http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L590	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Megaderma lyra	Megaderma lyra	Megaderma lyra	Megaderma lyra	Megaderma lyra	Megaderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma lyra		[MSW3] Subgenus Lyroderma. Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997).; [HMW] Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations.; [batnames2022] Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015).; [MDD2022] moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic; [IUCN] Earlier a subgenus Lyroderma Peters, 1872 is presently upgraded to genus level (Eick et al. 2012, Kaňuch et al. 2015, Soisook et al. 2015, Benda and Gaisler 2015). Earlier, the taxon caurina Andersen and Wroughton, 1907 was recognized as valid subspecies (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but later it was synonymized with the nominate subspecies (Brosset 1962, Sinha 1970, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005).; [batnames2023] Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015). Lyroderma is neuter as the ending "derma" is a third declension Greek neuter noun. Thus, the correct spelling of the subspecies name is sinense (neuter), not sinensis (masculine or feminine).; [MDD2023] moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic; [batnames2025_1.7] Does not include sinense; see Feng et al. (2024). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included L. sinense; moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic						carnatica, carina, schistacea, sinensis, spectrum.	lyra, sinensis	lyra, sinensis	carnatica, caurina, schistacea, spectrum	lyra, sinense		lyra, sinense	lyra - carnatica, caurina, schistacea, spectrum	lyra, carnatica, spectrum, schistacea, caurina, sinensis	Earlier a subgenus Lyroderma Peters, 1872 is presently upgraded to genus level (Eick et al. 2012, Kaňuch et al. 2015, Soisook et al. 2015, Benda and Gaisler 2015). Earlier, the taxon caurina Andersen and Wroughton, 1907 was recognized as valid subspecies (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but later it was synonymized with the nominate subspecies (Brosset 1962, Sinha 1970, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005).	lyra, sinense	lyra - carnatica, caurina, schistacea, spectrum	lyra, carnatica, spectrum, schistacea, caurina, sinensis	lyra, carnaticum, spectrum, schistaceum, caurinum, sinense	lyra	lyra - carnatica, caurina, schistacea, spectrum	lyra (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|carnaticum (W. Elliot, 1839)|spectrum (J. A. Wagner, 1844)|schistaceum (B. H. Hodgson, 1847)|caurinum (Andersen & Wroughton, 1907)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Greater false vampire	E Afghanistan – S China, Malaya; Sri Lanka	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Megaderma lyra	India, Madras.	E. Geoffroy	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:190.	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Greater false vampire	E Afghanistan – S China, Malaya; Sri Lanka	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	E. Geoffrey	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:190.		Afghanistan to S China, south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia.	India, Madras.		E. GEOFFROY	1810	Size medium (forearm length, 64-75 mm).	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.	Two subspecies are cur rently recognized:	M. I. lyra (Afghanistan and Ceylon east to Burma), M. I. sinensis (southern China south to Malaya).	51	species	M. lyra	E. GEOFFROY	1810	Lyroderma	subgenus	Megaderma lyra				Size medium (forearm length, 64-75 mm).	Two subspecies are cur rently recognized:		1. M. lyra E. GEOFFROY 1810.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Megadermatidae			Megaderma lyra	Megaderma	Lyroderma	lyra	E. Geoffroy		1810		Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	15		190		Greater False Vampire Bat	India, Madras.	Afghanistan to S China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam; south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia; Bangladesh.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	carnatica Elliot, 1839; caurina K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; schistacea Hodgson, 1847; spectrum Wagner, 1844; sinensis K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907.	Subgenus Lyroderma. Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997).	C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Megadermatidae_182.pdf.imf	hash://md5/3d066e39ff8dffe2ffd7ff8aff916a04	192	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/C1/3F/16/C13F1641FF89FFE6FA66FD04F5C96781.xml	Lyroderma lyra	Megadermatidae	Lyroderma	lyra		1810	Mégaderme lyre @fr | Grolier Falscher Vampir @de | Megaderma lyra @es | Greater False Vampire @en | Greater False Vampire Bat @en | @en | ndian False-vampire @en	Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations.	L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K.	Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104.	Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas.	