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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L465	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pipistrellus affinis	Pipistrellus affinis	Pipistrellus affinis	Pipistrellus affinis	Pipistrellus affinis	Falsistrellus affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo affinis		[MSW2] Subgenus Falsistrellus.; [MSW3] May include petersi; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [HMW] Vesperugo (Pipistrellus) affinis Dobson, 1871 , Bhamo, 1372 m , Kachin State , north-eastern Myanmar . This species, Hypsugo petersi and H. mordax were previously placed in Pipustrellus, where the first two were treated in the “ affinis group” (with some other Asian species) by G. H. H. Tate in 1942, and by K. F. Koopman in 1994. In 1987, based mainly on bacular characters of affinis and petersi ( mordax was not included in the study), J. E. Hill and D. L. Harrison redefined the affinis group, limiting it to these three species ( mordax tentatively), which they placed in the subgenus Falsistrellus of Pipustrellus, alongside the Australian forms tasmaniensis and mackenziei (the tasmaniensis group). G. B. Corbet and Hill followed this arrangement in 1992, whereas in 2005 N. B. Simmons recognized Falsistrellus as a valid genus, with the same five species. The phylogenetic studies of L.. R. Heaney and colleagues in 2012 and M. Ruedi and colleagues in 2017, revealed a close relationship of petersi to Hypsugo . On the basis of sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and combining cranial, dental, and multivariate statistical evidence, in 2018 T. Gorfol and G. Csorba (and in 2019 Gorfol and colleagues) recovered petersi within a clade of Hypsugo , with a sister relationship to H. dolichodon; as a result they transferred the Asian members of Falsistrellus ( affinis , mordax , petersi ) to Hypsugo . At the specific level, following Gorfol and Csorba, comparison between specimens of “ affinis ” from Myanmar (Mon State) and Cambodia and those from the Indian subcontinent revealed morphological differences (skull and dental characters, number of caudal vertebrae, bacular form), with the result that the Myanmar and Cambodia specimens were reidentified as H. dolichodon. Earlier, specimens of affinis from India and Sri Lanka had been treated as belonging to mordax . Further studies with genetic data are needed to determine the exact distribution of affinis and its real relationship to mordax and petersi , including whether they are all conspecific (the name mordax has priority), as was previously suspected, for example by C. M. Francis and Hill in 1986 and Corbet and Hill in 1992; comparisons ofthe three are complicated by the fact that mordax is the only one with a type specimen that includes a skull. Gorfol and Csorba also reported that preliminary investigations suggested potentially undescribed forms (unpublished) in the group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in Falsitrellus ; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi ; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax ; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [MDD2022] moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo; [IUCN] Earlier forms from India and Sri Lanka were included under Pipistrellus mordax Peters, 1866 (Wroughton 1916, 1918, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Phillips 1980), but, are presently considered distinct by Hill and Harrison (1987), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2012). This taxon is presently included under the genus Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 based on statistical and genetic analysis (Görföl and Csorba 2018), and the genus Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943 sensu stricto is now restricted to Australia.; [batnames2023] Formerly included in Falsitrellus ; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi ; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax ; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [MDD2023] moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in Falsitrellus; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo														affinis	Earlier forms from India and Sri Lanka were included under Pipistrellus mordax Peters, 1866 (Wroughton 1916, 1918, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Phillips 1980), but, are presently considered distinct by Hill and Harrison (1987), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2012). This taxon is presently included under the genus Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 based on statistical and genetic analysis (Görföl and Csorba 2018), and the genus Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943 sensu stricto is now restricted to Australia.			