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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L377	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros calcaratus		[MSW2] Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981:8).; [MSW3] bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Phyllorhina calcarata Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain ,” Papua New Guinea . Hipposideros calcaratus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group (species). Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [IUCN] Two subspecies are recognised, with the nominate extending from Manus Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville to the Solomon Islands, plus Yapen Island in the Papua Province of Indonesia. The subspecies H. c. cupidus occurs south of the central cordillera in Papua New Guinea. The possibility for species-level distinctness of any of these geographic groups has not been subject to rigorous taxonomic evaluation with modern methods, but preliminary genetic analyses support genetic divergence among them (K.N. Armstrong and T. Lavery unpublished data). There is a range in mean echolocation call frequency of c.35 kHz among populations that may support taxonomic differences (southern Papua New Guinea c. 133 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Mussau Island c. 98 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Solomon Islands c. 117 kHz, Pennay and Lavery 2017).; [batnames2023]  bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] bicolorspecies group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).				cupidus	(cupidus)	cupidus.	cupidus, calcaratus	calcaratus, cupidus		calcaratus, cupidus		calcaratus, cupidus		calcaratus, cupidus	Two subspecies are recognised, with the nominate extending from Manus Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville to the Solomon Islands, plus Yapen Island in the Papua Province of Indonesia. The subspecies H. c. cupidus occurs south of the central cordillera in Papua New Guinea. The possibility for species-level distinctness of any of these geographic groups has not been subject to rigorous taxonomic evaluation with modern methods, but preliminary genetic analyses support genetic divergence among them (K.N. Armstrong and T. Lavery unpublished data). There is a range in mean echolocation call frequency of c.35 kHz among populations that may support taxonomic differences (southern Papua New Guinea c. 133 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Mussau Island c. 98 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Solomon Islands c. 117 kHz, Pennay and Lavery 2017).	calcaratus, cupidus		calcaratus, cupidus 	calcaratus, cupidus 	calcaratus, cupidus		calcaratus (Dobson, 1877)|cupidus Andersen, 1918		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Spurred leaf-nosed bat	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. – Solomon Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Hipposideros calcaratus	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:122.	Distribution: Occurring on New Guinea, Bismarcks, Solomons and nearby is lands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Spurred leaf-nosed bat	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. – Solomon Is; ref. 4.32	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:122.	Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981:8).	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isis, adjacent small islands.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.		DOBSON	1877	Interorbital region relatively broad, its width nearly equal to that of the rostrum. Anterior up per premolar not extruded from toothrow. Sphenoid bridge relatively narrow and emar ginated, not concealing optic foramina. Basi sphenoid depression shallow and troughlike. Size medium to fairly large (forearm length, 45-56 mm).	Distribution: Occurring on New Guinea, Bismarcks, Solomons and nearby is lands.	Two subspecies are recognized:	R. c. cupidus (New Guinea), R. c. calcaratus (East Papuan islands, Bismarcks, Solomons).	61	species	H. calcaratus	DOBSON	1877	Hipposideros	genus	Hipposideros calcaratus				Interorbital region relatively broad, its width nearly equal to that of the rostrum. Anterior up per premolar not extruded from toothrow. Sphenoid bridge relatively narrow and emar ginated, not concealing optic foramina. Basi sphenoid depression shallow and troughlike. Size medium to fairly large (forearm length, 45-56 mm).	Two subspecies are recognized:		10. H. calcaratus DOBSON 1877 [bicolor group].	10	_H. c. calcaratus_ (Dobson, 1877); _H. c. cupidus_ Andersen, 1918			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Hipposideridae			Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros		calcaratus	Dobson	y	1877		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1877		122		Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, adjacent small islands.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	cupidus K. Andersen, 1918.	bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03BD87A2C665A217FF28FCCDFE7A4F99	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff84ffdac676a204fff8ff9affef4346	246	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/BD/87/03BD87A2C665A217FF28FCCDFE7A4F99.xml	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideridae	Hipposideros	calcaratus	Dobson	1877	Phyllorhine à éperons @fr | Sporn-Rundblattnase @de | Hiposidérido de espolones @es | Spurred Roundleaf Bat @en	Phyllorhina calcarata Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain ,” Papua New Guinea . Hipposideros calcaratus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group (species). Two subspecies recognized.	H. c. calcaratus Dobson, 1877 — Admiralty Is ( Manus ), Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Is, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), D’Entrecasteaux Is (Normanby), and Misima I; probably on other inshore Is of New Guinea . H. c. cupidus K. Andersen, 1918 mainland New Guinea and Yapen I.	Head—body 49-4— 70 mm , tail 31-44 mm, ear 16-5— 25 mm , hindfoot 7-9— 12 mm , forearm 46-2—55-8 mm; weight 11-5 g. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat has large, funnel-shaped ears, with slighdy rounded tips. Noseleaf is simple, without supplementary leaflets. Intermediate leaf has a medial and well-developed protuberance. Posterior leaf is long, with three vertical septa. There is a small protuberance above each eye and behind both laterals of posterior noseleaf. Frontal sac of males is relatively small. Wing membrane is attached to side of foot. Pelage is long and soft, with dark brown on dorsum, and paler colors over shoulders; fur is whitish-grayish on ventral part, and naked wing membranes are blackish brown. This species can occasionally present a reddish or orange coloration.	Forests and wet lowlands from sea level to 1000 m .	Diet of the Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is based on insects; it probably hunts mainly Blattodea and Orthoptera. Its foraging habitat is still unknown, but forest areas and river bodies are possible feeding zones.	Breeding colonies have been reported in caves, with aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Females give birth to one or two offspring in May-June or October—November.	The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, and other underground cavities. Echolocation call includes a F component of 125-130 kHz.	The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious and can be found in large colonies.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is common within its range. Although the trends are unknown, it is thought that the overall population is large. No major threats to this species are known at present, although habitat loss and human disturbance could be of some importance.	Bonaccorso & Reardon (2008f) | Hill (1971c) | Lavery et al. (2014) | Smith & Hill (1981) | Vestjens & Hall (1977)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749137/files/figure.png	51. Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros calcaratus French: Phyllorhine à éperons / German: Sporn-Rundblattnase / Spanish: Hiposidérido de espolones Other common names: Spurred Roundleaf Bat Taxonomy. Phyllorhina calcarata Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain ,” Papua New Guinea . Hipposideros calcaratus was formerly included in the bicolor species group, but is now placed in the calcaratus species group (species). Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. H. c. calcaratus Dobson, 1877 — Admiralty Is ( Manus ), Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Is, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), D’Entrecasteaux Is (Normanby), and Misima I; probably on other inshore Is of New Guinea . H. c. cupidus K. Andersen, 1918 mainland New Guinea and Yapen I. Descriptive notes. Head—body 49-4— 70 mm , tail 31-44 mm, ear 16-5— 25 mm , hindfoot 7-9— 12 mm , forearm 46-2—55-8 mm; weight 11-5 g. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat has large, funnel-shaped ears, with slighdy rounded tips. Noseleaf is simple, without supplementary leaflets. Intermediate leaf has a medial and well-developed protuberance. Posterior leaf is long, with three vertical septa. There is a small protuberance above each eye and behind both laterals of posterior noseleaf. Frontal sac of males is relatively small. Wing membrane is attached to side of foot. Pelage is long and soft, with dark brown on dorsum, and paler colors over shoulders; fur is whitish-grayish on ventral part, and naked wing membranes are blackish brown. This species can occasionally present a reddish or orange coloration. Habitat. Forests and wet lowlands from sea level to 1000 m . Food and Feeding. Diet of the Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is based on insects; it probably hunts mainly Blattodea and Orthoptera. Its foraging habitat is still unknown, but forest areas and river bodies are possible feeding zones. Breeding. Breeding colonies have been reported in caves, with aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Females give birth to one or two offspring in May-June or October—November. Activity patterns. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, and other underground cavities. Echolocation call includes a F component of 125-130 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is gregarious and can be found in large colonies. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat is common within its range. Although the trends are unknown, it is thought that the overall population is large. No major threats to this species are known at present, although habitat loss and human disturbance could be of some importance. Bibliography. Bonaccorso & Reardon (2008f), Hill (1971c), Lavery eta/. (2014), Smith & Hill (1981), Vestjens & Hall (1977).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Hipposideridae	Hipposideros calcaratus	Hipposideros		calcaratus	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1879:02:00	Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	<b> cupidus </b>K. Andersen, 1918.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Hipposideros calcaratus	23	Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	Spurred Roundleaf Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	HIPPOSIDERIDAE	NA	NA	Hipposideros	NA	calcaratus	Dobson	1877	1						"Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain," Papua New Guinea.			calcaratus (Dobson, 1877)|cupidus K. Andersen, 1918	NA	NA	Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	sciname match	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	10116	Hipposideros calcaratus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	HIPPOSIDERIDAE	Hipposideros	calcaratus	(Dobson, 1877)	Two subspecies are recognised, with the nominate extending from Manus Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville to the Solomon Islands, plus Yapen Island in the Papua Province of Indonesia. The subspecies H. c. cupidus occurs south of the central cordillera in Papua New Guinea. The possibility for species-level distinctness of any of these geographic groups has not been subject to rigorous taxonomic evaluation with modern methods, but preliminary genetic analyses support genetic divergence among them (K.N. Armstrong and T. Lavery unpublished data). There is a range in mean echolocation call frequency of c.35 kHz among populations that may support taxonomic differences (southern Papua New Guinea c. 133 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Mussau Island c. 98 kHz, Armstrong et al. 2015; Solomon Islands c. 117 kHz, Pennay and Lavery 2017).	