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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L40	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus tenuis	Alionoctula tenuis		[MSW2] Subgenus Pipistrellus. For synonyms see Koopman (1973:115, 1984c). See also McKean and Price (1978:346) and Kitchener et al. (1986).; [MSW3] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include adamsi, angulatus, collinus, orientalis, papuanus, wattsi, or westralis; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984c, 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). This complex may include more than one species.; [HMW] Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840 , Sumatra , Indonesia . Pipustrellus tenuis included P. adamsi , P. angulatus , P. collinus , P. papuanus , P. watts , and P. westralis , but all are recognized as distinct species based on morphology. Subspecies mimus was originally described as a distinct species but has generally been included under P. tenuis , although recent authors have chosen to continue to recognize mimus as a distinct species. As currently recognized, P. tenuis might represent a species complex, but additional research is needed. Recently extinct P. murray: has been included as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is recognized as a separate species based on morphology. Six subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Does not include adamsi , angulatus , collinus , orientalis , papuanus , wattsi , or westralis ; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984 c , 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992).See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001 b ). This complex may include more than one species. The subspecies murrayi, the Christmas Island pipistrelle, appears tobe extinct.; [MDD2022] previously included P. murrayi; [IUCN] Pipistrellus tenuis probably represents a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. This taxon was traditionally assigned to the “coromandra ” subgroup of “pipistrellus ” species group (e.g.: Corbet and Hill 1992). According to available molecular genetic data (Roehrs et al. 2010, Benda et al. 2016, orig.), P. tenuis is a part of genetic cluster of Oriental pipistrelles. This cluster is quite distinct from all the West Palearctic pipistrelles and may be referred to as “javanicus ” species group. The taxon P. t. mimus Wroughton, 1899 now represents forms from Indochina, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan (Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012, Benda and Gaisler 2015). The taxon glaucillus Wroughton, 1912, considered earlier as distinct subspecies, is synonymized following Sinha (1980) (Bates and Harisson 1997, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). We follow the IUCN SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group (P. Racey pers. comm. 2008) in recognizing Pipistrellus murrayi as distinct from P. tenuis . Benda and Gaisler (2015) opine that this taxon represents a complex and needs a thorough review.; [batnames2023] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Does not include adamsi , angulatus , collinus , orientalis , papuanus , wattsi , or westralis ; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984 c , 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include murrayi ; see Helgen et al. (2009). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001 b ). This complex may include more than one species.; [MDD2023] previously included P. murrayi; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included P. murrayi; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include adamsi, angulatus, collinus, orientalis, papuanus, wattsi, or westralis; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984c, 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include murrayi; see Helgen et al. (2009). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001b). This complex may include more than one species.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included A. murrayi; moved from Pipistrellus to Alionoctula				angulatus, collinus, papuanus, murrayi, subulidens, sewelanus	(papuanus)	adamsi, angulatus, collinus, murrayi, nitidus, orientalis, papuanus, ponceleti, sewelanus, subulidens, wattsi, westralis.	