affinis 	affinis 			affinis (Dobson, 1871)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Chocolate bat	NE Burma, Yunnan	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pipistrellus affinis	Burma, Bhamo.	Dobson	1871	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 213.	Distribution: Ranging from northern India to southwestern China.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		India, NE Borneo, Yunnan	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Dobson	1871	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 213.	Subgenus Falsistrellus.	NE Burma, Yunnan (China), N India.	Burma, Bhamo.		DOBSON	1871	Size medium (forearm length, 38-41 mm). Inner upper incisor bicuspid. Outer upper incisor well developed. Anterior upper premolar displaced medially. Rostrum of medium width. Forehead almost flat.	Distribution: Ranging from northern India to southwestern China.	No subspecies.		113	species	P. affinis	DOBSON	1871	Pipistrellus	subgenus	Pipistrellus affinis				Size medium (forearm length, 38-41 mm). Inner upper incisor bicuspid. Outer upper incisor well developed. Anterior upper premolar displaced medially. Rostrum of medium width. Forehead almost flat.	No subspecies.		22. P. affinis (DOBSON 1871) [affinis group].	22	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Falsistrellus affinis	Falsistrellus		affinis	Dobson	y	1871		Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal			213		Chocolate Pipistrelle	Burma, Bhamo.	NE Burma, Yunnan (China), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as Pipistrellus affinus.		May include petersi; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	812	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFCD6A72FF4C9E46194AB2E8.xml	Hypsugo affinis	Vespertilionidae	Hypsugo	affinis	Dobson	1871	Vespére chocolat @fr | Hochland-Zwergfledermaus @de | Hypsugo chocolatero @es | Grizzled Pipistrelle @en | Highland Pipistrelle @en	Vesperugo (Pipistrellus) affinis Dobson, 1871 , Bhamo, 1372 m , Kachin State , north-eastern Myanmar . This species, Hypsugo petersi and H. mordax were previously placed in Pipustrellus, where the first two were treated in the “ affinis group” (with some other Asian species) by G. H. H. Tate in 1942, and by K. F. Koopman in 1994. In 1987, based mainly on bacular characters of affinis and petersi ( mordax was not included in the study), J. E. Hill and D. L. Harrison redefined the affinis group, limiting it to these three species ( mordax tentatively), which they placed in the subgenus Falsistrellus of Pipustrellus, alongside the Australian forms tasmaniensis and mackenziei (the tasmaniensis group). G. B. Corbet and Hill followed this arrangement in 1992, whereas in 2005 N. B. Simmons recognized Falsistrellus as a valid genus, with the same five species. The phylogenetic studies of L.. R. Heaney and colleagues in 2012 and M. Ruedi and colleagues in 2017, revealed a close relationship of petersi to Hypsugo . On the basis of sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and combining cranial, dental, and multivariate statistical evidence, in 2018 T. Gorfol and G. Csorba (and in 2019 Gorfol and colleagues) recovered petersi within a clade of Hypsugo , with a sister relationship to H. dolichodon; as a result they transferred the Asian members of Falsistrellus ( affinis , mordax , petersi ) to Hypsugo . At the specific level, following Gorfol and Csorba, comparison between specimens of “ affinis ” from Myanmar (Mon State) and Cambodia and those from the Indian subcontinent revealed morphological differences (skull and dental characters, number of caudal vertebrae, bacular form), with the result that the Myanmar and Cambodia specimens were reidentified as H. dolichodon. Earlier, specimens of affinis from India and Sri Lanka had been treated as belonging to mordax . Further studies with genetic data are needed to determine the exact distribution of affinis and its real relationship to mordax and petersi , including whether they are all conspecific (the name mordax has priority), as was previously suspected, for example by C. M. Francis and Hill in 1986 and Corbet and Hill in 1992; comparisons ofthe three are complicated by the fact that mordax is the only one with a type specimen that includes a skull. Gorfol and Csorba also reported that preliminary investigations suggested potentially undescribed forms (unpublished) in the group. Monotypic.	India ( Uttarakhand , West Bengal , Maharashtra , Kerala , and Tamil Nadu ), C Nepal , Sri Lanka (Central and Uva provinces), SC China (SE Tibet [= Xizang ], Yunnan , and Guangxi ), and NE Myanmar (known only from type locality in Kachin State ).	