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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L358	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris whiteheadi celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris celebensis		[MSW2] Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton (1970).; [MSW3] Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton (1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with some reservations.; [HMW] Harpyionycteris celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 , “Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ].” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.; [batnames2023] Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.; [batnames2025_1.7] Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.														celebensis				celebensis 	celebensis 			celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Celebes	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.	Miller and Hollister	1921	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34:99.			Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Sulawesi	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Miller and Hollister	1921	Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34:99.	Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton (1970).	Sulawesi.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris		celebensis	Miller and Hollister		1921		Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	34		99		Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.	Sulawesi.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as H. whiteheadi celebensis. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.		Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton (1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with some reservations.	03AD87FAFFF4F61A8CB635D5F6CAF5E9	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	106	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFF4F61A8CB635D5F6CAF5E9.xml	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycteris	celebensis	G. S. Miller & Hollister	1921	Harpyionyctére des Célébes @fr | Sulawesi-Harpyien-Flughund @de | Harpyionicterio de Sulawesi @es	Harpyionycteris celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 , “Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ].” This species is monotypic.	Throughout Sulawesi and adjacent Buton I.	Head-body 117-153 mm (tailless), ear 19-21 mm , hindfoot 22- 27 mm , forearm 70-91 mm ; weight 85— 141 g . Head has strong, rather short muz: zle; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum has two separate deep grooves and one median groove; and lower lip has large triangular papillae. Eyes are moderately large;irises are brown. Ears are long and oval. Head pelage is short and dark brown. All body pelage is long, dense, and dark brown. Fur occurs over hindleg to dorsum offoot. Tibia is relatively short, calcar is very small, uropatagium is a narrow strip, and foot claws have whitish tips. Wing membranes are broad, from sides of body, blackish brown, with some small white spots, and inserted on second toes; index claw is present. Skull is heavy; rostrum is relatively short and broad; premaxillae are fused and project forward; nasal process is thin in lateral view; orbit is large, with obvious rim; zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is moderately arched; and braincase is rounded. Dorsally, premaxillae project anteriorly; rostrum is strong; paranasal recesses are much inflated,joined in midline, and reach root of thick, posterolaterally directed postorbital process; postorbital foramen is obliterated; postorbital constriction is very well-marked; braincase is oval; and sagittal and nuchalcrests are sharp and low. Ventrally, palate is long, flat, and narrow; tooth rows are almost parallel; post-dental palate is short, ending straight; and ectotympanicis small and narrow, with anterior extension and spine. Mandible has slanted, sharply distinct symphysis; body is arched; coronoid slopes; tip is rounded; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is large and round. Dental formula for all species of Harpyionycterisis11/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 30. I? (I' missing) is very large, with simple base, procumbent, and outer margin concave; C is extremely robust, with stout distal basal cusp, main cusp directed anteroventrally, and obvious inner cingulum; P' is very small, with secondary distal cusp; next premolar (P°) is stout, with noticeable basal distal cusp and sharp, denticulate lingual cingulum; next premolars and molars are multicuspidate; M* is small; cheekteeth are moderate in size; and occlusal outline is oval. Lower incisors,likely I, and I, missing, are obsolete or missing; C, is tricuspidated, procumbent, and almost straight, with sharp inner cingulum; P, is relatively very large and tricuspidated; and posterior cheekteeth are multicuspidated.	Lowland to montane primary rainforests from sea level up to ¢. 2100 m .	The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is frugivorous and probably eats figs and otherfruit. Its hard multicuspidated dentition suggests a durophagous diet.	Pregnant Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bats were recorded carrying one embryo in January and September, and a female was carrying a dependent young in January. Nearly full-grown females were recorded in June, suggesting that the Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat requires c¢.6 months to reach adult size, at least females.	No information.	No information.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is uncommon throughout its distribution, and its absence in active bushmeat markets (especially in northern Sulawesi ) suggests that populations have declined. It occurs in some protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi .	