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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L552	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Latidens salimalii	N/A	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii	Latidens salimalii		[MSW3] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [HMW] Latidens salimalii Thonglongya, 1972 , High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m ), Madurai District, Madras India . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).														salimalii				salimalii 	salimalii 			salimalii Thonglongya, 1972		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		S India		N/A					Distribution: Known only by the type specimen from the Madura district.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		S India; K	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thonglongya	1972	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 69:153.		S India (known only by the type specimen).	India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).		THONGLONGYA	1972	Size fairly large (forearm length, 67-68 mm).	Distribution: Known only by the type specimen from the Madura district.	No subspecies.		35	species	L. salimalii	THONGLONGYA	1972	Latidens	genus	Latidens salimalii				Size fairly large (forearm length, 67-68 mm).	No subspecies.		1. L. salimalii THONGLONGYA 1972.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Latidens salimalii	Latidens		salimalii	Thonglongya		1972		J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	69		153		Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat	India, Madras, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).	S India.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.		Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	03AD87FAFFD6F6398CBC3EF0FB18F5D4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	76	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFD6F6398CBC3EF0FB18F5D4.xml	Latidens salimalii	Pteropodidae	Latidens	salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	Cynoptere de Salim Ali @fr | Salim-Ali-Fruchtfledermaus @de | Latideno de Salim Ali @es	Latidens salimalii Thonglongya, 1972 , High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m ), Madurai District, Madras India . This species is monotypic.	Endemic to S Western Ghats in S India (Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala , and Agasthiyar Hill Range, High Wavy Mts, and Anaimalai Hills in Tamil Nadu ).	Head-body 102- 109 mm (tailless), ear 15-5-18:- 5 mm , hindfoot 8-15 mm , forearm 66-69 mm ; mean weight 69- 2 g . Males are ¢.10% heavier than females. Head ofSalim Ali’s Fruit Bat is flat, relatively large, and blackish brown. Muzzle is short; nostrils are deeply incised and divergent. There are paired upper and (large) lowerlip papillae. Eyes are large; iris is chocolate-brown. Ear bases are below eye levels, and pinnae are oval and narrowly rounded at tips. Dorsal pelage 1s dark grayish brown, short, soft, and lightly grizzled with pale hairs; rump and flanks are infused with chestnut hairs. Indistinct rosette of hairs occurs on upper shoulders. Chin and throat are sparsely haired, and pelage on chest and belly is short and grayish brown. Uropatagium is undeveloped in center, with fringe of hairs extending posteriorly. Calcar is well developed. Tibia is long and dorsally naked. Wing membranes are blackish, and buffy soft hairs occur on underside of plagiopatagium between elbow and knee. Index claw is present. Baculum is large, ovoid, and hollowed ventrally. Skull has short rostrum, large orbits, slender and arched zygoma, and large, flattened braincase; paranasal recesses are inflated and long; there is no supraorbital foramen; and postorbital process is short. Mandible body is straight, coronoid slopes, condyle is level with alveolar line, and angle is inconspicuous. Dental formulais11/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 26. One pair of upper and lowerincisors and wide cheekteeth characterize dentition. I' is cylindrical (I? absent), and I, is slightly spatulated (I, absent). P' is peg-like; upper cheekteeth are relatively wide; lower cheekteeth are squarish, noticeably widened; next premolar (P,) is high; and M,is peg-like. Palatal ridges are thin and arched; there are four anterior undivided ridges between C' and P?, followed by nine medially divided ridges and the last one denticulate.	Montane evergreen forests, regenerating forests, and coffee and cardamom plantations at elevations of 800-1100 m . Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is endemic to the Southern Ghats montane rainforest ecoregion.	Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. They take ripe fruit on the wing to a night roost to feed on pulp. Fruit is held with one wing’s thumb and index finger. It eats fruits from at least 18 genera in 16 families. Flowers from at least six genera and five families are used.	