Head-body 43-51 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 12-15 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 37-8-41-5 mm. Pelage of the Chocolate Pipistrelle is soft, dense, and relatively long; upperparts are chocolate-brown, almost black, lighter on head and neck, with pale gray hairtips, giving slightly grizzled appearance; underparts are also dark,slightly paler than dorsum, with grayish-white bases and dark tips; uniformly white near anus. Wing membranes, ears, and naked parts of face are blackish brown. Ears are broad and rounded, more or less triangular; tragusis broad and pointed at anterior end. Muzzle is moderately long and narrow. Wing membranes attach to base of outertoe. Tail is long, with nine caudal vertebrae. Baculum of a specimen from India is broad, proximally widened and ventrally deeply fluted, with no distal expansion. Skull has relatively low braincase in comparison to rostrum, which is robust and elongated, with lateral and median depressions; forehead is almost flat; zygomata are robust with low but evident postorbital processes; basicranial pits are poorly developed; coronoid process of each half mandible exceeds C, in height. I? is short and broad; I* is well developed, equal in height to secondary cusp of I*, and with distinct accessory cusp internally; it is usually situated closely adjacent to C', which is unicuspid and broad at base; P* is of moderate size, subequal to I” in crown area and slightly displaced internally; C! and P* are not in contact, according to specimens from India , but in specimens from China they be may slightly in contact; P,is situated in tooth row, and is about two-thirds the crown area and height of P,. Condilo-canine lengths are 13-7-14-5 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-5 7 mm . In 1969, S. Pathak and T. Sharma reported two different karyotypes under different names from the same locality in India ( Maharashtra ), 2n = 36 and FN = 50 for the form then named Pipustrellus affinis , and 2n = 34 and FN = 46 for P. mordax ; they differ by a small pair of subtelocentric chromosomes.	The Chocolate Pipistrelle is apparently confined to high altitudes up to ¢. 2000 m . In Sri Lanka , it has been recorded in Central Highlands at 1846 m , in Nepal at 2000 m , and in Darjeeling district, India , at 1452 m . In Myanmar ,it was recorded in Bhamo, a town beside the Irrawaddy River surrounded by deciduous and evergreen forest.	Chocolate Pipistrellesfly at heights of 5-6 m and catch small flying insects such as mosquitoes.	No information.	The Chocolate Pipistrelle is nocturnal. It appears to spend the day in the roofs of buildings or in cracks and small holes in tree trunks, emerging at dusk to feed on insects, which it captures around human habitations and clearings. It may hibernate for a short period during cold and frosty weather.	Chocolate Pipistrelles roost in small colonies of 5-6 individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Falsistrellus affinis ),, in view ofits wide distribution and expected large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining quickly. In parts of South Asia, the Chocolate Pipistrelle is threatened by habitat loss, largely through commercial logging and conversion of land for agriculture, as well as human interference at roosting sites. Further studies are needed into its taxonomy, distribution, abundance, reproduction, and ecology.	Acharya et al. (2010) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates et al. (2005) | Boitani et al. (2006) | Chheang et al. (2013) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal & Kingston (2008f) | Das (2003) | Dobson (1871b) | Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951) | Francis (2008a) | Francis & Hill (1986) | Gorfol & Csorba (2018) | Gorfol, Csorba et al. (2014) | Gorfol, Furey et al. (2019) | Heaney et al. (2012) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Koopman (1994) | Molur et al. (2002) | Pathak & Sharma (1969) | Phauk et al. (2013) | Phillips (1980) | Ruedi, Eger et al. (2017) | Simmons (2005) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012) | Tate (1942b) | Wroughton (1916, 1918a) | Yapa & Ratnavira (2013)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397984/files/figure.png	102. Chocolate Pipistrelle Hypsugo affinis French: Vespére chocolat / German: Hochland-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Hypsugo chocolatero Other common names: Grizzled Pipistrelle , Highland Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Vesperugo (Pipistrellus) affinis Dobson, 1871 , Bhamo, 1372 m , Kachin State , north-eastern Myanmar . This