tenuis, subulidens, nitidus, sewelanus, murrayi, westralis, adamsi, papuanus, wattsi, collinus, angulatus, ponceleti	tenuis, mimus, murrayi, nitidus, ponceleti, portensis, sewelanus, subulidens	mimus - glaucillus, principulus; portensis - tramatus	tenuis, mimus, nitidus, portensis, sewelanus, subulidens		tenuis, mimus, principulus, murrayi, nitidus, ponceleti, portensis, sewelanus, subulidens	mimus - glaucillus; portensis - tramatus	tenuis, nitidus, mimus, subulidens, portensis, glaucillus, principulus, tramatus, ponceleti, sewelanus	Pipistrellus tenuis probably represents a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. This taxon was traditionally assigned to the “coromandra ” subgroup of “pipistrellus ” species group (e.g.: Corbet and Hill 1992). According to available molecular genetic data (Roehrs et al. 2010, Benda et al. 2016, orig.), P. tenuis is a part of genetic cluster of Oriental pipistrelles. This cluster is quite distinct from all the West Palearctic pipistrelles and may be referred to as “javanicus ” species group. The taxon P. t. mimus Wroughton, 1899 now represents forms from Indochina, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan (Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012, Benda and Gaisler 2015). The taxon glaucillus Wroughton, 1912, considered earlier as distinct subspecies, is synonymized following Sinha (1980) (Bates and Harisson 1997, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). We follow the IUCN SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group (P. Racey pers. comm. 2008) in recognizing Pipistrellus murrayi as distinct from P. tenuis . Benda and Gaisler (2015) opine that this taxon represents a complex and needs a thorough review.	tenuis, mimus, nitidus, portensis, sewelanus, subulidens	mimus - glaucillus, principulus; portensis - tramatus	tenuis, nitidus, mimus, subulidens, portensis, glaucillus, principulus, tramatus, ponceleti, sewelanus 	tenuis, nitidus, mimus, subulidens, portensis, glaucillus, principulus, tramatus, sewelanus 	mimus, nitidus, portensis, sewelanus, subulidens, tenuis 	mimus - glaucillus, principulus; portensis - tramatus	tenuis (Temminck, 1840)|nitida (Tomes, 1859)|mimus (Wroughton, 1899)|subulidens (G. S. Miller, 1901)|portensis (J. A. Allen, 1906)|glaucilla (Wroughton, 1912)|principulus (O. Thomas, 1915)|tramata (O. Thomas, 1928)|sewelana (Oei Hong Peng, 1960)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Least pipistrelle	S Thailand – Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Timor	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pipistrellus tenuis	Indonesia, Sumatra.	Temminck	1840	Monogr. Mamm., 2:229.	Distribution: Ranging from the Malay peninsula and the Philippines to Christmas island in the Indian Ocean, the northern edge of Australia, and the New Hebrides.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		S Thailand – Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Timor, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch,; refs. 4.12, 72, 123, 128	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1840	Monogr. Mamm., 2:229.	Subgenus Pipistrellus. For synonyms see Koopman (1973:115, 1984c). See also McKean and Price (1978:346) and Kitchener et al. (1986).	Thailand to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isis, Vanuatu (= New Hebrides) and N Australia; Cocos Keeling Isl and Christmas Isl (Indian Ocean).	Indonesia, Sumatra.		TEMMINCK	1840	Size fairly small (forearm length, 25-39 mm). Inner upper incisor usually bicuspid but may be unicuspid. Anterior upper premolar at least partly displaced medially. Rostrum fairly long and slender. Forehead more or less concave.	Distribution: Ranging from the Malay peninsula and the Philippines to Christmas island in the Indian Ocean, the northern edge of Australia, and the New Hebrides.	Ten subspecies are here recognized:	P. t. tenuis (Malay peninsula and Sumatra), P. t. subulidens (South Natuna islands), P. t. nitidus (Java, Bali, Borneo, and probably the Philippines), P. t. sewelanus (Lesser Sundas and Celebes), P. t. murrayi (Christmas island), P. t. westralis (extreme northern portions of Western Australia, Northern Territory, and perhaps northwestern Queensland), P. t. adamsi (Cape York peninsula), P. t. papuanus (Moluccas, lowlands of New Guinea and surrounding islands), P. t. wattsi (southeastern New Guinea), P. t. collinus (New Guinea highlands), P. t. angulatus (Bismarcks and perhaps parts of New Guinea), P. t. ponceleti (Solomons, New Hebrides). It is possible that more than one species is represented in this complex.	112	species	P. tenuis	TEMMINCK	1840	Pipistrellus	subgenus	Pipistrellus tenuis				Size fairly small (forearm length, 25-39 mm). Inner upper incisor usually bicuspid but may be unicuspid. Anterior upper premolar at least partly displaced medially. Rostrum fairly long and slender. Forehead more or less concave.	Ten subspecies are here recognized:		11. P. tenuis (TEMMINCK 1840) [pipistellus group].	11	_A. t. mimus_ (Wroughton, 1899) (synonyms: _glaucilla_ (Wroughton, 1912), _principulus_ (Thomas, 1915)); _A. t. nitida_ (Tomes, 1859); _A. t. portensis_ (Allen, 1906) (synonyms: _tramata_ (Thomas, 1928)); _A. t. sewelana_ (Oei, 1960); _A. t. subulidens_ (Miller, 1901); _A. t. tenuis_ (Temminck, 1840)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	tenuis	Temminck	y	1840		Monogr. Mamm.	2		229		Least Pipistrelle	Indonesia, Sumatra.	Afghanistan to the Moluccas; S China, Laos, Vietnam; Cocos Keeling Isl and Christmas Isl (Indian Ocean).