The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing.	In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days.					https://zenodo.org/record/5734717/files/figure.png	4. Greater Asian False-vampire Lyroderma lyra French: Mégaderme lyre / German: Grolier Falscher Vampir / Spanish: Megaderma lyra Other common names: Greater False Vampire , Greater False Vampire Bat , Indian False-vampire Taxonomy. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , “Indes [= India ].” Lyrodermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific name sinensis has been changed for gender agreement. Several synonyms or subspecies of L. lyra have been proposed, but only two are currently considered valid, with Indian populations averaging slightly smaller than eastern populations. Subspecies and Distribution. L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bangladesh , SW China ( Tibet [= Xizang ]), and W Myanmar ; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan . L. l. sinense K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907 — S China , S Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Cambodia , and Peninsular Malaysia Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-95 mm (tailless), ear 31-45 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 56-72 mm; weight 40-60 g. Females average slightly larger than males (c.4% in forearm length). The Greater Asian False-vampire has long oval ears that are joined over forehead for 30-50% oflength oftheir inner margins. Tragus is forked, with long tapered posterior branch and short bluntly pointed anterior fork. Posterior noseleaf is taller than wide and shapedlike a lyre, with convex sides and usually three blunt points on top. Thickened median ridge connects to small oval median noseleaf that is quite different from heart-shaped area in other Asian species of megadermatids. Anterior noseleat is relatively small and does not cover muzzle. Front of muzzle lacks fur, and lower jaw protrudes beyond upperjaw. Eyes are large and well developed. Wing and tail membranes are broad, and there is no visible external tail. Fur is generally dark gray to brownish gray above, paler gray underneath. Flight membranes and ears are dark gray, except for pinker bones and middle of ear. Noseleaf varies from pinkish to gray. Baculum consists of two short peg-like bones. Rostrum of skull slopes evenly from braincase without any frontal depression or shield and has small preorbital and postorbital processes. C' has small to medium anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has greatly reduced mesostyle on lingualside; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or shorter than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104. Habitat. Variety of habitats including lowland rainforests and dry forests. In India , mainly lowlands, avoiding hilly areas, but in Pakistan ,it occurs up to ¢. 950 m . It seemsto be fairly tolerant of disturbance and often occurs near human disturbed areas. Food and Feeding. The Greater Asian False-vampire feeds on various prey including large insects (e.g. cockroaches, beetles, and termites) and small vertebrates (e.g. lizards, frogs, small fish, mice, birds, and other species of bats). Prey composition varies from mostly insects to mostly vertebrates in different seasons and regions, presumably depending on availability. Individuals typically hunt by flying low (0-5-1 m aboveground) and slow, while listening for sounds generated by prey. In some areas, they apparently hunt by searching for prey on cliffs or within caves. After capturing a prey item, bats return to a perch to eat it, although they also capture smaller prey that they consume on the wing. Breeding. In India , mating peaks in November-December. Gestation is estimated at c.145 days, with most young born in March—-May. In some colonies, most births are highly synchronized, but in other colonies, they can be spread over a few months. At one site in central India , births in one year were spread from as early as January to as late as May. Typically, one young is born, but twins have been reported. Young are naked at birth and cling to their mothers, using the mouth to grasp one ofthe false nipples. In captive studies of growth, eyes start to open by three days of age, and pinnae are expanded byfive days. Fur starts to be visible by seven days, and it covers young by eleven days. Forearm reaches c.95% of full length at ¢.28 days old, at which time young arestarting to fly, although body weight continues to increase for another month. In the wild, females carry very small young with them while foraging. Larger young are left in diurnal roosts or carried to nocturnal foraging areas where they are left hanging from perches while mothers hunt. In both cases, females return frequently during the night to feed young. Females continue to suckle young for 60-75 days butstart feeding them prey as early as 30-40 days. Activity patterns. The Greater Asian False-vampire remains in a diurnal roost during the day, becoming active at dusk. It spends the night foraging or hanging from a perch in the foraging area and returns to the diurnal roost at dawn. Natural daytime roosts are mainly caves; various human structures are also used. Most roostsites are not in total darkness, and they remain alert during the day. Echolocation calls consist of short (less than 2 milliseconds), low-intensity FM broadband pulses, with up to six harmonics. Frequency of second harmonic descends from c.54 kHz to ¢.38 kHz. In search-phase calls, most energy is in second and third harmonics; additional harmonics are emphasized while hovering over prey. During commuting flights, most energy is in the second harmonic and the fundamental.	