species, Hypsugo petersi and H. mordax were previously placed in Pipustrellus, where the first two were treated in the “ affinis group” (with some other Asian species) by G. H. H. Tate in 1942, and by K. F. Koopman in 1994. In 1987, based mainly on bacular characters of affinis and petersi ( mordax was not included in the study), J. E. Hill and D. L. Harrison redefined the affinis group, limiting it to these three species ( mordax tentatively), which they placed in the subgenus Falsistrellus of Pipustrellus, alongside the Australian forms tasmaniensis and mackenziei (the tasmaniensis group). G. B. Corbet and Hill followed this arrangement in 1992, whereas in 2005 N. B. Simmons recognized Falsistrellus as a valid genus, with the same five species. The phylogenetic studies of L.. R. Heaney and colleagues in 2012 and M. Ruedi and colleagues in 2017, revealed a close relationship of petersi to Hypsugo . On the basis of sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and combining cranial, dental, and multivariate statistical evidence, in 2018 T. Gorfol and G. Csorba (and in 2019 Gorfol and colleagues) recovered petersi within a clade of Hypsugo , with a sister relationship to H. dolichodon; as a result they transferred the Asian members of Falsistrellus ( affinis , mordax , petersi ) to Hypsugo . At the specific level, following Gorfol and Csorba, comparison between specimens of “ affinis ” from Myanmar (Mon State) and Cambodia and those from the Indian subcontinent revealed morphological differences (skull and dental characters, number of caudal vertebrae, bacular form), with the result that the Myanmar and Cambodia specimens were reidentified as H. dolichodon. Earlier, specimens of affinis from India and Sri Lanka had been treated as belonging to mordax . Further studies with genetic data are needed to determine the exact distribution of affinis and its real relationship to mordax and petersi , including whether they are all conspecific (the name mordax has priority), as was previously suspected, for example by C. M. Francis and Hill in 1986 and Corbet and Hill in 1992; comparisons ofthe three are complicated by the fact that mordax is the only one with a type specimen that includes a skull. Gorfol and Csorba also reported that preliminary investigations suggested potentially undescribed forms (unpublished) in the group. Monotypic. Distribution. India ( Uttarakhand , West Bengal , Maharashtra , Kerala , and Tamil Nadu ), C Nepal , Sri Lanka (Central and Uva provinces), SC China (SE Tibet [= Xizang ], Yunnan , and Guangxi ), and NE Myanmar (known only from type locality in Kachin State ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-51 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 12-15 mm, hindfoot 7-8 mm, forearm 37-8-41-5 mm. Pelage of the Chocolate Pipistrelle is soft, dense, and relatively long; upperparts are chocolate-brown, almost black, lighter on head and neck, with pale gray hairtips, giving slightly grizzled appearance; underparts are also dark,slightly paler than dorsum, with grayish-white bases and dark tips; uniformly white near anus. Wing membranes, ears, and naked parts of face are blackish brown. Ears are broad and rounded, more or less triangular; tragusis broad and pointed at anterior end. Muzzle is moderately long and narrow. Wing membranes attach to base of outertoe. Tail is long, with nine caudal vertebrae. Baculum of a specimen from India is broad, proximally widened and ventrally deeply fluted, with no distal expansion. Skull has relatively low braincase in comparison to rostrum, which is robust and elongated, with lateral and median depressions; forehead is almost flat; zygomata are robust with low but evident postorbital processes; basicranial pits are poorly developed; coronoid process of each half mandible exceeds C, in height. I? is short and broad; I* is well developed, equal in height to secondary cusp of I*, and with distinct accessory cusp internally; it is usually situated closely adjacent to C', which is unicuspid and broad at base; P* is of moderate size, subequal to I” in crown area and slightly displaced internally; C! and P* are not in contact, according to specimens from India , but in specimens from China they be may slightly in contact; P,is situated in tooth row, and is about two-thirds the crown area and height of P,. Condilo-canine lengths are 13-7-14-5 mm, and maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-5 7 mm . In 1969, S. Pathak and T. Sharma reported two different karyotypes under different names from the same locality in India ( Maharashtra ), 2n = 36 and FN = 50 for the form then named Pipustrellus affinis , and 2n = 34 and FN = 46 for P. mordax ; they differ by a small pair of subtelocentric chromosomes. Habitat. The Chocolate Pipistrelle is apparently confined to high altitudes up to ¢. 