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	mimus Wroughton, 1899; glaucillus Wroughton, 1912; principulus Thomas, 1915; murrayi Andrews, 1900; nitidus Tomes, 1859; ponceleti Troughton, 1936; portensis Allen, 1906; tramatus Thomas, 1928; sewelanus Oei, 1960; subulidens Miller, 1901.	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include adamsi, angulatus, collinus, orientalis, papuanus, wattsi, or westralis; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984c, 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001b). This complex may include more than one species.	4C3D87E8FFE96A57FA579E4F1C78B92A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	780	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFED6A53FA4D977A1C1ABF24.xml	Pipistrellus tenuis	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	tenuis		1840	Pipistrelle gréle @fr | Winzige Zwergfledermaus @de | Pipistreladiminuta @es | Other common names @en | ndian Pygmy Bat @en	Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840 , Sumatra , Indonesia . Pipustrellus tenuis included P. adamsi , P. angulatus , P. collinus , P. papuanus , P. watts , and P. westralis , but all are recognized as distinct species based on morphology. Subspecies mimus was originally described as a distinct species but has generally been included under P. tenuis , although recent authors have chosen to continue to recognize mimus as a distinct species. As currently recognized, P. tenuis might represent a species complex, but additional research is needed. Recently extinct P. murray: has been included as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is recognized as a separate species based on morphology. Six subspecies recognized.	P.t.tenuisTemminck,1840—Sumatra. P.t.mimusWroughton,1899—NWAfghanistan(NangarharProvince),Pakistan(KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Punjab,andSind),India,W&SSriLanka,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andNMyanmar. P.t.nitidusTomes,1859—Borneo(includingLabuanI),thePhilippines,Sulawesi,SeramI,AmbonI,andTimorI. P.t.portensisJ.A.Allen,1906—SChina(includingHainanI),Myanmar,Thailand,Laos,Vietnam,Cambodia,andPeninsularMalaysia(includingPenangI). P.t.sewelanusOey,1960—Java,Bali,andLombokIs. P. t. subulidens G. S. Miller, 1901 — Serasan I in the Natuna Is.	Head-body 33-45 mm, tail 20-35 mm, ear 5-11 mm, hindfoot 3-7 mm, forearm 25-31 mm; weight 2:9-4-2 g. Muzzle ofthe Least Pipistrelle is broad, and smaller than that of the Indian Pipistrelle ( P. coromandra ) but otherwise nearly identical. Pelage is fine, dense, and silky. Dorsum is medium to dark brown; venter is paler (hairs buffy with dark brown bases). Ears, muzzle, and membranes are dark brown. Ears are narrow and broadly rounded; tragus is more or less same thickness throughout and narrow, with broadly rounded tip. Uropatagium stretches from calcar to nearly tail tip (only very tip is free). Penis is short (less than 8 mm ). Baculum (3-1-3-7 mm long) is very similarto that of the Indian Pipistrelle in that it hasstraight or slightly sinuous shaft, bifurcated tip, and ventrally deflected basal lobes. Skull is small and delicate; zygomatic arches are thin and lack processes; I? is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and exceeds height of secondary cusp of I*; C' is bicuspid; P? is subequal in crown area to I? and usually within tooth row; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 48 ( India , Sri Lanka ), with one record of 2n =42 ( India ).	Various habitats in forests and rural and urban areas; secondary hill, montane, or montane mossy forests in South-east Asia in arid and humid regions; mangrove forests in some regions (e.g. Sabah in northern Borneo) at elevations of 800-2650 m in the Philippines but from sea level to 769 m in much of the distribution.	Least Pipistrelles eat various insects including coleopterans, hymenopterans, dipterans, and lepidopterans. They forage by aerial-hawking, low in understories earlier in the night and moving higher to canopies near the end of the night in India . Fecal samples from southern India contained coleopterans (26-3% by volume), dipterans (20-4%), homopterans (17-5%), lepidopterans (136%), formicids (10-6%), hemipterans (5-7%), and isopterans (5-1%). It seems to be a relatively generalized feeder, and its diet varies markedly throughout the year based on prey availability. In winter (December—February) in Rajasthan , north-western India ,it fed mostly on beetles (66-6%) along with cockroaches and wingless ants; in summer (March—June), it fed on a wider variety of insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, termites, beetles, and moths. During monsoon season (July-September), it primarily ate soft-winged termites (45-5%) along with moths, Hymenoptera , and Orthoptera averaging 10-15% of their diet. In post-monsoon period (October-November), beetles became more prevalent in diets (31-4%), but it still ate other insects, including winged ants and wasps (31%), crickets, grasshoppers,flies, and mosquitoes.	