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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L292	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus serotinus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus fuscus		[MSW2] Subgenus Eptesicus. Closely similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific. Includes lynni, see Koopman (1989c). See Kurta and Baker (1990, Mammalian Species, 356).; [MSW3] Subgenus Eptesicus. Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni; see Koopman (1989c). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).; [HMW] Vespertilio fuscus Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA . Eptesicus as currently defined is paraphyletic with respect to Histiotus , which is closely related to the New World Eptesicus . Histiotus is recognized as a distinct genus here based on its morphological distinctions, and Eptesicus will likely be split into multiple genera in the near future to avoid paraphyly. Eleven subspecies currently recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Eptesicus .  Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni ; see Koopman (1989 c ). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019); [IUCN] Subgenus Eptesicus . Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Eptesicus .  Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni ; see Koopman (1989). Includes guadeoupensis Genoways & Baker, 1975; see Yi and Latch (2022). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019).; [MDD2023] tentatively includes guadeloupensis, although a revision of E. fuscus is certainly needed as many of the Caribbean forms may represent distinct species; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included E. dutertreus; tentatively includes miradorensis, which was recently suggested to be a distinct species, although further research into whether E. fuscus as currently defined represents a species complex is needed before species are split from it; E. fuscus is retained in the genus Eptesicus, while all other species in the genus have been moved to Neoeptesicus (American species) or Cnephaeus (Afro-Eurasian species); [batnames2025_1.7] Does not include dutertreus or the other Caribbean forms (bahamensis, guadeloupensis, hispaniolae, lynni, petersoni, and wetmorei); see Mônico and Soto-Centeno (2024) as well as supporting data in Yi and Latch (2022). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included E. dutertreus; tentatively includes miradorensis, which was recently suggested to be a distinct species, although further research into whether E. fuscus as currently defined represents a species complex is needed before species are split from it; E. fuscus is retained in the genus Eptesicus, while all other species in the genus have been moved to Neoeptesicus (American species) or Cnephaeus (Afro-Eurasian species)						arquatus, bahamensis, bernardinus, carolinensis, cubensis, dutertreus, hispaniolae, lynni, melanops; melanopterus Rehn; miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsular, pelliceus, petersoni, phaiops, ursinus, wetmorei.		fuscus, bahamensis, bernardinus, dutertreus, hispaniolae, lynni, miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsulae, petersoni, wetmorei	arquatus, carolinensis, greenii, melanops, phaiops, ursinus; bernardinus - melanopterus; dutertreus - cubensis; miradorensis - pelliceus	fuscus, bahamensis, bernardinus, dutertreus, hispaniolae, miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsulae, petersoni, wetmorei		fuscus, bahamensis, bernardinus, dutertreus, hispaniolae, lynni, miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsulae, petersoni, wetmorei	fuscus - arquatus, carolinensis, greenii, melanops, phaiops, ursinus; bernardinus - melanopterus; dutertreus - cubensis; miradorensis - pelliceus	fuscus, carolinensis, phaiops, melanops, arquatus, dutertreus, cubensis, ursinus, greenii, miradorensis, bahamensis, peninsulae, bernardinus, osceola, melanopterus, pallidus, wetmorei, hispaniolae, pelliceus, lynni, petersoni	Subgenus Eptesicus . Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	fuscus, bahamensis, bernardinus, dutertreus, guadeloupensis, hispaniolae, lynni, miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsulae, petersoni, wetmorei	fuscus - arquatus, carolinensis, greenii, melanops, phaiops, ursinus; bernardinus - melanopterus; dutertreus - cubensis; miradorensis - pelliceus	fuscus, carolinensis, phaiops, melanops, arquatus, dutertreus, cubensis, ursinus, greenii, miradorensis, bahamensis, peninsulae, bernardinus, osceola, melanopterus, pallidus, wetmorei , hispaniolae, pelliceus, lynni, petersoni, guadeloupensis	fuscus, carolinensis, phaiops, caroliniensis, melanops, arquatus, arcuatus, sayii, ursinus, greenii, phajops, miradorensis, peninsulae, bernardinus, osceola, melanopterus, grandis, pallidus, pelliceus 	bernardinus, fuscus, miradorensis, osceola, pallidus, peninsulae	bernardinus - melanopterus; fuscus - arquatus, carolinensis, greenii, melanops, phaiops, ursinus; miradorensis - pelliceus	fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)|carolinensis (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806)|phaiops (Rafinesque, 1818)|caroliniensis (A. G. Desmarest, 1819) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|melanops Rafinesque, 1820 [nomen novum]|arquatus (Say in James, 1823)|arcuatus (Godman, 1826) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|sayii (Lesson, 1836) [nomen novum]|ursinus (Temminck, 1840)|greenii (J. E. Gray, 1843) [nomen nudum]|phajops (H. R. Schinz, 1844) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|miradorensis (H. Allen, 1866)|peninsulae (O. Thomas, 1898)|bernardinus Rhoads, 1902|osceola Rhoads, 1902|melanopterus Rehn in Stone, 1904|grandis (B. Brown, 1908)|pallidus R. T. Young, 1908|pelliceus O. Thomas, 1920		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Big brown bat	Alaska, S Canada – Colombia, Venezuela, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eptesicus fuscus	U.S.A., Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.	Beauvois	1796	Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phila., p. 18.			Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Big brown bat	Alaska, S Canada – Colombia, Venezuela, Greater Antilles, Dominica; ref. 4.78	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Beauvois	1796	Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Philadelphia, p. 18.	Subgenus Eptesicus. Closely similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific. Includes lynni, see Koopman (1989c). See Kurta and Baker (1990, Mammalian Species, 356).	S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Dominica and Barbados (Lesser Antilles); perhaps Alaska.	USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.																								_E. f. bernardinus_ Rhoads, 1902 (synonyms: _melanopterus_ Rehn, 1904); _E. f. fuscus_ (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) (synonyms: _arquatus_ (Say, 1823), _carolinensis_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806), _greenii_ (Gray, 1843), _melanops_ Rafinesque, 1820, _phaiops_ (Rafinesque, 1818), _sayii_ (Lesson, 1836), _ursinus_ (Temminck, 1840)); _E. f. miradorensis_ (Allen, 1866) (synonyms: _pelliceus_ Thomas, 1920); _E. f. osceola_ Rhoads, 1902; _E. f. pallidus_ Young, 1908; _E. f. peninsulae_ (Thomas, 1898)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Eptesicini	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	fuscus	Beauvois	y	1796		Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.			18		Big Brown Bat	USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.	S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Dominica and Barbados (Lesser Antilles); Alaska.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	arquatus Say, 1823; carolinensis E. Geoffroy, 1806; greenii Gray, 1843 [nomen nudum]; melanops Rafinesque, 1820; phaiops Rafinesque, 1820; ursinus Temminck, 1835-1841; bahamensis Miller, 1897; bernardinus Rhoads, 1902; melanopterus Rehn, 1904 [not Jentink, 1904]; dutertreus P. Gervais, 1837; cubensis Gray, 1839; hispaniolae Miller, 1918; lynni Shamel, 1945; miradorensis H. Allen, 1866; pelliceus Thomas, 1920; osceola Rhoads, 1902; pallidus Young, 1908 [not Bobrinskii, 1929]; peninsulae Thomas, 1898; petersoni Silva Taboada, 1974; wetmorei Jackson, 1916.	Subgenus Eptesicus. Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni; see Koopman (1989c). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	4C3D87E8FFAE6A11FF879D0C19E3B7F3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	843	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFAE6A11FF879D0C19E3B7F3.xml	Eptesicus fuscus	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus	fuscus		1796	Sérotine brune @fr | Grol3e Braune Breitfligelfledermaus @de | Eptesicus bruno @es	Vespertilio fuscus Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA . Eptesicus as currently defined is paraphyletic with respect to Histiotus , which is closely related to the New World Eptesicus . Histiotus is recognized as a distinct genus here based on its morphological distinctions, and Eptesicus will likely be split into multiple genera in the near future to avoid paraphyly. Eleven subspecies currently recognized.	