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authorityParentheses originalNameCombination authoritySpeciesCitation authoritySpeciesLink typeVoucher typeKind typeVoucherURIs typeLocality typeLocalityLatitude typeLocalityLongitude taxonomyNotes taxonomyNotesCitation distributionNotes distributionNotesCitation subregionDistribution countryDistribution continentDistribution biogeographicRealm iucnStatus extinct domestic flagged CMW_sciName diffSinceCMW MSW3_matchtype MSW3_sciName diffSinceMSW3 docOrigin_batnames2025 Family Genus Subgenus Species Author Date Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses) Citation Pages Common Name Synonyms Type Locality Distribution CITES IUCN Comments column3781 column3791 subtribe CONCAT_ALTNAMES line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L387 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema [MSW3] diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in part by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus).; [HMW] Rhinolophus diadema É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 , “Timor [Island].” Hipposideros diadema is in the diadema species group. Many subspecies have been described (anderseni, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarious), several of them of dubious validity; validity, diagnoses, and ranges of prospective subspecies require review.; [batnames2022] diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). ; [IUCN] This species is recognized by Simmons and Cirranello (2020) and may have 15 subspecies (Bonaccorso 1998). Additional research is needed to clarify taxonomic relationships and distribution among the subspecies.; [batnames2023] diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). ; [batnames2025_1.7] diademaspecies group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May includeornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). andersoni, ceramensis, custos, demissus, enganus, euotis, griseus, inornatus, malaitensis, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, ornatus, pullatus, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarius. masoni, nicobarensis, natunensis, enganus, diadema, griseus, speculator, euotis, ceramicus, custos, pullatus, mirandus, trobrius, oceanitis, malaitensis, demissus, reginae, inornatus diadema, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius griseus - anderseni, pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis diadema, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius griseus - anderseni, pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis diadema, nobilis, griseus, nicobarensis, masoni, bicarius , euotis, oceanitis, pullatus, enganus, mirandus, custos, speculator, anderseni , reginae, trobius, natunensis , ceramensis, malaitensis This species is recognized by Simmons and Cirranello (2020) and may have 15 subspecies (Bonaccorso 1998). Additional research is needed to clarify taxonomic relationships and distribution among the subspecies. diadema, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius griseus - anderseni, pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis diadema, nobilis, griseus, nicobarensis, masoni, bicarius, euotis, oceanitis, pullatus, enganus, mirandus, custos, speculator, anderseni, reginae, trobius, natunensis, ceramensis, malaitensis diadema, nobilis, griseus, nicobarensis, masoni, euotis, oceanitis, pullatus, vicarius, enganus, mirandus, custos, speculator, anderseni, reginae, trobrius, natunensis, ceramensis, malaitensis, andersoni ceramensis, custos, diadema, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius griseus - anderseni, pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis diadema (Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813)|nobilis (Horsfield, 1823)|griseus (Meyen, 1833)|nicobarensis (Dobson, 1871)|masoni (Dobson, 1872)|euotis Andersen, 1905|oceanitis Andersen, 1905|pullatus Andersen, 1905|vicarius Andersen, 1905|enganus Andersen, 1907|mirandus O. Thomas, 1914|custos Andersen, 1918|speculator Andersen, 1918|anderseni E. H. Taylor, 1934|reginae Troughton, 1937|trobrius Troughton, 1937|natunensis Chasen, 1940|ceramensis Laurie & J. Edwards Hill, 1954|malaitensis C. J. Phillips, 1967|andersoni M. A. Lawrence, 1993 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|ceramicus Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling] Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp. Diadem leaf-nosed bat Burma – Java, Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Solomons, NE Queensland Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp. Hipposideros diadema Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isis., Timor Isl. E. Geoffroy 1813 Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 20:263. Dis tribution: An extensive range from Burma and Vietnam south through the Malay peninsula and Sumatra and east to the Philippines, Solomons and tropical Australia. Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5 Diadem leaf-nosed bat Burma – Java, Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Solomons, N Australia Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp. E. Geoffroy 1813 Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 20:263. Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, W Malaysia and Indonesia to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isis and NE and NC Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isis. Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isis, Timor Isl. GEOFFROY 1813 Frontal region concave with a shallow frontal depression. Interorbital region relatively narrow. Zygomatic arches markedly flared. Size relatively large (forearm length, 65-95 mm; con dylocanine length less than 31 mm; maxillary toothrow length less than 13.8 mm). Intermediate noseleaf with a prominent medial ridge. Dis tribution: An extensive range from Burma and Vietnam south through the Malay peninsula and Sumatra and east to the Philippines, Solomons and tropical Australia. Eighteen subspecies are currently recognized (though many are of dubious validity): H. d. masoni (southeastern Asia, Sumatra, Borneo), H. d. nicobarensis (Nicobar islands), H. d. natunensis (North Natuna islands), H. d. enganus (Engano island, west of Su matra), H. d. diadema (Java, Lesser Sundas), H. d. griseus (Philippines), H. d. speculator (Celebes), H. d. euotis (Northern Moluccas), H. d. ceramicus (central Moluccas), H. d. custos (Keis), H. d. pullatus (New Guinea, Bismarcks), H. d. mirandus (Admirality islands), H. d. trobrius (Trob riand islands), H. d. oceanitis, H. d. malaitensis, H. d. demissus (all three in Solomons), H. d. reginae (northern Queensland, Australia), H. d. inornatus (northern North ern Territory, Australia). 66 species H. diadema GEOFFROY 1813 Hipposideros genus Hipposideros diadema Frontal region concave with a shallow frontal depression. Interorbital region relatively narrow. Zygomatic arches markedly flared. Size relatively large (forearm length, 65-95 mm; con dylocanine length less than 31 mm; maxillary toothrow length less than 13.8 mm). Intermediate noseleaf with a prominent medial ridge. Eighteen subspecies are currently recognized (though many are of dubious validity): 50. H. diadema (GEOFFROY 1813) [diadema group], 50 _H. d. ceramensis_ Laurie & Hill, 1954; _H. d. custos_ Andersen, 1918; _H. d. diadema_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813); _H. d. enganus_ Andersen, 1907; _H. d. euotis_ Andersen, 1905; _H. d. griseus_ (Meyen, 1833) (synonyms: _anderseni_ Taylor, 1934, _pullatus_ Andersen, 1905); _H. d. masoni_ (Dobson, 1872); _H. d. mirandus_ Thomas, 1914; _H. d. natunensis_ Chasen, 1940; _H. d. nicobarensis_ (Dobson, 1871); _H. d. nobilis_ (Horsfield, 1823) (synonyms: _vicarius_ Andersen, 1905); _H. d. oceanitis_ Andersen, 1905 (synonyms: _malaitensis_ Phillips, 1967); _H. d. reginae_ Troughton, 1937; _H. d. speculator_ Andersen, 1918; _H. d. trobrius_ Troughton, 1937 Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). CHIROPTERA Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema E. Geoffroy y 1813 Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 20 263 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl. Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, Laos, W Malaysia and Indonesia (including Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali) to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls and NE Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isls. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a). IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc). ceramensis Laurie and Hill, 1954; custos K. Andersen, 1918; enganus K. Andersen, 1907; euotis K. Andersen, 1905; griseus Meyen, 1883; anderseni Taylor, 1934; pullatus K. Andersen, 1905; masoni Dobson, 1872; mirandus Thomas, 1914; natunensis Chasen, 1940; nicobarensis Dobson, 1871; nobilis Horsfield, 1823; vicarius K. Andersen, 1905; oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905; malaitensis Phillips, 1967; reginae Troughton, 1937; speculator K. Andersen, 1918; trobrius Troughton, 1937. diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in part by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). 03BD87A2C678A20AFF4EEE1BF55E48CD Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 978-84-16728-19-0 hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf hash://md5/ff84ffdac676a204fff8ff9affef4346 241 zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/BD/87/03BD87A2C678A20AFF4EEE1BF55E48CD.xml Hipposideros diadema Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema 1813 Phyllorhine à diadème @fr | Diadem-Rundblattnase @de | Hiposidérido de diadema @es | Diadem Roundleaf Bat @en Rhinolophus diadema É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 , “Timor [Island].” Hipposideros diadema is in the diadema species group. Many subspecies have been described (anderseni, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarious), several of them of dubious validity; validity, diagnoses, and ranges of prospective subspecies require review. Mainland SE Asia, Philippines , Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago ), Solomon Is, and NE Australia ; also on N Nicobar Is . Head—body 66-100 mm, tail 32—51 mm , ear 28—32 mm , hindfoot 16-21 mm, forearm 58—96 mm ; weight 22—57 g . Forearm length can be variable between populations, from as small as 58 mm ( Nicobar Islands ) to as large as 96 mm ( Thailand ). Pelage on upperparts is dark brown with distinctive white or yellowish white patches on shoulders and sides ofback; fur on underparts is grayish white. Noseleafis yellowish brown. Posterior noseleafis thick and tall. There are 3-4 lateral leaflets on each cheek. Skull is heavily built with large canine, inflated rostral swellings and well-developed sagittal crest P2 is small and extruded from tooth row so C1 and P4 are in contact, or almost. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, from lowland primary forest at sea level to agricultural areas and disturbed forests up to 1210 m . The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest understory, in gaps, and over streams in forest. It feeds on insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera , and various orthopteroids were the most common in fecal pellets) and occasionally on birds. It is known to feed by hanging from a perch and waiting for prey to pass by, then flying to snatch it and returning right away to the perch. Females give birth to a single young. In peninsular Thailand , females with young were found in the maternity roost in April. This species roosts in caves, crevices, and hollow trees. In peninsular Thailand , the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat was observed to remain in the cave late, until 20:00 h, being the last species that emerged from the roost Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 58-62 kHz (Malay Peninsula) and 64—66 kHz (Borneo). The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in large colonies in caves. A maternity colony may number several hundred individuals. In southern Myanmar , at least 5000 individuals of this species have been estimated to be sharing a cave with Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats { H. armiger ), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. laruatus ), Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. gentilis ), Least Leaf-nosed Bats (77. cineraceus ), and Large Long-fingered Bats (Afinio/?tenw magnater). Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat is found in several protected areas throughout its range but may be locally at risk due to limestone mining, and quarrying. Corbet & Hill (1992) | Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Helgen, Bates, Gumal, Kingston et al. (2008) | Francis (2008a) | Pavey & Burwell (1997) | Simmons (2005) 40. Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros diadema French: Phyllorhine à diadème / German: Diadem-Rundblattnase I Spanish: Hiposidérido de diadema Other common names: Diadem Roundleaf Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus diadema É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 , “Timor [Island].” Hipposideros diadema is in the diadema species group. Many subspecies have been described (anderseni, ceramensis, custos, enganus, euotis, griseus, masoni, mirandus, natunensis, nicobarensis, nobilis, oceanitis, reginae, speculator, trobrius, vicarious), several of them of dubious validity; validity, diagnoses, and ranges of prospective subspecies require review. Distribution. Mainland SE Asia, Philippines , Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea (including Bismarck Archipelago ), Solomon Is, and NE Australia ; also on N Nicobar Is . Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-100 mm, tail 32—51 mm , ear 28—32 mm , hindfoot 16-21 mm, forearm 58—96 mm ; weight 22—57 g . Forearm length can be variable between populations, from as small as 58 mm ( Nicobar Islands ) to as large as 96 mm ( Thailand ). Pelage on upperparts is dark brown with distinctive white or yellowish white patches on shoulders and sides ofback; fur on underparts is grayish white. Noseleafis yellowish brown. Posterior noseleafis thick and tall. There are 3-4 lateral leaflets on each cheek. Skull is heavily built with large canine, inflated rostral swellings and well-developed sagittal crest P2 is small and extruded from tooth row so C1 and P4 are in contact, or almost. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60. Habitat. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, from lowland primary forest at sea level to agricultural areas and disturbed forests up to 1210 m . Food and Feeding. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat forages in forest understory, in gaps, and over streams in forest. It feeds on insects (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera , and various orthopteroids were the most common in fecal pellets) and occasionally on birds. It is known to feed by hanging from a perch and waiting for prey to pass by, then flying to snatch it and returning right away to the perch. Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. In peninsular Thailand , females with young were found in the maternity roost in April. Activity patterns. This species roosts in caves, crevices, and hollow trees. In peninsular Thailand , the Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat was observed to remain in the cave late, until 20:00 h, being the last species that emerged from the roost Echolocation is a CF/FM type, with a call frequency of the F segment of 58-62 kHz (Malay Peninsula) and 64—66 kHz (Borneo). Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in large colonies in caves. A maternity colony may number several hundred individuals. In southern Myanmar , at least 5000 individuals of this species have been estimated to be sharing a cave with Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats { H. armiger ), Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bats ( H. laruatus ), Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (77. gentilis ), Least Leaf-nosed Bats (77. cineraceus ), and Large Long-fingered Bats (Afinio/?tenw magnater). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat is found in several protected areas throughout its range but may be locally at risk due to limestone mining, and quarrying. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Helgen, Bates, Gumal, Kingston eta/. (2008), Francis (2008a), Pavey & Burwell (1997), Simmons (2005). Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022. Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema Hipposideros diadema E. Geoffroy 1813 1 Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 1.016 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ceramensis Laurie and Hill, 1954; custos K. Andersen, 1918; enganus K. Andersen, 1907; euotis K. Andersen, 1905; griseus Meyen, 1883; anderseni Taylor, 1934; pullatus K. Andersen, 1905; masoni Dobson, 1872; mirandus Thomas, 1914; natunensis Chasen, 1940; nicobarensis Dobson, 1871; nobilis Horsfield, 1823; vicarius K. Andersen, 1905; oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905; malaitensis Phillips, 1967; reginae Troughton, 1937; speculator K. Andersen, 1918; trobrius Troughton, 1937. Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl. Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, Laos, W Malaysia and Indonesia (including Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali) to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls and NE Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isls. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a). Not listed. Least Concern diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023 Hipposideros diadema 23 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Diadem Roundleaf Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA RHINOLOPHOIDEA HIPPOSIDERIDAE NA NA Hipposideros NA diadema Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813 1 Rhinolophus_diadema Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ã‰. (1813). Sur un genre de chauve-souris, sous le nom de Rhinolophes (1). Annales du MusÃ©um d'histoire naturelle, 20, 263. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23442#page/283/mode/1up MNHN 1997-1802 "Timor [Island]." diadema (Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813)|nobilis (Horsfield, 1823)|griseus (Meyen, 1833)|nicobarensis (Dobson, 1871)|masoni (Dobson, 1872)|bicarius K. Andersen, 1905|euotis K. Andersen, 1905|oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905|pullatus K. Andersen, 1905|enganus K. Andersen, 1907|mirandus O. Thomas, 1914|custos K. Andersen, 1918|speculator K. Andersen, 1918|anderseni E. H. Taylor, 1934|reginae Troughton, 1937|trobius Troughton, 1937|natunensis Chasen, 1940|ceramensis Laurie & J. Edwards Hill, 1954|malaitensis C. J. Phillips, 1967 NA NA Myanmar|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Indonesia|Nicobar Islands|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia Asia|Oceania Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania LC 0 0 0 Hipposideros_diadema 0 sciname match Hipposideros_diadema 0 IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. 10128 Hipposideros diadema ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CHIROPTERA HIPPOSIDERIDAE Hipposideros diadema Geoffroy, 1813 This species is recognized by Simmons and Cirranello (2020) and may have 15 subspecies (Bonaccorso 1998). Additional research is needed to clarify taxonomic relationships and distribution among the subspecies. 20000000 Hipposideros diadema Least Concern 2021 2021-04-30 00:00:00 UTC 3.1 English

Hipposideros diadema is assessed as Least Concerned as the species does not meet the requirements for a threatened status of the IUCN Red List. It is a widespread species with a broad distribution throughout Southeast Asia, as well as parts of South Asia and Oceania, surpassing the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy requirements to classify as a vulnerable species. There is a presumed large population of H. diadema due to broad distribution. It is suspected to be experiencing a low-level decline due to significant habitat loss and cave disturbances throughout its range, although that decline is unlikely to be at a rate great enough to qualify the species for listing in a threatened category.