The Least Pipistrelle apparently has two peaks in reproductive activity. In Rajasthan, one occurred in February-March and the other in July-August, both correlated with peak prey abundance. Nevertheless, reproduction can occur year-round, and pregnant and lactating females have been recorded throughout the year in China and India . Males remain fertile year-round but to a lesser extent in winter. Sperm storage in female reproductive tracts is also evident (November—December in Uttar Pradesh , northern India ). Litter size is 1-3 young (average 2-2 young). Young are weaned after 30-40 days. In Maharashtra , central India , reproductive activity peaks in May-June and September—October just before and after maximum rainfall. Pregnant females were collected in November-December in West Bengal , northern India , with juveniles recorded in May, September, and December. In Sri Lanka , females with young were recorded in March—June and again in December.	Least Pipistrelles emerge just around sunset. They are quick and erratic fliers and make many twists and turns when foraging. In Rajasthan , they did not hunt during heavy rain or when ambient temperatures dropped below 15°C at night. They roost in trees, leafy canopies, and walls or ceilings of buildings in urban and suburban settings. Call shape is FM/QCEF, and calls recorded in southern India had maximum frequencies of 51:4-73-6 kHz (average 60-8 kHz), minimum frequencies of 31-5—42 kHz (35-1 kHz), frequencies of maximum energy of 32.8-47-5 kHz (37-8 kHz), and durations of 7-6—10-3 milliseconds (8-6 milliseconds).	Least Pipistrelles are often found in colonies of 1-25 individuals. Adult females and juveniles roost together year-round, but males generally roost alone in secluded locations. There is a higher ratio of female Least Pipistrelles to males throughout the year, indicating that males have higher mortality than females (possibly due to their more solitary lifestyle). In India , Least Pipistrelles occasionally roost with Indian Pipistrelles, remaining isolated from each other while in the same roost.	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Least Pipistrelle is common throughout its wide distribution and does not seem to face any major threats.	Advani (1981b, 1983) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates et al. (2005) | Benda & Gaisler (2015) | Bhunya & Mobarty (1975) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Lumsden et al. (2008) | Gopalakrishna et al. (1975) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Isaac & Marimuthu (1996) | Isaac et al. (1994) | Javid, Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Afzal (2012) | Krishna (1984, 1985) | Kruskop (2013a) | McKean & Price (1978) | Pathak & Sharma (1969) | Phillips (1980) | Raghuram et al. (2014) | Sinha (1980, 1986, 1999) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Sreepada et al. (1996) | Thapa, Subedi et al. (2012) | Topal (1974) | Volleth et al. (2001) | Wang Yingxiang (1982) | Whitaker et al. (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397852/files/figure.png	39. Least Pipistrelle Pipistrellus tenuis French: Pipistrelle gréle / German: Winzige Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Pipistrela diminuta Other common names: Indian Pygmy Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840 , Sumatra , Indonesia . Pipustrellus tenuis included P. adamsi , P. angulatus , P. collinus , P. papuanus , P. watts , and P. westralis , but all are recognized as distinct species based on morphology. Subspecies mimus was originally described as a distinct species but has generally been included under P. tenuis , although recent authors have chosen to continue to recognize mimus as a distinct species. As currently recognized, P. tenuis might represent a species complex, but additional research is needed. Recently extinct P. murray: has been included as a subspecies of P. tenuis but is recognized as a separate species based on morphology. Six subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.t.tenuisTemminck,1840—Sumatra. P.t.mimusWroughton,1899—NWAfghanistan(NangarharProvince),Pakistan(KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Punjab,andSind),India,W&SSriLanka,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andNMyanmar. P.t.nitidusTomes,1859—Borneo(includingLabuanI),thePhilippines,Sulawesi,SeramI,AmbonI,andTimorI. P.t.portensisJ.A.Allen,1906—SChina(includingHainanI),Myanmar,Thailand,Laos,Vietnam,Cambodia,andPeninsularMalaysia(includingPenangI). P.t.sewelanusOey,1960—Java,Bali,andLombokIs. P. t. subulidens G. S. Miller, 1901 — Serasan I in the Natuna Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 33-45 mm, tail 20-35 mm, ear 5-11 mm, hindfoot 3-7 mm, forearm 25-31 mm; weight 2:9-4-2 g. Muzzle ofthe Least Pipistrelle is broad, and smaller than that of the Indian