20000000	Hipposideros calcaratus	Least Concern		2021	2020-12-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<span class="datalabel1">Listed as Least Concern given its wide distribution, use of a broad range of forested habitats, presumed large population size – exceeding 10,000 mature individuals, occurrence in protected areas, and the absence of evidence for a decline.	<span class="datalabel1">This species has been recorded roosting in many caves and tunnels. Colony sizes range from dozens to several thousand individuals. The Balek Wildlife Sanctuary in Madang Province (Papua New Guinea) contains roosts with several thousand animals (Bonaccorso 1998). Females are presumed to give birth to one or two young annually. It forages mostly within forest.	<span class="datalabel1">There appear to be no major threats to this species that could cause widespread or imminent decline. It may be threatened in parts of its range by collection for food or disturbance within cave roosts. It is a species of the forest interior and thus is impacted by forest removal.	<span class="datalabel1">The species<span class="datalabel1"> global population is inferred to be stable as it is regarded as common and population is estimated to well exceed 10,000 mature individuals, with some individual colonies approaching this size.</span>	Stable	<span class="datalabel1">It extends from Indonesia to the Solomon Islands. In Indonesia, it is found in the Schouten Islands (Yapen), West Papua Province (Sinery et al. 2020), and northern areas of Papua Province adjacent to Papua New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea it is found either side of the central cordillera, the Trobriand Islands (Kiriwina), the D'Entrecasteaux Islands (Normanby), Lousiade Archipelago (Misima), Manus Island, the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, Emirua, Mussau; Armstrong et al. 2015), and Bougainville. It is also found on most of the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands (Nendo), and Vanuatu (islands of Espiritu Santo and Malekula) (Bonaccorso 1998; Flannery 1995a,b). The lack of survey effort is likely to be the reason why it appears absent from the Papua and West Papua provinces of Indonesia. Records are mostly from lowland areas but reach as high as c. 1,000 m asl elevation (D. Wright unpubl. data).		Terrestrial	A significant population of this species is present in the Balek Wildlife Sanctuary, and it has been recorded from Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area (D. Wright pers. comm.). Key conservation actions for this species are the protection of known roosting sites in caves, and the identification and protection of additional important roosting sites. Broadscale protection of forests will also help maintain population size in this species. Although it is listed here as Least Concern, if further genetic work shows the existence of distinct species or evolutionary significant units in areas where population size and extent of occurrence could be limited, then reassessment would be required. In the meantime, any development proposal that presents a risk to a small, isolated population should consider the possibility that it might be part of a more restricted taxon that is worthy of special consideration. If the population on Yapen Island is not taxonomically distinct, then it very likely represents an evolutionary significant unit with a relatively small area of occupancy.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Hipposideridae	Hipposideros		calcaratus	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1879:02:00	Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	<b> cupidus </b>K. Andersen, 1918.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 bicolor species group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Hipposideros calcaratus	1004584	23	Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	Spurred Roundleaf Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Hipposideridae	NA	NA	Hipposideros	NA	calcaratus	Dobson	1877	1						"Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain," Papua New Guinea.			calcaratus (Dobson, 1877)|cupidus K. Andersen, 1918	NA	NA				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	sciname match	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Hipposideros_calcaratus	1004584	23	Spurred Roundleaf Bat	Spurred Roundleaf Bat|Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Hipposideridae	NA	NA	Hipposideros	NA	calcaratus	Dobson	1	Phyllorhina calcarata	Dobson, G.E. 1877-06. On a collection of Chiroptera from Duke-Of-York Island and adjacent parts of New Ireland and New Britain. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1877(1):114-123.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28510690	BMNH:Mamm:1877.7.18.13	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b35a7b00-37cf-488c-9c53-440e79be75f0	"Duke-of-York Island and adjacent coasts of New Ireland and New Britain," Papua New Guinea.	-4.16667	152.4667	NA	NA				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	sciname match	Hipposideros_calcaratus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Hipposideridae	Hipposideros		calcaratus	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1879:02:00	Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat	cupidus K. Andersen, 1918.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Duke of York Isl.	New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isls, adjacent small islands.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10116/22094185/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	bicolorspecies group. Includes cupidus; see Smith and Hill (1981). Does not include maggietaylorae; see Smith and Hill (1981). Alsosee Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Hipposideros calcaratus; Hipposideros calcaratus; Hipposideros calcaratus; Hipposideros calcaratus; Hipposideros calcaratus; Hipposideros calcaratus; calcaratus; cupidus; calcaratus; cupidus; cupidus; calcaratus; cupidus; Phyllorhine à éperons; Sporn-Rundblattnase; Hiposidérido de espolones; Spurred Roundleaf Bat; Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat; Spurred Roundleaf Bat; Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat; Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat; H. calcaratus