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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L43	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus tenuis [synonym of]	Pipistrellus tenuis westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus westralis	Alionoctula westralis		[MSW3] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984c, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).; [HMW] Pipustrellus tenuis westralis Koopman, 1984 , “Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40’S , 121°30°E ), Western Australia ,” Australia . Pipistrellus westralis was originally described as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is considered a distinct species based on morphology. Although similar to one another, P. westralis and P. adams: are considered separate species based on morphological and genetic distinctions. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984 c , 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).; [IUCN] Koopman in Wilson and Reeder (1993) treated Pipistrellus westralis as a synonym of Pipistrellus tenuis .; [batnames2023] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984 c , 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984c, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Pipistrellus to Alionoctula														westralis	Koopman in Wilson and Reeder (1993) treated Pipistrellus westralis as a synonym of Pipistrellus tenuis .			westralis 	westralis 			westralis (Koopman, 1984)						N/A							Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		N, W Australia; (in P. tenuis ?); refs. 4.12, 72, 89, 123, 128																															NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	westralis	Koopman		1984		Amer. Mus. Novit.	2778		13		Koopman's Pipistrelle	Australia, Western Australia, Cape Bossut, 18°40'S, 121°30'E.	N Australia from Kimberly to E Gulf of Carpentaria.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).		Subgenus Pipistrellus. Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984c, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).	03A687BCFF81FF80168FF3B3F81CF382	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	783	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFE26A5DFF919E4D18B8BFBC.xml	Pipustrellus westralis	Vespertilionidae	Pipustrellus	westralis	Koopman	1984	Pipistrelle de Koopman @fr | Mangroven-Zwergfledermaus @de | Pipistrela Koopman @es | Koopman'’s Pipistrelle @en | Mangrove Pipistrelle @en | North-western Pipistrelle @en | Western Pipistrelle @en	Pipustrellus tenuis westralis Koopman, 1984 , “Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40’S , 121°30°E ), Western Australia ,” Australia . Pipistrellus westralis was originally described as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is considered a distinct species based on morphology. Although similar to one another, P. westralis and P. adams: are considered separate species based on morphological and genetic distinctions. Monotypic.	Along Australia’s N coastline from Cape Bossut in Western Australia to Karumba in W Queensland , including Melville, Bathurst, and some other offshore Is.	Head-body 34-4-42-2 mm, tail 29-37-2 mm, ear 8-1-11 mm, forearm 27-4-31-3 mm; weight 2-7-4-8 g. Like the Forest Pipistrelle ( P. adamsi ), the Northern Pipistrelle is very small and one of the smallest bats in Australia . Dorsal pelage is dark brown; ventral pelage is buffy grayish brown. Muzzle, ears, and forearms are generally brown to light brown; wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown. Ears are broadly triangular, with less rounded tips than in the Forest Pipistrelle; tragus is less than one-half the ear height, with small basal lobe and less convex posterior side than in the Forest Pipistrelle. Uropatagium stretches nearly to end oftail (only extreme tip free), and postcalcarial lobe is elongated. Glans penis is slightly flared, with central circular depression at tip that has many small fleshy spines. Baculum is shorter than in the Forest Pipistrelle, with wider base, and shaft is straight, with bifurcated tip (for 10% of its length rather than 30% in the Forest Pipistrelle). Skull is small and fragile; sagittal crest is absent; lambdoidal crest is weak; zygomatic arches are weak; I” is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and subequal in height to second cusp of I?; P* is slightly outside tooth row but well developed; and lower molars are nyctalodont.	Primarily mangrove habitats but also adjacent thicket habitats and riverine forests, generally associated with water. Northern Pipistrelles are found in a broader variety of habitats in the Top End region of northern Australia , although they are still primarily found in mangroves. They also can be associated with Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) swamps, areas dominated by Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ), freshwater Barringtonia ( Lecythidaceae ) mangroves, and within pindan thickets.	Diet contains various arthropods, including moths, small beetles, ants, bugs, and cockroaches, and occasionally spiders. In northern Australia , diets reportedly include Coleoptera (29-2% by volume), Hymenoptera (24-7%), Lepidoptera (23:7%), and Hemiptera (16-:3%), along with a few other arthropod food items (6-1%).	