Late pregnancy and parturition of Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats was noted in February—March. Litter size is one. Lactating females carrying large (c. 25 g ) dependent young were recorded in April-June.	Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats spend the day roosting in wide-mouthed, shallow caves, with all individuals clustered on surfaces of the cave ceiling and in darkest recesses; caves are located near streams. Emergence occurs in small groups beginning at 18:30 h, with peak emergence at 19:00-19:30 h. At night, they roost in rock shelters, caves, and abandoned buildings where groups of 4-12 individuals gather together to feed on fruits carried from trees, arriving after 18:45 h. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats return to day roosts at ¢.05:30 h. Social vocalizations include calls of 14-35 kHz.	Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats move among day roosts, fruiting trees, and night roosts where fruit are consumed, within a diameter of less than 1 km . Feeding occurs in small groups of 4-8 individuals. Both sexes have been found together in caves used as day or night roosts. Individuals are spaced c. 10 cm apart in their roosts.	Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, amended in 2006. Estimated area of occupancy is ¢. 2000 km ? Population is low and declining; five known day roosts had 25-400 individuals and total population of 800— 850 individuals. Largest single population of 475 individuals appears to be in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve. Major threats are disturbance in caves, to which Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is highly sensitive; tree cutting in coffee estates that reduce forest cover; and local hunting for traditional medicinal use, intended to cure respiratory disorders. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is found in protected areas including Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat also occurs in private estates dedicated to tea, coffee, and cardamom production, where it is protected and land is unlikely to be drastically transformed in the short term.	Agoramoorthy & Hsu (2005) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates, Harrison, Thomas & Muni (1994) | Ghosh et al. (1999) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Molur & Vanitharani (2008) | Molur etal. (2002) | Olson et al. (2001) | Singaravelan & Marimuthu (2003a, 2003b) | Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010) | Thonglongya (1972) | Vanitharani (2015) | Vanitharani, Malathi & Sundari (2005) | Vanitharani, Pearch et al. (2004) | Wordley et al. (2016)		28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat Latidens salimalii French: Cynoptere de Salim Ali / German: Salim-Ali-Fruchtfledermaus / Spanish: Latideno de Salim Ali Taxonomy. Latidens salimalii Thonglongya, 1972 , High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m ), Madurai District, Madras India . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to S Western Ghats in S India (Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala , and Agasthiyar Hill Range, High Wavy Mts, and Anaimalai Hills in Tamil Nadu ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 102- 109 mm (tailless), ear 15-5-18:- 5 mm , hindfoot 8-15 mm , forearm 66-69 mm ; mean weight 69- 2 g . Males are ¢.10% heavier than females. Head ofSalim Ali’s Fruit Bat is flat, relatively large, and blackish brown. Muzzle is short; nostrils are deeply incised and divergent. There are paired upper and (large) lowerlip papillae. Eyes are large; iris is chocolate-brown. Ear bases are below eye levels, and pinnae are oval and narrowly rounded at tips. Dorsal pelage 1s dark grayish brown, short, soft, and lightly grizzled with pale hairs; rump and flanks are infused with chestnut hairs. Indistinct rosette of hairs occurs on upper shoulders. Chin and throat are sparsely haired, and pelage on chest and belly is short and grayish brown. Uropatagium is undeveloped in center, with fringe of hairs extending posteriorly. Calcar is well developed. Tibia is long and dorsally naked. Wing membranes are blackish, and buffy soft hairs occur on underside of plagiopatagium between elbow and knee. Index claw is present. Baculum is large, ovoid, and hollowed ventrally. Skull has short rostrum, large orbits, slender and arched zygoma, and large, flattened braincase; paranasal recesses are inflated and long; there is no supraorbital foramen; and postorbital process is short. Mandible body is straight, coronoid slopes, condyle is level with alveolar line, and angle is inconspicuous. Dental formulais11/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 26. One pair of upper and lowerincisors and wide cheekteeth characterize dentition. I' is cylindrical (I? absent), and I, is slightly spatulated (I, absent). P' is peg-like; upper cheekteeth are relatively wide; lower cheekteeth are squarish, noticeably widened; next premolar (P,) is high; and M,is peg-like. Palatal ridges are thin and arched; there are four anterior undivided ridges between C' and P?, followed by nine medially divided ridges and the last one denticulate. Habitat. Montane evergreen forests, regenerating forests, and coffee and cardamom plantations at elevations of 800-1100 m . Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is endemic to the Southern Ghats montane rainforest ecoregion. Food and Feeding. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. They take ripe fruit on the wing to a night roost to feed on pulp. Fruit is held with one wing’s thumb and index finger. It eats fruits from at least 18 genera in 16 families. Flowers from at least six genera and five families are used. Breeding. Late pregnancy and parturition of Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats was noted in February—March. Litter size is one. Lactating females carrying large (c. 25 g ) dependent young were recorded in April-June. Activity patterns. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats spend the day roosting in wide-mouthed, shallow caves, with all individuals clustered on surfaces of the cave ceiling and in darkest recesses; caves are located near streams. Emergence occurs in small groups beginning at 18:30 h, with peak emergence at 19:00-19:30 h. At night, they roost in rock shelters, caves, and abandoned buildings where groups of 4-12 individuals gather together to feed on fruits carried from trees, arriving after 18:45 h. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats return to day roosts at ¢.05:30 h. Social vocalizations include calls of 14-35 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bats move among day roosts, fruiting trees, and night roosts where fruit are consumed, within a diameter of less than 1 km . Feeding occurs in small groups of 4-8 individuals. Both sexes have been found together in caves used as day or night roosts. Individuals are spaced c. 10 cm apart in their roosts. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, amended in 2006. Estimated area of occupancy is ¢. 2000 km ? Population is low and declining; five known day roosts had 25-400 individuals and total population of 800— 850 individuals. Largest single population of 475 individuals appears to be in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve. Major threats are disturbance in caves, to which Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is highly sensitive; tree cutting in coffee estates that reduce forest cover; and local hunting for traditional medicinal use, intended to cure respiratory disorders. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat is found in protected areas including Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat also occurs in private estates dedicated to tea, coffee, and cardamom production, where it is protected and land is unlikely to be drastically transformed in the short term. Bibliography. Agoramoorthy & Hsu (2005), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Harrison, Thomas & Muni (1994), Ghosh et al. (1999), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Molur & Vanitharani (2008), Molur etal. (2002), Olson et al. (2001), Singaravelan & Marimuthu (2003a, 2003b), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010), Thonglongya (1972), Vanitharani (2015), Vanitharani, Malathi & Sundari (2005), Vanitharani, Pearch et al. (2004), Wordley et al. (2016).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Latidens salimalii	Latidens		salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	0	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	71:33:00	Salim Ali&apos;s Fruit Bat	None.	India, Madras, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).	S India.	Not listed.	Endangered	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Latidens salimalii	23	Salim Ali's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Latidens	NA	salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	0						High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m), Madurai District, Madras India.			salimalii Thonglongya, 1972	NA	NA	India	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Latidens_salimalii	0	sciname match	Latidens_salimalii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	11374	Latidens salimalii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Latidens	salimalii	Thonglongya, 1972		20000000	Latidens salimalii	Endangered	C1	2020	2020-07-05 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Latidens salimalii ; is assessed as Endangered under criterion C1 as the species population is estimated at ca 1,000 bats (mature individuals estimated to be ca. 750 bats); the largest subpopulation is ca. 475 bats. The number of mature individuals has declined and is projected to continue to decline by 20% over the next two (2) generations (generation length = 6.4 years; Pacifici et al. 2013) due to the continuing loss and degradation of its cave roosts, deforestation, and hunting ;for subsistence.	