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Megadermatidae	Lyroderma lyra	Lyroderma		lyra	E. Geoffroy	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.7569	Greater False Vampire Bat	 carnatica Elliot, 1839; caurina K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; schistacea Hodgson, 1847; spectrum Wagner, 1844; <b> sinensis </b> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907.	India, Madras	Afghanistan to S China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam; south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia; Bangladesh	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Lyroderma lyra	23	Greater Asian False-vampire	Greater False Vampire|Indian False-vampire	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	MEGADERMATIDAE	NA	NA	Lyroderma	NA	lyra	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1						"Indes [= India]."			lyra (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|carnatica (W. Elliot, 1839)|spectrum (J. A. Wagner, 1844)|schistacea (Hodgson, 1847)|caurina (K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907)|sinensis (K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907)	moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic	Kaňuch, P., Aghová, T., Meheretu, Y., Å umbera, R., & Bryja, J. (2015). New discoveries on the ecology and echolocation of the heart-nosed bat Cardioderma cor with a contribution to the phylogeny of Megadermatidae. African Zoology, 50(1), 53-57.	Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan?|China|Myanmar|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Lyroderma_lyra	0	sciname match	Megaderma_lyra	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	12938	Lyroderma lyra	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MEGADERMATIDAE	Lyroderma	lyra	É. Geoffroy, 1810	Earlier a subgenus Lyroderma Peters, 1872 is presently upgraded to genus level (Eick et al. 2012, Kaňuch et al. 2015, Soisook et al. 2015, Benda and Gaisler 2015). Earlier, the taxon caurina Andersen and Wroughton, 1907 was recognized as valid subspecies (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), but later it was synonymized with the nominate subspecies (Brosset 1962, Sinha 1970, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005).	20000000	Lyroderma lyra	Least Concern		2020	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Confirmed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is found in variety of habitats ranging from dry arid lands to hot humid forests to coastal areas (Molur et al. 2002). It roosts in small to large colonies ranging from a single individual to several hundred individuals in caves, old buildings, thatched huts, old disused wells, temples, forts, tunnels, mines, cow sheds, old unused garages. It flies rather silently and close to the ground and feeds on a variety of insects that vary seasonally, also small vertebrates and also other bat species. It breeds once in a year. Usually a single young is born after a gestation period of about 150 days (Bates and Harrison 1997).	There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. It is locally threatened in parts of its range due to disturbance and loss of roosting sites due to renovation of old temples, buildings and old forts. Populations are also threatened by mining activities and hunting for local consumption (medicine and food) in India and Viet Nam.	Overall this is a common species. Its population status is stable in Sri Lanka (W. Yapa pers. comm.) and India (Srinivasulu, C. pers. obs. 2017). It has been observed to be patchily distributed in southern Western Ghats (Srinivasulu, C. pers. obs. 2017).	Unknown	This very widely recorded species ranges through much of South Asia, southern and Central China, and throughout the Southeast Asian mainland. In South Asia it is known from Afghanistan (Qachcar, Darunta Jalalabad, Nurgul, Nangarhar (Habibi 2003, Benda and Gaisler 2015)), Bangladesh (Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna and Rajsahi divisions), India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), Nepal (Central Nepal), Pakistan (Baluchistan and Punjab) and Sri Lanka (Central, North Central, Northern, Southern and Western provinces) (Bates and Harrison 1997, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). In China, it has been recorded in Fujian, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia the species occurs in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam and Peninsular Malaysia. In South Asia, it has been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 1,000 m asl.	