The species primarily roosts in caves, but has also been found roosting in buildings, hollow trees, under palms, and underground chambers (Nowak 1999, Francis 2019). Within a crowded cave, H. diadema may roost on walls or near the floor of wet caves (Bonoccorso 1998). In Australia, it was recorded within three different cave types including fully developed tourist caves, self-guided/underdeveloped tourist caves, and non-tourist caves (Pavey 1998). On the Nicobar Islands, it has been recorded in bunkers with a colony size of 20-25, as well as colony sizes greater than 150 within caves (Aul et al. 2014). Maternity colonies of 8,000 H. diadema have been observed in Papua New Guinea (Bonoccorso 1998). Further, it is known to roost with other species in colonies that may reach over 100,000 individuals (Payne et al. 1985). It has been recorded roosting with Rhinolophus affinis at a cave in Penggerukan, North Sumatra (Whitten et al. 2000). In the Philippines, it was found to co-exist with other species in caves including Hipposideros pygmaeus , Rhinolophus arcuatus , Rhinolophus virgo , and Rousettus amplexicaudatus (NuÃ±eza and Galorio 2014), and co-roost with Pipistrellus javanicus (Galorio and NuÃ±eza 2014). Individuals were found to use multiple day roosts but did not change roost every day (Pavey 1998). Ectoparasite loads among H. diadema was recorded to be lowest among individuals within more complex caves and lower densities (Phelps and Kingston 2018), as close contact among females in maternity colonies has been shows to increase parasitism transmission (Christe et al. 2007). It forages in various forested habitats, including highly disturbed areas (Francis 2019). A study in Australia found some flexibility in its foraging ecology, as some individuals occupied up to three types of vegetation including an open forest and vine thicket, although woodland was the most common (Pavey 1998). However, they still required similar habitat components among each type, specifically an area with leafless twigs for perching overlooking an open space. Its wing morphology and high constant echolocation frequency of 59-66kHz are more efficient for foraging in densely vegetated habitats, as higher frequency calls rapidly attenuate in air (Denzinger and Schnitzler 2013). Therefore, they are less effective in locating prey in more open forests or disturbed habitats such as coffee plantations (Kingston 2003, Meijaard 2005). According to Huang et al. (2019), species similar to H. diadema that roost in caves and have higher constant-frequency calls are more tolerant to coffee plantations than plant-roosting species with lower broadband-frequency calls. However, H. diadema is still less likely to be found in an open disturbed habitat such as a coffee plantation, as vegetation simplification decreases prey availability (Wickramasinghe et al. 2004), limits their echolocation efficiency and may increase predation pressure (Gardner 1998). This hypothesis is supported in a study by Huang et al. (2014) that only recorded sightings H. diadema within the primary rainforests of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, and only half of the sampled polyculture plantations, while recording no sightings within the sampled disturbed forest and monoculture plantations. Hipposideros diadema is an insectivore, mostly feeding on Coleopterans, Lepidopterans, and Orthopteras, however, it has also been classified as an â€œoccasional carnivoreâ€ that will occasionally feed on small birds and spiders (Pavey and Burwell 1997). Samples of H. diadema stomach contents in Australia consists of 78% Coleoptera and 20% Lepidoptera (Milne et al. 2006). In the Philippines, Galorio and NuÃ±eza (2014) found fruit bits in their stomachs, suggesting they either consumed fruits or the insects attracted to fruits, as bats can echolocate prey that are hidden on a fruit surface (Korine and Kalko 2005). They also found bird feathers and unidentified hair fibers within the stomachs, supporting the theory of occasional carnivory. The species is a perch hunting species, with continuous flight as a secondary behavior (Pavey 1998). It hangs from a perch and scans the area using echolocation until it detects its prey and then makes a fast, direct flight to