Births of Northern Pipistrelles have been recorded in dry season (June-July), but they probably breed year-round like some Pipistrellus in New Guinea (e.g. the Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle, P. papuanus ). Litter size seems to be one.	Northern Pipistrelles are nocturnal. Although no roosts have been reported, they probably roost in tree hollows. They have fluttering, acrobatic flight that allows them to follow irregular contours of forests’ outer foliage as they forage 2 m off the vegetation. Search-call shape is FM/QCEF, with characteristic frequency averaging 46-6 kHz (44-49-3 kHz).	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Pipistrelle is common in suitable habitats, although its habitats are relatively limited. It does not seem to face many threats currently, but destruction of mangrove habitat might be a future threat.	Adams et al. (1987) | Churchill (2008) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kitchener et al. (1986) | Koopman (1984b) | McKenzie & Hall (2008) | McKenzie & Milne (2008) | Milne (2002) | Milne, Armstrong et al. (2005) | Milne, Burwell & Pavey (2016)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397870/files/figure.png	47. Northern Pipistrelle Pipustrellus westralis French: Pipistrelle de Koopman / German: Mangroven-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Pipistrela Koopman Other common names: Koopman'’s Pipistrelle , Mangrove Pipistrelle , North-western Pipistrelle , Western Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipustrellus tenuis westralis Koopman, 1984 , “Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40’S , 121°30°E ), Western Australia ,” Australia . Pipistrellus westralis was originally described as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is considered a distinct species based on morphology. Although similar to one another, P. westralis and P. adams: are considered separate species based on morphological and genetic distinctions. Monotypic. Distribution. Along Australia’s N coastline from Cape Bossut in Western Australia to Karumba in W Queensland , including Melville, Bathurst, and some other offshore Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 34-4-42-2 mm, tail 29-37-2 mm, ear 8-1-11 mm, forearm 27-4-31-3 mm; weight 2-7-4-8 g. Like the Forest Pipistrelle ( P. adamsi ), the Northern Pipistrelle is very small and one of the smallest bats in Australia . Dorsal pelage is dark brown; ventral pelage is buffy grayish brown. Muzzle, ears, and forearms are generally brown to light brown; wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown. Ears are broadly triangular, with less rounded tips than in the Forest Pipistrelle; tragus is less than one-half the ear height, with small basal lobe and less convex posterior side than in the Forest Pipistrelle. Uropatagium stretches nearly to end oftail (only extreme tip free), and postcalcarial lobe is elongated. Glans penis is slightly flared, with central circular depression at tip that has many small fleshy spines. Baculum is shorter than in the Forest Pipistrelle, with wider base, and shaft is straight, with bifurcated tip (for 10% of its length rather than 30% in the Forest Pipistrelle). Skull is small and fragile; sagittal crest is absent; lambdoidal crest is weak; zygomatic arches are weak; I” is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and subequal in height to second cusp of I?; P* is slightly outside tooth row but well developed; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Habitat. Primarily mangrove habitats but also adjacent thicket habitats and riverine forests, generally associated with water. Northern Pipistrelles are found in a broader variety of habitats in the Top End region of northern Australia , although they are still primarily found in mangroves. They also can be associated with Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) swamps, areas dominated by Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ), freshwater Barringtonia ( Lecythidaceae ) mangroves, and within pindan thickets. Food and Feeding. Diet contains various arthropods, including moths, small beetles, ants, bugs, and cockroaches, and occasionally spiders. In northern Australia , diets reportedly include Coleoptera (29-2% by volume), Hymenoptera (24-7%), Lepidoptera (23:7%), and Hemiptera (16-:3%), along with a few other arthropod food items (6-1%). Breeding. Births of Northern Pipistrelles have been recorded in dry season (June-July), but they probably breed year-round like some Pipistrellus in New Guinea (e.g. the Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle, P. papuanus ). Litter size seems to be one. Activity patterns. Northern Pipistrelles are nocturnal. Although no roosts have been reported, they probably roost in tree hollows. They have fluttering, acrobatic flight that allows them to follow irregular contours of forests’ outer foliage as they forage 2 m off the vegetation. Search-call shape is FM/QCEF, with characteristic frequency averaging 46-6 kHz (44-49-3 kHz). Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Pipistrelle is common in suitable habitats, although its habitats are relatively limited. It does not seem to face many threats currently, but destruction of mangrove habitat might be a future threat. Bibliography. Adams et al. (1987), Churchill (2008), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kitchener et al. (1986), Koopman (1984b), McKenzie & Hall (2008), McKenzie & Milne (2008), Milne (2002), Milne, Armstrong et al. (2005), Milne, Burwell & Pavey (2016).