This species is collected locally for human consumption and medicinal use.	Terrestrial	In South Asia, although there are no direct conservation measures in place, the species has been recorded from a number of protected areas in India. In Southeast Asia, it has been recorded from several protected areas. Captive breeding techniques are known for this species and captive stocks exists in Germany.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Megadermatidae	Lyroderma		lyra	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.756944	Greater False Vampire Bat	 carnatica Elliot, 1839; caurina K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; schistacea Hodgson, 1847; spectrum Wagner, 1844; <b> sinensis </b> K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907.	India, Madras	Afghanistan to S China, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam; south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia; Bangladesh	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015). Lyroderma is neuter as the ending "derma" is a third declension Greek neuter noun. Thus, the correct spelling of the subspecies name is sinense (neuter), not sinensis (masculine or feminine).	Lyroderma lyra	1004648	23	Greater Asian False-vampire	Greater False Vampire|Indian False-vampire	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Megadermatidae	NA	NA	Lyroderma	NA	lyra	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1						"Indes [= India]."			lyra (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|carnatica (W. Elliot, 1839)|spectrum (J. A. Wagner, 1844)|schistacea (Hodgson, 1847)|caurina (K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907)|sinensis (K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907)	moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic	Kaňuch, P., Aghová, T., Meheretu, Y., Å umbera, R., & Bryja, J. (2015). New discoveries on the ecology and echolocation of the heart-nosed bat Cardioderma cor with a contribution to the phylogeny of Megadermatidae. African Zoology, 50(1), 53-57.				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan?|China|Myanmar|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Lyroderma_lyra	0	sciname match	Megaderma_lyra	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Lyroderma_lyra	1004648	23	Indian Greater False-vampire	Greater Asian False-vampire|Greater False-vampire|Indian False-vampire	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Megadermatidae	NA	NA	Lyroderma	NA	lyra	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1	Megaderma lyra	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1810. Sur les phyllostomes et les mégadermes, deux genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 15:157-198.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3546883 | https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3546891				"Indes [= India]."			previously included L. sinense; moved from Megaderma to Lyroderma so that Megaderma is not paraphyletic	Kaňuch, P., Aghová, T., Meheretu, Y., Å umbera, R., & Bryja, J. (2015). New discoveries on the ecology and echolocation of the heart-nosed bat Cardioderma cor with a contribution to the phylogeny of Megadermatidae. African Zoology, 50(1), 53-57.|Feng, L., GyÅ‘rössy, D., Portela Miguez, R., Kokkini, P., Görföl, T., Khan, S.A., Saikia, U., Talmale, S.S., Yu, W.-h., Liu, S.-y., Jiang, T.-l. and Csorba, G. 2024. A reassessment of the taxonomic status and distribution of the subspecies of _Lyroderma lyra_ (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae). Contributions to Zoology (in press). doi:10.1163/18759866-bja10073				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan?|Myanmar	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Lyroderma_lyra	0	sciname match	Megaderma_lyra	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Megadermatidae	Lyroderma		lyra	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.756944	Greater False Vampire Bat	carnatica Elliot, 1839; caurina K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907; schistacea Hodgson, 1847; spectrum Wagner, 1844; sinensis K. Andersen and Wroughton, 1907.	India, Madras	Afghanistan to Burma, south to Sri Lanka	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12938/22021835/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Does not include sinense; see Feng et al. (2024). Reviewed in part by Bates et al. (1994) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For a discussion of species and subspecies records in Afghanistan see Benda and Gaisler (2015).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Megaderma lyra; Lyroderma lyra; Lyroderma lyra; Lyroderma lyra; Lyroderma lyra; Lyroderma lyra; lyra; sinensis; carnatica; caurina; schistacea; spectrum; lyra; sinense; sinensis; carnatica; caurina; schistacea; spectrum; lyra; carnatica; spectrum; schistacea; caurina; sinensis; Mégaderme lyre; Grolier Falscher Vampir; Megaderma lyra; Greater False Vampire; Greater False Vampire Bat; ndian False-vampire; Greater Asian False-vampire; Greater False Vampire; Indian False-vampire; Greater False Vampire Bat; Greater False Vampire Bat; L. lyra