2000 m . In Sri Lanka , it has been recorded in Central Highlands at 1846 m , in Nepal at 2000 m , and in Darjeeling district, India , at 1452 m . In Myanmar ,it was recorded in Bhamo, a town beside the Irrawaddy River surrounded by deciduous and evergreen forest. Food and Feeding. Chocolate Pipistrellesfly at heights of 5-6 m and catch small flying insects such as mosquitoes. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Chocolate Pipistrelle is nocturnal. It appears to spend the day in the roofs of buildings or in cracks and small holes in tree trunks, emerging at dusk to feed on insects, which it captures around human habitations and clearings. It may hibernate for a short period during cold and frosty weather. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Chocolate Pipistrelles roost in small colonies of 5-6 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as Falsistrellus affinis ),, in view ofits wide distribution and expected large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining quickly. In parts of South Asia, the Chocolate Pipistrelle is threatened by habitat loss, largely through commercial logging and conversion of land for agriculture, as well as human interference at roosting sites. Further studies are needed into its taxonomy, distribution, abundance, reproduction, and ecology. Bibliography. Acharya et al. (2010), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2005), Boitani et al. (2006), Chheang et al. (2013), Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal & Kingston (2008f), Das (2003), Dobson (1871b), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Francis (2008a), Francis & Hill (1986), Gorfol & Csorba (2018), Gorfol, Csorba et al. (2014), Gorfol, Furey et al. (2019), Heaney et al. (2012), Hill & Harrison (1987), Koopman (1994), Molur et al. (2002), Pathak & Sharma (1969), Phauk et al. (2013), Phillips (1980), Ruedi, Eger et al. (2017), Simmons (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Tate (1942b), Wroughton (1916, 1918a), Yapa & Ratnavira (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Hypsugo affinis	Hypsugo		affinis	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	1874:33:00	Chocolate Pipistrelle	None.	Burma, Bhamo.	NE Burma, Yunnan (China), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included in Falsitrellus ; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi ; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax ; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Hypsugo affinis	23	Chocolate Pipistrelle	Grizzled Pipistrelle|Highland Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Hypsugo	NA	affinis	Dobson	1871	1	Pipistrellus_affinis	Dobson, G. E. (1871). Notes on nine new species of Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae, with remarks on the synonymy and classification of some other species of the same family. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871, 213.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44923#page/259/mode/1up	ZSI 15592		Bhamo, 1372 m, Kachin State, north-eastern Myanmar.			affinis (Dobson, 1871)	moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo	Górfól, T., & Csorba, G. (2018). Integrative taxonomy places Asian species of Falsistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) into Hypsugo. Mammalian Biology, 93(1), 56-63.	India|Nepal|Sri Lanka|China|Myanmar	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Hypsugo_affinis	0	sciname match	Falsistrellus_affinis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17324	Hypsugo affinis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Hypsugo	affinis	Dobson, 1871	Earlier forms from India and Sri Lanka were included under Pipistrellus mordax Peters, 1866 (Wroughton 1916, 1918, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Phillips 1980), but, are presently considered distinct by Hill and Harrison (1987), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu (2012). This taxon is presently included under the genus Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 based on statistical and genetic analysis (Görföl and Csorba 2018), and the genus Falsistrellus Troughton, 1943 sensu stricto is now restricted to Australia.	20000000	Hypsugo affinis	Least Concern		2019	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Confirmed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species roosts in small colonies of five or six individuals in roofs of buildings and cracks, hollows in trees, near human habitations (Molur et al. 2002, Smith and Xie 2008). It feeds on small insects flying low near the ground and seen near human habitation (Bates and Harrison 1997, Smith and Xie 2008).	