Pipistrelle ( P. coromandra ) but otherwise nearly identical. Pelage is fine, dense, and silky. Dorsum is medium to dark brown; venter is paler (hairs buffy with dark brown bases). Ears, muzzle, and membranes are dark brown. Ears are narrow and broadly rounded; tragus is more or less same thickness throughout and narrow, with broadly rounded tip. Uropatagium stretches from calcar to nearly tail tip (only very tip is free). Penis is short (less than 8 mm ). Baculum (3-1-3-7 mm long) is very similarto that of the Indian Pipistrelle in that it hasstraight or slightly sinuous shaft, bifurcated tip, and ventrally deflected basal lobes. Skull is small and delicate; zygomatic arches are thin and lack processes; I? is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and exceeds height of secondary cusp of I*; C' is bicuspid; P? is subequal in crown area to I? and usually within tooth row; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 48 ( India , Sri Lanka ), with one record of 2n =42 ( India ). Habitat. Various habitats in forests and rural and urban areas; secondary hill, montane, or montane mossy forests in South-east Asia in arid and humid regions; mangrove forests in some regions (e.g. Sabah in northern Borneo) at elevations of 800-2650 m in the Philippines but from sea level to 769 m in much of the distribution. Food and Feeding. Least Pipistrelles eat various insects including coleopterans, hymenopterans, dipterans, and lepidopterans. They forage by aerial-hawking, low in understories earlier in the night and moving higher to canopies near the end of the night in India . Fecal samples from southern India contained coleopterans (26-3% by volume), dipterans (20-4%), homopterans (17-5%), lepidopterans (136%), formicids (10-6%), hemipterans (5-7%), and isopterans (5-1%). It seems to be a relatively generalized feeder, and its diet varies markedly throughout the year based on prey availability. In winter (December—February) in Rajasthan , north-western India ,it fed mostly on beetles (66-6%) along with cockroaches and wingless ants; in summer (March—June), it fed on a wider variety of insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, termites, beetles, and moths. During monsoon season (July-September), it primarily ate soft-winged termites (45-5%) along with moths, Hymenoptera , and Orthoptera averaging 10-15% of their diet. In post-monsoon period (October-November), beetles became more prevalent in diets (31-4%), but it still ate other insects, including winged ants and wasps (31%), crickets, grasshoppers,flies, and mosquitoes. Breeding. The Least Pipistrelle apparently has two peaks in reproductive activity. In Rajasthan, one occurred in February-March and the other in July-August, both correlated with peak prey abundance. Nevertheless, reproduction can occur year-round, and pregnant and lactating females have been recorded throughout the year in China and India . Males remain fertile year-round but to a lesser extent in winter. Sperm storage in female reproductive tracts is also evident (November—December in Uttar Pradesh , northern India ). Litter size is 1-3 young (average 2-2 young). Young are weaned after 30-40 days. In Maharashtra , central India , reproductive activity peaks in May-June and September—October just before and after maximum rainfall. Pregnant females were collected in November-December in West Bengal , northern India , with juveniles recorded in May, September, and December. In Sri Lanka , females with young were recorded in March—June and again in December. Activity patterns. Least Pipistrelles emerge just around sunset. They are quick and erratic fliers and make many twists and turns when foraging. In Rajasthan , they did not hunt during heavy rain or when ambient temperatures dropped below 15°C at night. They roost in trees, leafy canopies, and walls or ceilings of buildings in urban and suburban settings. Call shape is FM/QCEF, and calls recorded in southern India had maximum frequencies of 51:4-73-6 kHz (average 60-8 kHz), minimum frequencies of 31-5—42 kHz (35-1 kHz), frequencies of maximum energy of 32.8-47-5 kHz (37-8 kHz), and durations of 7-6—10-3 milliseconds (8-6 milliseconds). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Least Pipistrelles are often found in colonies of 1-25 individuals. Adult females and juveniles roost together year-round, but males generally roost alone in secluded locations. There is a higher ratio of female Least Pipistrelles to males throughout the year, indicating that males have higher mortality than females (possibly due to their more solitary lifestyle). In India , Least Pipistrelles occasionally roost with Indian Pipistrelles, remaining isolated from each other while in the same roost. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Least Pipistrelle is common throughout its wide distribution and does not seem to face any major threats. Bibliography. Advani (1981b, 1983), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2005), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Bhunya & Mobarty (1975), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Lumsden et al. (2008), Gopalakrishna et al. (1975), Heaney et al. (2016), Hill & Harrison (1987), Isaac & Marimuthu (1996), Isaac et al. (1994), Javid, Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Afzal (2012), Krishna (1984, 1985), Kruskop (2013a), McKean & Price (1978), Pathak & Sharma (1969), Phillips (1980), Raghuram et al. (2014), Sinha (1980, 1986, 1999), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Sreepada et al. (1996), Thapa, Subedi et al. (2012), Topal (1974), Volleth et al. (2001), Wang Yingxiang (1982), Whitaker et al. (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus tenuis	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	tenuis	Temminck	1840	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.2424	Least Pipistrelle	<b> mimus </b>Wroughton, 1899; glaucillus Wroughton, 1912;<b></b> principulus Thomas, 1915;<b> murrayi </b>Andrews, 1900;<b> nitidus </b>Tomes, 1859;<b> ponceleti </b>Troughton, 1936; <b> portensis </b>Allen, 1906; tramatus Thomas, 1928; <b> sewelanus </b>Oei, 1960; <b> subulidens </b>Miller, 1901.	Indonesia, Sumatra.	Afghanistan to the Moluccas; S China, Laos, Vietnam; Cocos Keeling Isl and Christmas Isl (Indian Ocean).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Does not include adamsi , angulatus , collinus , orientalis , papuanus , wattsi , or westralis ; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984 c , 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992).See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001 b ). This complex may include more than one species. The subspecies murrayi, the Christmas Island pipistrelle, appears tobe extinct.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pipistrellus tenuis	23	Least Pipistrelle	Indian Pygmy Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	tenuis	Temminck	1840	0	Vespertilio_tenuis	Temminck, C. J. (1840). Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammiféres, dont les espéces ont été observées dens les différens musées de l'Europe. G. Dufour and E. d'Ocagne, Paris, Vol. 2, 229.	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Lw9jAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=monographies+de+mammalogie+temminck+vol.+2&ots=o25ZP2qQxx&sig=jNZE7B2jrj-W7sB7y_Bz5_qjud8#v=onepage&q=monographies%20de%20mammalogie%20temminck%20vol.%202&f=false	BM 1907.1.1.407, BM 1907.1.1.408, ZMB 2643 [syntypes]		Sumatra, Indonesia.			tenuis (Temminck, 1840)|nitidus (Tomes, 1859)|mimus Wroughton, 1899|subulidens G. S. Miller, 1901|portensis J. A. Allen, 1906|glaucillus Wroughton, 1912|principulus O. Thomas, 1915|tramatus O. Thomas, 1928|ponceleti Troughton, 1936|sewelanus Oei Hong Peng, 1960	previously included P. murrayi	Helgen, K. M., Armstrong, K. N., Guzinski, J., How, R. A., & Donnellan, S. C. (2009). Taxonomic status of the Christmas Island pipistrelle, Pipistrellis murrayi Andrews, 1900, as assessed by morphometric and molecular investigations of Indo-Australian Pipistrellus. Com-monwealth Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.	Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	200000000	Pipistrellus tenuis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Pipistrellus	tenuis	(Temminck, 1840)	Pipistrellus tenuis probably represents a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. This taxon was traditionally assigned to the “coromandra ” subgroup of “pipistrellus ” species group (e.g.: Corbet and Hill 1992). According to available molecular genetic data (Roehrs et al. 2010, Benda et al. 2016, orig.), P. tenuis is a part of genetic cluster of Oriental pipistrelles. This cluster is quite distinct from all the West Palearctic pipistrelles and may be referred to as “javanicus ” species group. The taxon P. t. mimus Wroughton, 1899 now represents forms from Indochina, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan (Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012, Benda and Gaisler 2015). The taxon glaucillus Wroughton, 1912, considered earlier as distinct subspecies, is synonymized following Sinha (1980) (Bates and Harisson 1997, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). We follow the IUCN SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group (P. Racey pers. comm. 2008) in recognizing Pipistrellus murrayi as distinct from P. tenuis . Benda and Gaisler (2015) opine that this taxon represents a complex and needs a thorough review.	