This species roosts in caves in montane evergreen forests, regenerating forests, and coffee and cardamom plantations (Molur et al. 2002, Vanitharani et al. 2004, Wordley et al. 2016). It is primarily frugivorous, and feeds on fruit from at least 18 genera in 16 families, and flowers from at least six genera and five families. Vanitharani et al. (2004) identified Ficus racemosa figs as a major constituent of its diet, alongside the fruits of Elaeocarpus serratus, E. tuberculatus , and Dichapetalum gelonoides .	This species is highly sensitive to disturbance in roosting caves ( and is also threatened by declining tree cover due to felling in coffee and tea estates (Molur et al. 2002, Singaravelan and Marimuthu 2003), and local hunting and consumption as traditional medicine (Molur et al. 2002, Vanitharani et al. 2004).	The total population size of this species is estimated to be around 1,000 bats (mature individuals estimated to be ca 750 bats). The number of mature individuals has declined (Molur ;et al. ;2002) and is projected to continue to decline by 20% over the next two (2) generations (generation length = 6.4 years; Pacifici et al . 2013) due to the continuing loss and degradation of its cave roosts, deforestation, and hunting ;for subsistence. Five known day and night roosts have 50-400 individuals each (Agoramoorthy 2000, Singaravelan and Marimuthu 2003, Vanitharani et al. 2004). It has been recently reported from the Anamalai Hills and the Valparai Plateau (Wordley et al. 2016). The largest single subpopulation is ca. 475 individuals (ca 350 mature individuals) is in the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve in the Agasthiyar Hills.	Decreasing	This species is endemic to South India, and is presently known from localities in the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, and Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Agasthiyar Hills, Kardana Coffee Estate and Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary in the High Wavy Mountains, and the Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu (Molur et al. 2002, Vanitharani et al. 2005, Wordley et al. 2016). ;It occurs at elevations between 800 m to 1,100 m asl.	This species ;is hunted ;by locals for traditional medicinal use, intended as a cure for respiratory disease (Vanitharani ;et al. 2004).	Terrestrial	This species has been accorded protection under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, amended in 2006. It occurs in protected areas including the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve and Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala. It also occurs in privately-owned and managed coffee and tea estates, where the biodiversity and structure is mostly protected. Surveys on key roosting sites, population, ecology, population, and habitat use, and public awareness and outreach amongst locals is recommended.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Latidens		salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	0	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	71:33:00	Salim Ali&apos;s Fruit Bat	None.	India, Madras, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).	S India.	Not listed.	Endangered	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Latidens salimalii	1004368	23	Salim Ali's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Latidens	NA	salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	0						High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m), Madurai District, Madras India.			salimalii Thonglongya, 1972	NA	NA				India	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Latidens_salimalii	0	sciname match	Latidens_salimalii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Latidens_salimalii	1004368	23	Salim Ali's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Balionycterini	Latidens	NA	salimalii	Thonglongya	0	Latidens salimalii	Thonglongya, K. 1972. A new genus and species of fruit bat from South India (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69(1):151-158.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48288994	BNHS 1563	holotype		High Wavy Mountains, 2,500 ft. (= 762 m), Madurai District, Madras India.			NA	NA				India	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Latidens_salimalii	0	sciname match	Latidens_salimalii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Latidens		salimalii	Thonglongya	1972	0	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	71:33:00	Salim Ali&apos;s Fruit Bat	None.	India, Madras, Madurai Dist., High Wavy Mtns, 2,500 ft. (762 m).	S India.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11374/22103756/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Latidens salimalii; Latidens salimalii; Latidens salimalii; Latidens salimalii; Latidens salimalii; Latidens salimalii; salimalii; Cynoptere de Salim Ali; Salim-Ali-Fruchtfledermaus; Latideno de Salim Ali; Salim Ali's Fruit Bat; Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat; Salim Ali&apos;s Fruit Bat; L. salimalii