There are no major threats to this species in Southeast Asia. In parts of South Asia, this species is threatened by habitat loss, largely through commercial logging and the conversion of land to agricultural use and human interference to roosting sites (Molur et al . 2002).	There is little information about the abundance of this species. Though widely distributed in South Asia, the population size is believed to be small and a declining trend in the population is inferred (Molur et al. 2002).	Unknown	This species is generally distributed in southern and northern parts of South Asia, southern China, and western Southeast Asia. In South Asia, it is known from India (Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal), Nepal (Central Nepal) and Sri Lanka (Central and Uva provinces). In China, it has been recorded from Xizang, Yunnan, and Guangxi (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it appears to have only been recorded from NE Myanmar (Smith and Xie 2008). It ranges from sea level up to around 2,000 m asl.		Terrestrial	In South Asia, there are no conservation measures in place and this species has not been recorded from any protected areas.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Hypsugo		affinis	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	1874:33:00	Chocolate Pipistrelle	None.	Burma, Bhamo.	NE Burma, Yunnan (China), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included in Falsitrellus ; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi ; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax ; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Hypsugo affinis	1005712	23	Chocolate Pipistrelle	Grizzled Pipistrelle|Highland Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Hypsugo	NA	affinis	Dobson	1871	1	Pipistrellus_affinis	Dobson, G. E. (1871). Notes on nine new species of Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae, with remarks on the synonymy and classification of some other species of the same family. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871, 213.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44923#page/259/mode/1up	ZSI 15592		Bhamo, 1372 m, Kachin State, north-eastern Myanmar.			affinis (Dobson, 1871)	moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo	Górfól, T., & Csorba, G. (2018). Integrative taxonomy places Asian species of Falsistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) into Hypsugo. Mammalian Biology, 93(1), 56-63.				India|Nepal|Sri Lanka|China|Myanmar	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Hypsugo_affinis	0	sciname match	Falsistrellus_affinis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Hypsugo_affinis	1005712	23	Chocolate Pipistrelle	Grizzled Pipistrelle|Highland Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Hypsugo	NA	affinis	Dobson	1	Pipistrellus affinis	Dobson, G.E. 1871. Notes on nine new species of Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae, with remarks on the synonymy and classification of some other species of the same family. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1871:210-215.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12393595	ZSI 15592	holotype		Bhamo, 1372 m, Kachin State, north-eastern Myanmar.			moved from Falsistrellus to Hypsugo	Górfól, T., & Csorba, G. (2018). Integrative taxonomy places Asian species of Falsistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) into Hypsugo. Mammalian Biology, 93(1), 56-63.				India|Nepal|Sri Lanka|China|Myanmar	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Hypsugo_affinis	0	sciname match	Falsistrellus_affinis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Hypsugo		affinis	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	1874:33:00	Chocolate Pipistrelle	None.	Burma, Bhamo.	NE Burma, Yunnan (China), India, Nepal, Sri Lanka.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17324/22131594/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Formerly included in Falsitrellus; transferred to Hypsugo by Görföl and Csorba (2018). May include petersi; see Francis and Hill (1986) and Corbet and Hill (1992). May be conspecific with mordax; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Falsistrellus affinis; Hypsugo affinis; Hypsugo affinis; Hypsugo affinis; Hypsugo affinis; Hypsugo affinis; affinis; Vespére chocolat; Hochland-Zwergfledermaus; Hypsugo chocolatero; Grizzled Pipistrelle; Highland Pipistrelle; Chocolate Pipistrelle; Grizzled Pipistrelle; Highland Pipistrelle; Chocolate Pipistrelle; Chocolate Pipistrelle; Pipistrellus affinis; H. affinis