200000000	Pipistrellus tenuis	Least Concern		2019	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	In South Asia, this species is found from arid zones to wet and humid areas. It is equally abundant in forested areas and in rural landscapes, but in urban landscapes its populations are declining (B. Srinivasulu and C. Srinivasulu pers. comm. 2018). It roosts in hollows of trees, holes, crevices and cracks in walls and ceilings of old buildings, dead leaves of trees. In Southeast Asia this is a largely forest species inhabits primary and secondary hill, montane and montane mossy forest (Heaney et al. 1998). It is adapted to highly disturbed habitats, gardens, and mangrove forests (P. Bates pers. comm. 2006). In Vietnam this bat was found, besides natural landscapes, in Casuarina growth close to sea shore and in Hanoi city in urban area (Kruskop 2013). It is an early flyer, with a varied flight pattern from a jerky flight with many twists and turns to a slow fluttering and floating flight to an erratic flight as the evening progresses. Its diet is varied and seasonal. It feeds on beetles, cockroaches and wingless ants in winter, on a wide variety of insects in summer and on winter termites, moths, hymenopterans, dipterans and beetles during monsoon. There are two breeding seasons one in February-March and the other in July-August and between one to three young are born (Bates and Harrison 1997).	There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species. However, increase of deforestation and urbanization, at the current rates of these processes, can affect individual populations of this species.	In South Asia, this species is widely distributed and common. It is widespread and moderately common in the Philippines (Heaney et al. 1998). It is locally very common in Myanmar and Lao PDR (Bates et al. 2005). This species is quite common in some areas of Vietnam, occurring even in large cities, including Hanoi, though there it is much less abundant as ecologically similar P. abramus .	Stable	This widespread species is found throughout much of South Asia, southeastern China and Southeast Asia. In South Asia, this species is presently known from Afghanistan (Laghman and Nangarhar Provinces) (Benda and Gaisler 2015), Bangladesh (Chittagong and Sylhet divisions), India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal), Nepal (central and mid-western), Pakistan (North West Frontier Province, Punjab and Sind) and Sri Lanka (Central, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva and Western provinces) In those areas it has been recorded form sea level to 769 m asl (Molur et al. 2002). It is present over much of southeastern China, including the island of Hainan (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it is found throughout the mainland, from northern Vietnam (Tu et al. 2016) ranging into Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi, Seram and Serasan), the island of Timor (East Timor and Indonesia), Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia and possibly Brunei, the species is possibly more widespread than currently known [C. Francis pers. comm.) and the Philippines, where it has been recorded on Cebu (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006), Luzon (Rizal Province), Mindanao (Taylor 1934), Negros, and Sibuyan (Heaney et al. 1998) where it occupies an altitudinal range from sea level to 800-1,700 m (P. Bates and L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). However, similar to other widespread Oriental pipistrelles, allocation of some mentioned population to P. coromandra requires further studies.	There are no evidences that this species was used in commercial trade, in local cuisine or in local medicine. Like other insectivorous bats, P. tenuis plays certain role as natural regulator of some forestry and harvest pests. Living in lowland populated areas, it may have impact to some extent on populations of mosquitos and other disease vectors. In some parts of India, individuals of this species are killed and preserved for display in sealed photo frames which are then exported outside of the country (B. Srinivasulu, pers. comm., 2018).	Terrestrial	In Southeast Asia the species has been recorded from many protected areas. In South Asia, the species has been recorded from protected areas in India like Satpura National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Agasthiyamalai Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu (Vanitharani 2006) and Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Andhra Pradesh (C. Srinivasulu pers. comm. 2008). In Vietnam this species occurs in several protected areas, including Bugiamap, Cattien, Yokdon and Bavi National parks. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, reproduction and ecology of this species.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	tenuis	Temminck	1840	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.242361	Least Pipistrelle	<b> mimus </b>Wroughton, 1899; glaucillus Wroughton, 1912;<b></b> principulus Thomas, 1915;<b> murrayi </b>Andrews, 1900;<b> nitidus </b>Tomes, 1859;<b> ponceleti </b>Troughton, 1936; <b> portensis </b>Allen, 1906; tramatus Thomas, 1928; <b> sewelanus </b>Oei, 1960; <b> subulidens </b>Miller, 1901.	Indonesia, Sumatra.	