catch it (Francis 2019). It typically has 1-3 foraging areas with an average foraging range of 1.08km from the day roost (Pavey 1998) but can range up to 10km (Bonoccorso 1998). It also usually goes out for 1-2 foraging bouts per night (Pavey 1998), selecting several perches over 1km² (Francis 2019). It has a single breeding season that coincides with warmer temperatures and the maximum quantity of insects (Nowak 1999). The females congregate and form maternity colonies during March and April (Nowak 1998, Francis 2019). In peninsular Thailand, females with young were found in maternity roosts in April (Monadjem et al. 2019). In the southern hemisphere, dependent young and subadult H. diadema were also observed in caves from April through May (Bonoccorso 1998). The females give birth to a single pup and may carry it until it becomes independent enough to fly and feed alone or leave it within the roost when searching for food. Within the Bismarck Archipelago, lactating females are known to carry infants from June through October (Bonoccorso 1998). A young H. diadema will reach sexual maturity after about one year (Nowak 1999). It has an average life span of about four to seven years but can live up to twelve years in captivity (Nowak 1999). ;

Human disturbance and habitat loss (e.g., cave roosts and forest foraging habitats) are the leading threats to H. diadema populations. Caves are the preferred roost site for H. diadema and are highly vulnerable to threats compared to any land resource (Galorio and NuÃ±eza 2014). Such threats include limestone extraction, tourism, guano extraction, and cave swiftlet nests (Galorio and NuÃ±eza 2014, Kingston 2010). Destruction/disturbance of mines has also been shown to significantly threaten cave-roosting species such as H. diadema (Hall et al. 1997). Within Southeast Asia, as much of 74% of forest may be lost by the year 2100 (Sodhi et al. 2004). Singapore has lost 95% of its primary forest since the 1800s with an estimated bat species loss of about 70% (Corlett 1992, Lane et al. 2006). Similarly, the rate of deforestation in Southeast Sulawesi was 41,814 ha/year in 1985â€“1997 (Kuhutanan 2002). Throughout all of Indonesia, the Global Forest Watch reports 27Mha of tree cover loss between 2001-2019 including more than 9.5Mha of humid primary forest, further limiting bat species to protected areas (2021). Hipposideros diadema remains flexible in its utilized foraging habitats, including within highly disturbed areas (Francis 2019). However, the species is still less likely to be found in disturbed habitats and monoculture plantations (Huang et al. 2014) as it is not suited for simplified vegetation, and the expansion of coffee agriculture and other plantations have been shown to significantly reduce both bat abundance and richness (Huang et al. 2019). The increase of such activity will also likely further increase the disturbance of nearby caves, which remains the leading threat to H. diadema populations. Furthermore, simultaneous or continuous stressors, such as habitat loss and human disturbance, can increase vulnerability to pathogens and parasites (Phelps and Kingston 2018). Transmission of parasites through consumption of scavenger insects has also been observed within H. diadema and could post a risk to other population members (Galorio and NuÃ±eza 2014).

Data are limited on the species population size and trend. There is a presumed large population size that is suspected to be experiencing a low-level population decline due to significant habitat loss and cave disturbance. It can be locally common on the Nicobar Islands where colonies of up to 500 bats have been documented (Aul and Vijaykumar 2003, Aul et al. 2014). Furthermore, maternity colonies (females and young) of ca 8,000 H. diadema have been observed in Papua New Guinea (Bonoccorso 1998). There are 15 subspecies recognized, four of which are found in Papua New Guinea (Bonaccorso 1998). The subspecies H. d. masoni on the Andaman Islands which differs from the subspecies H. d. nicobarensis that is endemic to the Nicobar Islands (Srinivasulu et al. 2016). Additional research is needed to clarify the taxonomic relationships among the the subspecies and evaluate if any may warrant elevation to species-level.

