Papua New Guinea ) because sperm storage is evident in uteri. In Brunei , delayed embryonic development (probably as a result of sperm storage) was recorded after mating; mating occurred shortly after parturition of the last pregnancy. There are generally two litters/year, with one young/litter. Gestation appears to be c.120 days, although this has not been confirmed. Young cling to mothers constantly for the first 6-10 days and then stay in roosts while females forage. They become volant by ¢.40 days old but continue to hang onto their mothers in roosts until they are c¢.6 months old (based on captive individuals). Males seem to become sexually mature after c¢.7 months in Australia , which is when they developed a V-shaped gland complex on their chest. Females probably take ¢.9 months or more to reach sexual maturity. Use of V-shaped apocrine gland complex on chest of adult breeding malesis still uncertain; it might be important in sexual selection or other breeding purposes. Activity patterns. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat is primarily nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting throughout the day, although individuals have been captured during the day. It can be found roosting under large leaves, branches, and loose bark and in hollow bamboo, hollows in trees, clusters of dead leaves, or abandoned buildings. While in day roosts, it can enter shallow torpor. Body temperature decreases during this time, and duration of torpor bouts is longer when ambient temperatures are lower. Body temperature also lowers in direct correlation with ambient temperatures. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has much lower metabolic rate than it is expected for a mammal of its weight. When foraging,its metabolic rate doubles that ofits resting metabolic rate, which is why entering torpor is important, dropping its energy expenditure to 60-80% ofits resting energy expenditure. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats apparently make an audible metallic call when flying at night, at least in Australia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser LLong-tongued Blossom Bats mostly roosts alone or in small spaced-out groups in small roosts. They do not seem to move long distances but will travel fairly long distances to food. There is evidence for a significant amount of gene flow between islands of the Philippines , indicating that individuals do make large movements between islands relatively regularly. Density on NegrosIsland in habitat that has been 15-30% deforested was 2 ind/ha. Home ranges of 18 individuals in Papua New Guinea were 1-9-15-1 ha, with some overlap among adults and young, primarily around gardens and other feeding areas. Adult males in the same study appeared to exclude conspecifics from richest feeding areas in primary forests. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has a wide distribution and is considered common.It might be threatened by local habitat destruction, butit is common in secondary habitats and agricultural areas. Bibliography. Achondo et al. (2014), Alviola et al. (2011), Ando et al. (1980a), Bartels et al. (1998), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Bonaccorso & McNab (1997), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Francis (2008a), Francis, Borisenko et al. (2010), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Sedlock et al. (2008), Furey et al. (2012), Geiser & Kortner (2010), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Goodwin (1979), Gunnell et al. (1996), Heaney, Balete, Gee et al. (2005), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Heideman & Heaney (1989), Heideman & Utzurrum (2003), Hood (1989), Hood & Smith (1989), Khan et al. (2007), Kitchener, Boeadi et al. (1990), Kofron (2008), Kompanje & Moeliker (2001), Kruskop (2013a), McKenzie & Rolfe (1986), McKenzie, Gunnell et al. (1995), McNab & Bonaccorso (2001), Roberts (2006a), Sedlock et al. (2008), Shafie et al. (2011), Syafiq et al. (2016), Webber (1992), Winkelmann & Goedeke (2000), Winkelmann et al. (2003), Yong & Dhaliwal (1976).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus minimus	Macroglossus		minimus	E. Geoffroy	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.6924	Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat	 horsfieldi Lesson, 1827; kiodotes Lesson, 1827; rostratus Horsfield, 1822; <b>booensis</b> Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001; <b> lagochilus </b>Matschie, 1899; fructivorus Taylor, 1934; meyeri Jentink, 1902; <b> nanus </b> Matschie, 1899; microtus K. Andersen, 1911; novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [ nomen nudum ]; pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911.	Indonesia, Java.	Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001a).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes lagochilus ; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus ; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso(1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Macroglossus minimus	23	Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Dagger-toothed Flower Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat|Northern Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Macroglossus	NA	minimus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1						Java, Indonesia.			minimus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|rostratus (Horsfield, 1822)|horsfieldi (Lesson, 1827)|kiodotes (Lesson, 1827)|lagochilus Matschie, 1899|nanus Matschie, 1899|novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [nomen nudum]|meyeri (Jentink, 1902)|microtus K. Andersen, 1911|pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911|fructivorus E. H. Taylor, 1934|boensis Kompanje & Moeliker, 2001	NA	NA	Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_minimus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_minimus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	12594	Macroglossus minimus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Macroglossus	minimus	(É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)		20000000	Macroglossus minimus	Least Concern		2021	2021-06-21 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<span id="docs-internal-guid-4754247f-7fff-976f-2952-64276885c014">Macroglossus minimus is assessed as Least Concern given its large distribution, occurrence in several protected areas throughout its range, and general tolerance of disturbance. The species population is inferred to be stable.<span></span>	<span id="docs-internal-guid-32027f0b-7fff-1296-d2ba-5b3039d44dbf"><p>Macroglossus minimus is a nectarivorous bat that feeds on nectar and pollen (Francis 2019, Nuevo Diego et al. 2019, Nuevo Diego et al. 2021). It is found in disturbed habitats (e.g., plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, paperbark woodlands, mangroves and swamp forests, and primary and secondary tropical moist forests (Heaney et al. 1998, Relox et al. 2014, Francis 2019). Roosts of individuals or small groups are typically under diverse structures including large leaves (e.g., palm fronds), branches, and loose bark, and may also be found roosting in bamboo or abandoned buildings roosts (Heaney et al. 1998, Winkelmann et al. 2003). The species demonstrates some degree of roost fidelity in Papua New Guinea and has a small “home range” of only 5.8 ha (Winkelmann et al. 2003). Further, adult males express some degree of territoriality and in primary forests may exclude conspecifics from feeding territories whereas there is some overlap in rural gardens (Winkelmann et al. 2003). The species has an estimated generation length of 4.3 years (Pacifici et al. 2013) and gives birth to a single young (occasionally 2 young) (Flannery 1995a, Strahan 1995, Bonaccorso 1998). Depending on the region, M. minimus may demonstrate bimodal or even trimodal polyoestry based on the availability of resources (Flannery 1995a,b; Strahan 1995; Bonaccorso 1998; Kofron 2008).