Afghanistan to the Moluccas; S China, Laos, Vietnam; Cocos Keeling Isl	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Does not include adamsi , angulatus , collinus , orientalis , papuanus , wattsi , or westralis ; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984 c , 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include murrayi ; see Helgen et al. (2009). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001 b ). This complex may include more than one species.	Pipistrellus tenuis	1005639	23	Least Pipistrelle	Indian Pygmy Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	tenuis	Temminck	1840	0	Vespertilio_tenuis	Temminck, C. J. (1840). Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammiféres, dont les espéces ont été observées dens les différens musées de l'Europe. G. Dufour and E. d'Ocagne, Paris, Vol. 2, 229.	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Lw9jAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=monographies+de+mammalogie+temminck+vol.+2&ots=o25ZP2qQxx&sig=jNZE7B2jrj-W7sB7y_Bz5_qjud8#v=onepage&q=monographies%20de%20mammalogie%20temminck%20vol.%202&f=false	BM 1907.1.1.407, BM 1907.1.1.408, ZMB 2643 [syntypes]		Sumatra, Indonesia.			tenuis (Temminck, 1840)|nitidus (Tomes, 1859)|mimus Wroughton, 1899|subulidens G. S. Miller, 1901|portensis J. A. Allen, 1906|glaucillus Wroughton, 1912|principulus O. Thomas, 1915|tramatus O. Thomas, 1928|ponceleti Troughton, 1936|sewelanus Oei Hong Peng, 1960	previously included P. murrayi	Helgen, K. M., Armstrong, K. N., Guzinski, J., How, R. A., & Donnellan, S. C. (2009). Taxonomic status of the Christmas Island pipistrelle, Pipistrellis murrayi Andrews, 1900, as assessed by morphometric and molecular investigations of Indo-Australian Pipistrellus. Com-monwealth Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Alionoctula_tenuis	1005639	23	Least Pipistrelle	Indian Pygmy Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Alionoctula	NA	tenuis	Temminck	1	Vespertilio tenuis	Temminck, C.J. 1840. Livraison 3. Pp. 141–272 in Temminck, C.J. 1835-1841. Monographies de Mammalogie. Tome second. C. C. van der Hoek, Leiden, 392 pp.	https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temmgoog/page/140/mode/2up	RMNH.MAM.33651, ZMB 2643	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.33651.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.33651.b	Sumatra, Indonesia.			previously included A. murrayi; moved from Pipistrellus to Alionoctula	Helgen, K. M., Armstrong, K. N., Guzinski, J., How, R. A., & Donnellan, S. C. (2009). Taxonomic status of the Christmas Island pipistrelle, Pipistrellis murrayi Andrews, 1900, as assessed by morphometric and molecular investigations of Indo-Australian Pipistrellus. Com-monwealth Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.|Zhukova, S. S., Yuzefovich, A. P., Lebedev, V. S., & Kruskop, S. V. (2025). Reassessment of the Taxonomic Borders Within Pipistrellus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae, Pipistrellini). Diversity, 17(5), 317.				Afghanistan|Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_tenuis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	tenuis	Temminck	1840	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.242361	Least Pipistrelle	mimus Wroughton, 1899; glaucillus Wroughton, 1912;principulus Thomas, 1915; murrayi Andrews, 1900; nitidus Tomes, 1859; ponceleti Troughton, 1936; portensis Allen, 1906; tramatus Thomas, 1928; sewelanus Oei, 1960; subulidens Miller, 1901.	Indonesia, Sumatra.	Afghanistan to the Moluccas; S China, Laos, Vietnam; Cocos Keeling Isl	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/186170680/186174039/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include adamsi, angulatus, collinus, orientalis, papuanus, wattsi, or westralis; see Kitchener et al. (1986), but also see Koopman (1984c, 1994) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include murrayi; see Helgen et al. (2009). See also Koopman (1973) and McKean and Price (1978) for discussion of synonyms. Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsenet al. (2001b). This complex may include more than one species.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pipistrellus tenuis; Pipistrellus tenuis; Pipistrellus tenuis; Pipistrellus tenuis; Pipistrellus tenuis; Pipistrellus tenuis; tenuis; mimus; murrayi; nitidus; ponceleti; portensis; sewelanus; subulidens; mimus - glaucillus; principulus; portensis - tramatus; tenuis; mimus; nitidus; portensis; sewelanus; subulidens; mimus; principulus; murrayi; nitidus; ponceleti; portensis; sewelanus; subulidens; mimus - glaucillus; portensis - tramatus; tenuis; nitidus; mimus; subulidens; portensis; glaucillus; principulus; tramatus; ponceleti; sewelanus; Pipistrelle gréle; Winzige Zwergfledermaus; Pipistreladiminuta; Other common names; ndian Pygmy Bat; Least Pipistrelle; Indian Pygmy Bat; Least Pipistrelle; Least Pipistrelle; P. tenuis