Almeida et al. (2011) | Amador et al. (2018) | Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Giannini, Almeida & Simmons (2009) | Giannini, Almeida, Simmons & DeSalle (2006) | Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston & Helgen (2008) | Maryanto et al. (2011) | Peterson & Fenton (1970) | Tate (1951)		79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat Harpyionycteris celebensis French: Harpyionyctére des Célébes / German: Sulawesi-Harpyien-Flughund / Spanish: Harpyionicterio de Sulawesi Taxonomy. Harpyionycteris celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 , “Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ].” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Throughout Sulawesi and adjacent Buton I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 117-153 mm (tailless), ear 19-21 mm , hindfoot 22- 27 mm , forearm 70-91 mm ; weight 85— 141 g . Head has strong, rather short muz: zle; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum has two separate deep grooves and one median groove; and lower lip has large triangular papillae. Eyes are moderately large;irises are brown. Ears are long and oval. Head pelage is short and dark brown. All body pelage is long, dense, and dark brown. Fur occurs over hindleg to dorsum offoot. Tibia is relatively short, calcar is very small, uropatagium is a narrow strip, and foot claws have whitish tips. Wing membranes are broad, from sides of body, blackish brown, with some small white spots, and inserted on second toes; index claw is present. Skull is heavy; rostrum is relatively short and broad; premaxillae are fused and project forward; nasal process is thin in lateral view; orbit is large, with obvious rim; zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is moderately arched; and braincase is rounded. Dorsally, premaxillae project anteriorly; rostrum is strong; paranasal recesses are much inflated,joined in midline, and reach root of thick, posterolaterally directed postorbital process; postorbital foramen is obliterated; postorbital constriction is very well-marked; braincase is oval; and sagittal and nuchalcrests are sharp and low. Ventrally, palate is long, flat, and narrow; tooth rows are almost parallel; post-dental palate is short, ending straight; and ectotympanicis small and narrow, with anterior extension and spine. Mandible has slanted, sharply distinct symphysis; body is arched; coronoid slopes; tip is rounded; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is large and round. Dental formula for all species of Harpyionycterisis11/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 30. I? (I' missing) is very large, with simple base, procumbent, and outer margin concave; C is extremely robust, with stout distal basal cusp, main cusp directed anteroventrally, and obvious inner cingulum; P' is very small, with secondary distal cusp; next premolar (P°) is stout, with noticeable basal distal cusp and sharp, denticulate lingual cingulum; next premolars and molars are multicuspidate; M* is small; cheekteeth are moderate in size; and occlusal outline is oval. Lower incisors,likely I, and I, missing, are obsolete or missing; C, is tricuspidated, procumbent, and almost straight, with sharp inner cingulum; P, is relatively very large and tricuspidated; and posterior cheekteeth are multicuspidated. Habitat. Lowland to montane primary rainforests from sea level up to ¢. 2100 m . Food and Feeding. The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is frugivorous and probably eats figs and otherfruit. Its hard multicuspidated dentition suggests a durophagous diet. Breeding. Pregnant Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bats were recorded carrying one embryo in January and September, and a female was carrying a dependent young in January. Nearly full-grown females were recorded in June, suggesting that the Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat requires c¢.6 months to reach adult size, at least females. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat is uncommon throughout its distribution, and its absence in active bushmeat markets (especially in northern Sulawesi ) suggests that populations have declined. It occurs in some protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi . Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2011), Amador et al. (2018), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Giannini, Almeida & Simmons (2009), Giannini, Almeida, Simmons & DeSalle (2006), Hutson, Suyanto, Kingston & Helgen (2008), Maryanto et al. (2011), Peterson & Fenton (1970), Tate (1951).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Harpyionycteris		celebensis	Miller & Hollister	1921	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	35:39:00	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.	Sulawesi.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Harpyionycteris celebensis	23	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	HARPYIONYCTERINI	Harpyionycteris	NA	celebensis	G. S. Miller & Hollister	1921	0	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	Miller, G. S., Jr., & Hollister, N. (1921). Twenty New Mammals Collected by H. C. Raven in Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 34, 99.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3332393#page/123/mode/1up	USNM 219349		"Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]."			celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921	NA	NA	Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	sciname match	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136776	Harpyionycteris celebensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Harpyionycteris	celebensis	Miller &; Hollister, 1921		20000000	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Near Threatened	A4c	2021	2020-12-21 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Harpyionycteris celebensis is assessed as Near Threatened as it nearly qualifies as Vulnerable under Criterion A4c. The species has a distribution restricted to Sulawesi and an adjacent island in Indonesia. It is a species that is rarely captured and is hunted and sold in a few local wildlife markets; there are no data to suggest a change in the level of subsistence hunting. The species is assumed to be experiencing a past and continuing decline of mature individuals of 25–29% over three generations (15 years; GL = 5 years; Pacifici et al. ;2013), including both the past and future (2015 to 2030), due to increasing rates of deforestation.	<p>It ;is a frugivorous species (Corbet and Hill 1992) that has been found across a range elevations and forest types (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988; Maryanto et al. 2011). It appears to require higher quality forest habitats but has been recorded from cocoa plantations. The species has been captured near rivers (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988), coastal areas (Widayati and Nurjana 2018), and individuals from Soloi were caught over a river in undisturbed forest. Its roost requirements are unknown, but it is unlikely to be a cave-dwelling species.</p>	<p>Major threats to the species are mostly unknown given the limited information on the species. Hunting of H. celebensis is likely a local issue. Forest loss due to expanding agriculture and logging should be assumed to represent major threats to this species given the species apparent association with more intact forest. </p>	Harpyionycteris celebensis is an uncommon species. While data are limited, the species is suspected to have experienced a past decline of 25–29% over the last 5+ years which is expected to continue for another 10 years (2015-2030; three generations total; 15 years; GL = 5 years; Pacifici et al. 2013) due to increasing rates of deforestation.	Decreasing	Harpyionycteris celebensis is endemic to Sulawesi and the adjacent island of Buton, Indonesia. It occurs from sea level (Widayati and Nurjana 2018) and above 2,100 m in Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi (Maryanto et al. 2011).	<p>There is probably subsistence hunting at a very local scale given the species being sold in Imadi market (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988); the species has not been documented being sold in other markets in Sulawesi (Lee et al. 2005,Sheherazade and Tsang 2015, Latinne et al. 2020). </p>	Terrestrial	<p>There are no current species-specific conservation programs for the species. It is known to occur in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988) and Lore Lindu National Park (Maryanto et al. 2011). ;</p><p>Significant research into the species population status and trends, ecology, life history and threats are needed to inform the conservation and management of the species. Strengthened habitat protection and management in the national parks and broad community awareness campaigns are needed to promote conservation even with the uncertainties associated with the species.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycteris		celebensis	Miller & Hollister	1921	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	35:39:00	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.	Sulawesi.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.	Harpyionycteris celebensis	1004405	23	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	HARPYIONYCTERINI	Harpyionycteris	NA	celebensis	G. S. Miller & Hollister	1921	0	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	Miller, G. S., Jr., & Hollister, N. (1921). Twenty New Mammals Collected by H. C. Raven in Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 34, 99.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3332393#page/123/mode/1up	USNM 219349		"Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]."			celebensis G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921	NA	NA				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	sciname match	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	1004405	23	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycterinae	Harpyionycterini	Harpyionycteris	NA	celebensis	G. S. Miller & Hollister	0	Harpyionycteris celebensis	Miller, G.S., Jr. and Hollister, N. 1921-06-30. Twenty new mammals collected by H. C. Raven in Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 34:93-104.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3332385	USNM:MAMM:219349	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3601e457d-6b4c-4645-a77a-4038a8fe17f6	"Gimpoe, Middle Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia]."			NA	NA				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia	NT	0	0	0	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	sciname match	Harpyionycteris_celebensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycteris		celebensis	Miller & Hollister	1921	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	35:39:00	Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, middle Sulawesi, Gimpoe.	Sulawesi.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136776/22034516/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	Considered a subspecies of whiteheadi by Laurie and Hill (1954) and Koopman (1994), but as a separate species by Peterson and Fenton(1970). Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Corbet and Hill (1992) retained celebensis as a separate species with somereservations.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Harpyionycteris celebensis; Harpyionycteris celebensis; Harpyionycteris celebensis; Harpyionycteris celebensis; Harpyionycteris celebensis; Harpyionycteris celebensis; celebensis; Harpyionyctére des Célébes; Sulawesi-Harpyien-Flughund; Harpyionicterio de Sulawesi; Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat; Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat; Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat; H. celebensis