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus westralis	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	westralis	Koopman	1984	0	Amer. Mus. Novit.	######	Koopman's Pipistrelle	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Cape Bossut, 18°40'S, 121°30'E.	N Australia from Kimberly to E Gulf of Carpentaria.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984 c , 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pipistrellus westralis	23	Northern Pipistrelle	Koopman's Pipistrelle|Mangrove Pipistrelle|North-western Pipistrelle|Western Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	westralis	Koopman	1984	0	Pipistrellus_tenuis_westralis	Koopman, K. F. (1984). Taxonomic and distributional notes on tropical Australian bats. American Museum Novitates, 2778, 13.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5259	AMNH 216135/WAM M22474		"Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40'S, 121°30'E), Western Australia," Australia.	-18.67	121.5	westralis Koopman, 1984	NA	NA	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17370	Pipistrellus westralis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Pipistrellus	westralis	Koopman, 1984	Koopman in Wilson and Reeder (1993) treated Pipistrellus westralis as a synonym of Pipistrellus tenuis .	20000000	Pipistrellus westralis	Least Concern		2020	2019-07-09 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution (although restricted habitat), presumed large population, and because it is not thought to be declining.	This species is primarily associated with mangrove habitats but it is also encountered in adjacent thickets, riverine forest and adjacent woodlands (McKenzie and Milne 2008).	There appear to be no major threats to this species. However, a mangrove dieback event along 1000 km of coastline in the Gulf of Carpentaria in 2016 has the potential to have a major impact on the species if similar dieback events become more widespread within the species range.	It is a relatively common species in suitable habitat, but its habitat is limited (McKenzie and Milne 2008).	Stable	This species is endemic to Australia, where it ranges along the northern coastline from Cape Bossut in Western Australia to Karumba in western Queensland. It is present on a number of islands (N. McKenzie pers. comm.).		Terrestrial	This species is present in a number of protected areas including Kakadu and Keep River National Parks, and the Prince Regent Nature Reserve (McKenzie and Milne 2008).	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	westralis	Koopman	1984	0	Amer. Mus. Novit.	########	Koopman's Pipistrelle	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Cape Bossut, 18°40'S, 121°30'E.	N Australia from Kimberly to E Gulf of Carpentaria.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984 c , 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).	Pipistrellus westralis	1005641	23	Northern Pipistrelle	Koopman's Pipistrelle|Mangrove Pipistrelle|North-western Pipistrelle|Western Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	westralis	Koopman	1984	0	Pipistrellus_tenuis_westralis	Koopman, K. F. (1984). Taxonomic and distributional notes on tropical Australian bats. American Museum Novitates, 2778, 13.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5259	AMNH 216135/WAM M22474		"Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40'S, 121°30'E), Western Australia," Australia.	-18.6667	121.5	westralis Koopman, 1984	NA	NA				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Alionoctula_westralis	1005641	23	Northern Pipistrelle	Koopman's Pipistrelle|Mangrove Pipistrelle|Northwestern Pipistrelle|Western Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Alionoctula	NA	westralis	Koopman	1	Pipistrellus tenuis westralis	Koopman, K.F. 1984-01-31. Taxonomic and distributional notes on tropical Australian bats. American Museum Novitates 2778:1-48.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/62326857	WAM M22474 (= AMNH M-216135)	holotype		"Cape Bossut, (ca. 18°40'S, 121°30'E), Western Australia," Australia.	-18.6667	121.5	moved from Pipistrellus to Alionoctula	Zhukova, S. S., Yuzefovich, A. P., Lebedev, V. S., & Kruskop, S. V. (2025). Reassessment of the Taxonomic Borders Within Pipistrellus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae, Pipistrellini). Diversity, 17(5), 317.				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_westralis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	westralis	Koopman	1984	0	Amer. Mus. Novit.	########	Koopman's Pipistrelle	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Cape Bossut, 18°40'S, 121°30'E.	N Australia from Kimberly to E Gulf of Carpentaria.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17370/22123076/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Included in tenuis by Koopman (1984c, 1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1986).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pipistrellus westralis; Pipistrellus westralis; Pipistrellus westralis; Pipistrellus westralis; Pipistrellus westralis; Pipistrellus westralis; westralis; Pipistrelle de Koopman; Mangroven-Zwergfledermaus; Pipistrela Koopman; Koopman'’s Pipistrelle; Mangrove Pipistrelle; North-western Pipistrelle; Western Pipistrelle; Northern Pipistrelle; Koopman's Pipistrelle; Mangrove Pipistrelle; North-western Pipistrelle; Western Pipistrelle; Koopman's Pipistrelle; Koopman's Pipistrelle; P. westralis