Decreasing The species is widespread and ranges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India of South Asia throughout Southeast Asia and south to northeastern Australia (Srinivasulu et al. 2016, Aul et al. 2014). It is prevalent throughout Southeast Asia including Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia (including Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra, and Lesser Sunda Islands), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Huang et al. 2014, Francis 2019, Nowak 1999),the species has not been recorded from Singapore (pers. com. Huang 2021). Within Oceania, it has been recorded in Papua New Guinea, through the Bismarck Archipelago, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and as far south as the forests of northeastern Queensland, Australia, (Francis 2019, Nowak 1999). It is found from sea level to 1,300 m asl. Evidence of hunting of H. diadema include anecdotal reports from Southeast Asia. Since H. diadema is found in many places where bat hunting is common (Aul et al . 2014, Huang et al. 2014, Wiantoro et at . 2016), the species is likely being locally hunted, but there is not enough data to support that it is a major threat to its population. Terrestrial

Hipposideros diadema is known from protected areas throughout its range and there are currently no known species-specific conservation initiatives in place for the species as it is a Least Concerned species. For example, it has been recorded within and around Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, which is the second most species rich area in Southeast Asia (Huang et al. 2014). Furthermore, the species was also recorded in areas outside the protection of the national park, including local villages, highlighting the importance of protecting this broader diversity hotspot. Further surveys to identify and protect cave roosts that support the highest populations (Kingston 2010) are needed. Therefore, future management recommendations can focus on effectively providing protection for species as well as maintaining any scientific, cultural, or economic values of caves. Protection of more complex caves would provide more available roost sites for H. diadema , reducing both competition and risk of parasite transmission among individuals. Caves utilized by large maternity colonies should also be identified and protected, as the disturbance of these sites would likely cause local population declines or extirpations. Research on the current population status and trends of H. diadema is lacking, yet crucial in creating effective conservation actions for the species. Similarly, further research on the ecology of maternity roosts would provide more information regarding the impacts of cave disturbance on their population. Huang et al. states that species differ in vulnerability to anthropogenic land use changes (2019), therefore, further species-specific studies must be performed to better analyze species sensitivity and form effective conservation plans. This is especially critical for H. diadema as it is found near many growing plantations/monocultures (Huang 2019, Huang 2014). Lastly, the extent of hunting of H. diadema is unknown and should be quantified to determine its exact impact on their population. Further taxonomic research on the species is needed.

Australasian|Indomalayan FALSE FALSE Global Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813 1 Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 1.015972 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ceramensis Laurie and Hill, 1954; custos K. Andersen, 1918; enganus K. Andersen, 1907; euotis K. Andersen, 1905; griseus Meyen, 1883; anderseni Taylor, 1934; pullatus K. Andersen, 1905; masoni Dobson, 1872; mirandus Thomas, 1914; natunensis Chasen, 1940; nicobarensis Dobson, 1871; nobilis Horsfield, 1823; vicarius K. Andersen, 1905; oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905; malaitensis Phillips, 1967; reginae Troughton, 1937; speculator K. Andersen, 1918; trobrius Troughton, 1937. Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl. Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, Laos, W Malaysia and Indonesia (including Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali) to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls and NE Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isls. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a). Not listed. Least Concern diadema species group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May include ornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). Hipposideros diadema 1004592 23 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Diadem Roundleaf Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA RHINOLOPHOIDEA Hipposideridae NA NA Hipposideros NA diadema Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813 1 Rhinolophus_diadema Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ã‰. (1813). Sur un genre de chauve-souris, sous le nom de Rhinolophes (1). Annales du MusÃ©um d'histoire naturelle, 20, 263. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23442#page/283/mode/1up MNHN 1997-1802 "Timor [Island]." diadema (Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813)|nobilis (Horsfield, 1823)|griseus (Meyen, 1833)|nicobarensis (Dobson, 1871)|masoni (Dobson, 1872)|bicarius K. Andersen, 1905|euotis K. Andersen, 1905|oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905|pullatus K. Andersen, 1905|enganus K. Andersen, 1907|mirandus O. Thomas, 1914|custos K. Andersen, 1918|speculator K. Andersen, 1918|anderseni E. H. Taylor, 1934|reginae Troughton, 1937|trobius Troughton, 1937|natunensis Chasen, 1940|ceramensis Laurie & J. Edwards Hill, 1954|malaitensis C. J. Phillips, 1967 NA NA Myanmar|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Indonesia|Nicobar Islands|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia Asia|Oceania Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania LC 0 0 0 Hipposideros_diadema 0 sciname match Hipposideros_diadema 0 Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393 Hipposideros_diadema 1004592 23 Diadem Roundleaf Bat Diadem Roundleaf Bat|Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Yinpterochiroptera NA NA Rhinolophoidea Hipposideridae NA NA Hipposideros NA diadema Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1 Rhinolophus diadema Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ã‰. 1813. Sur un genre de chauve-souris sous le nom de Rhinolophes. Annales du MusÃ©um d'histoire naturelle 20:254-266. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3553702 MNHN-ZM-MO-1997-1802 holotype http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1997-1802 "Timor [Island]." NA NA Myanmar|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Indonesia|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Australia Asia|Oceania (Continent) Indomalaya|Australasia LC 0 0 0 Hipposideros_diadema 0 sciname match Hipposideros_diadema 0 Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586 Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema Ã‰. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813 1 Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 1.015972 Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat ceramensis Laurie and Hill, 1954; custos K. Andersen, 1918; enganus K. Andersen, 1907; euotis K. Andersen, 1905; griseus Meyen, 1883; anderseni Taylor, 1934; pullatus K. Andersen, 1905; masoni Dobson, 1872; mirandus Thomas, 1914; natunensis Chasen, 1940; nicobarensis Dobson, 1871; nobilis Horsfield, 1823; vicarius K. Andersen, 1905; oceanitis K. Andersen, 1905; malaitensis Phillips, 1967; reginae Troughton, 1937; speculator K. Andersen, 1918; trobrius Troughton, 1937. Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Timor Isl. Burma and Vietnam through Thailand, Laos, W Malaysia and Indonesia (including Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali) to New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls and NE Australia; Philippines; Nicobar Isls. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a). Not Listed Least Concern diademaspecies group. Many subspecies are of dubious validity, and several island populations have not been assigned to subspecies. Reviewed in partby Laurie and Hill (1954) and Kitchener et al. (1992b). Does not include demissus and inornatus; see Kitchener et al. (1992b). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Probably includes more than one species; see Esselstyn et al. 2012. May includeornatus, a name listed as a synonym of diadema by Koopman (1993) but which I have been unable to trace (although it may be a lapsus for inornatus). Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505 NA Hipposideros diadema; Hipposideros diadema; Hipposideros diadema; Hipposideros diadema; Hipposideros diadema; Hipposideros diadema; diadema; ceramensis; custos; enganus; euotis; griseus; masoni; mirandus; natunensis; nicobarensis; nobilis; oceanitis; reginae; speculator; trobrius; griseus - anderseni; pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis; ceramensis; custos; enganus; euotis; griseus; masoni; mirandus; natunensis; nicobarensis; nobilis; oceanitis; reginae; speculator; trobrius; griseus - anderseni; pullatus; nobilis - vicarius; oceanitis - malaitensis; diadema; nobilis; griseus; nicobarensis; masoni; bicarius; euotis; oceanitis; pullatus; enganus; mirandus; custos; speculator; anderseni; reginae; trobius; natunensis; ceramensis; malaitensis; Phyllorhine à diadème; Diadem-Rundblattnase; Hiposidérido de diadema; Diadem Roundleaf Bat; Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat; Diadem Roundleaf Bat; Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat; Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat; H. diadema