</p>	<span id="docs-internal-guid-f4e52d84-7fff-a46e-15fe-43b4b1443518">There are no major threats to the species given its broad distribution, flexibility of habitat use, and general tolerance of disturbance.<span></span>	Population data for M. minimus are not available, but the species is considered to be a common species across much of its range where it can be relatively abundant in disturbed habitats and rare in older forests (Strahan 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Francis 2019). The species population is inferred to be stable due to its large distribution, general tolerance to disturbance, and its occurrence in protected areas across its range (Utzurrum 1992, Heaney et al. 1998, Relox et al. 2014). Given its broad distribution, the species is assumed to be in numerous subpopulations.	Stable	The species has an expansive range that extends from Thailand and the Philippines in Southeast Asia to northern Australia and the Solomon Islands (Alcala and Alviola 1970; Goodwin 1979; Catibog-Sinha 1987; Corbet and Hill 1992; Flannery 1995a,b; Strahan 1995; Bonaccorso 1998; Heaney et al. 1998; Heaney et al. 2005; Furey et al. 2012; Francis 2019). In the Philippines, it occurs in virtually every habitat from sea level up to at least 2,250 m (Heaney et al. 1998).	<span id="docs-internal-guid-24ae4e0b-7fff-7b13-79cb-5383ce45f84b"><p>In the Philippines, this species is regularly eaten and is locally traded; the extent it is hunted across its range is not known. Macroglossus minimus has been sold on ebay (Lee et al. 2015). ;</p>	Terrestrial	<span id="docs-internal-guid-32ac8e64-7fff-07b8-7978-6729c458bfad"><p>The species has been found in a number of protected areas across its range (Heaney et al. 1998, Relox et al. 2014). Given the species small size and broad distribution, additional research into the genetics of the species is warranted (Luczon et al. 2019). Further, data are needed to establish the species population size and trends and into emerging threats. </p>	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus		minimus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.692361	Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat	 horsfieldi Lesson, 1827; kiodotes Lesson, 1827; rostratus Horsfield, 1822; <b>booensis</b> Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001; <b> lagochilus </b>Matschie, 1899; fructivorus Taylor, 1934; meyeri Jentink, 1902; <b> nanus </b> Matschie, 1899; microtus K. Andersen, 1911; novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [ nomen nudum ]; pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911.	Indonesia, Java.	Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001a).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes lagochilus ; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus ; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995 a , b ), and Bonaccorso(1998).	Macroglossus minimus	1004408	23	Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Dagger-toothed Flower Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat|Northern Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Macroglossus	NA	minimus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1						Java, Indonesia.			minimus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|rostratus (Horsfield, 1822)|horsfieldi (Lesson, 1827)|kiodotes (Lesson, 1827)|lagochilus Matschie, 1899|nanus Matschie, 1899|novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [nomen nudum]|meyeri (Jentink, 1902)|microtus K. Andersen, 1911|pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911|fructivorus E. H. Taylor, 1934|boensis Kompanje & Moeliker, 2001	NA	NA				Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_minimus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_minimus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Macroglossus_minimus	1004408	23	Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat	Dagger-toothed Flower Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Dagger-toothed Long-tongued Blossom Bat|Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat|Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat|Northern Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Macroglossusinae	NA	Macroglossus	NA	minimus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1	Pteropus minimus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1810. Description des roussettes et des céphalotes, deux nouveaux genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 15:86-108.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3546722	lost (number not known)	syntypes		Java, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Thailand|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Macroglossus_minimus	0	sciname match	Macroglossus_minimus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Macroglossus		minimus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.692361	Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat	horsfieldi Lesson, 1827; kiodotes Lesson, 1827; rostratus Horsfield, 1822; booensis Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001; lagochilusMatschie, 1899; fructivorus Taylor, 1934; meyeri Jentink, 1902; nanus Matschie, 1899; microtus K. Andersen, 1911; novaeguineae Matschie, 1899 [nomen nudum]; pygmaeus K. Andersen, 1911.	Indonesia, Java.	Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001a).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12594/22027337/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje andMoeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), and Bonaccorso(1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Macroglossus minimus; Macroglossus minimus; Macroglossus minimus; Macroglossus minimus; Macroglossus minimus; Macroglossus minimus; minimus; booensis; lagochilus; nanus; horsfieldi; kiodotes; rostratus; lagochilus - fructivorus; meyeri; nanus - microtus; novaeguineae; pygmaeus; minimus; booensis; lagochilus; nanus; booensis; lagochilus; nanus; horsfieldi; kiodotes; rostratus; lagochilus - fructivorus; meyeri; nanus - microtus; novaeguineae; pygmaeus; minimus; rostratus; horsfieldi; kiodotes; lagochilus; nanus; novaeguineae; meyeri; microtus; pygmaeus; fructivorus; boensis; Petit Macroglosse; Kleiner Langzungenflughund; Macroglosus pequeno; Daggertoothed Flower Bat; Daggertoothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Daggertoothed Longtongued Blossom Bat; Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat; Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat; Dagger-toothed Flower Bat; Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Dagger-toothed Long-tongued Blossom Bat; Lesser Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat; Northern Blossom Bat; Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat; Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat; M. minimus