E.f.fuscusPalisotdeBeauvois,1796—SECanadaandEUSA. E.f.bahamensisG.S.Miller,1897—Bahamas(NewProvidenceandSanSalvadorIs). E.f.bernardinusRhoads,1902—SWCanada(BritishColumbia)andWUSA. E.f.dutertreusP.Gervais,1837—Bahamas(Andros,Exumas,Long,Crooked,andAcklinsIs),Cuba,andCaymanIs(CaymanBrac). E.f.hispaniolaeG.S.Miller,1918—JamaicaandHispaniola. E.f.miradorensisH.Allen,1866—mostofMexico,CentralAmerica,andAndesofWVenezuela,NColombia,andNEcuador. E.f.osceolaRhoads,1902—-Florida,SEUSA. E.f.pallidusYoung,1908—WCCanada,C,WC&SWUSA,andNW&NCMexico. E.f.peninsulaeThomas,1898—BajaCaliforniaSur,NWMexico. E.f.petersoniSilva-Taboada,1974—IsladelaJuventud(Cuba). E. f. wetmorei H. T. T. Jackson, 1916 — Puerto Rico , Dominica , and Barbados .	Head-body ¢.53-82 mm, tail 34-56 mm, ear 10-20 mm, hindfoot 8-14 mm, forearm 39-54 mm; weight 11-23 g. Females are slightly larger than males. Fur is of the Big Brown Bat long, soft, and fairly oily. Dorsal fur is generally brownish, varying from pinkish tan to rich chocolate; longer hairs have shiny tips. Ventral fur is paler, varying from near pinkish to olive buff. Ears are short, rounded, and furred on medial sides of bases; tragus is broad. Face and nose are wide. Face, ears, and membranes are black and naked, contrasting with body. Uropatagium has scarce hairs on basal one-fourth. Skull is large and heavy; rostrum is rounded and fairly flattened; and palatal emargination is at least as deep as wide. Upper incisors are large; I? is heavy, usually with distinctive secondary cusp; C' is separated from I’; lower incisors are trifid and crowded; I, is wider than I, and L; crowns of M! and M? are narrower than in M3; and hypocones on M' and M? are obvious. Dental formula for all species of Eptesicus is 12/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 48, with acrocentric autosomes and Y-chromosome and submetacentric X-chromosome.	Open to forested areas including evergreen forests, cloud forests, scrublands, grasslands, temperate forests of pine and oak, tropical deciduous forests, rural areas, and cities at elevations of 300-3466 m.	The Big Brown Bat is insectivorous. Flying speeds are up to 33 km /h, foraging c.100 minutes/night. Flying heights vary from 50 m ,later descending to 10-15 m in forested areas, to c. 5 m over canopy-enclosed streams. Foraging areas are highly diversified, with no preference for any specific area; they can forage over water, over land, in forest edges, canopy-enclosed areas, above croplands, and along streets. Big Brown Bats mostly eat flying beetles, but various insects also occur in diets (e.g. moths,flies, wasps,flying ants, lacewingflies, and dragonflies). They can capture one insect every three seconds if conditions are good, and they use night roosts to rest and digest food. Stomach contents contained vegetation and non-flying insects (4% by volume). Despite their preference for flying beetles, young seem to prey more frequently on soft-bodied insects.	Reproduction of the Big Brown Bat has a unimodal reproduction pattern. Mating occurs in September and ovulation in spring after hibernation. Parturition occurs 60 days later from late April to early July. There are usually 1-2 young/pregnancy. Young start to fly at 18-35 days of age. Females store fat to support fetal growth in late pregnancy. During lactation, amount of fat, ash, and ash-free lean dry tissue declines, but it is restored when lactation ends. Males become sexually mature within their first year, but females might not reproduce in the first year. Most females return to their natal nursery site in the following spring, and ¢.10-30% of young females also return.	Big Brown Bats are crepuscular and nocturnal. Individuals start leaving roosts well before sunset, but peak activity is mainly 2-3 hoursafter sunset. Despite this, foraging occurs throughout the night. Foraging occurs during dry and warm nights, with temperatures exceeding 10°C; on rainy and cold evenings, individuals tend to stay at roosts and become torpid, and they use fat reserves during unfavorable periods until weather conditions improve. Some populations hibernate in northern parts of the distribution. Hibernation can occur from October to May, but most individuals only appear at hibernacula in November. Hibernation sites are usually inside walls of heated buildings or dry caves with air currents. Big Brown Bats roost in hollow trees, small caves, and man-made structures; maternity colonies have been found in rock crevices and dead ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa , Pinaceae ). Echolocation calls include multiple-harmonic FM sweeps, with broadband and narrowband components. In the laboratory, pulses sweep down from 48 kHz to 27 kHz, with durations of 3—4-2 milliseconds in search phase and 0-25-0-6 milliseconds in terminal stage.	Males are usually solitary in spring and summer, but they can roost with females or other males; adult females gather in maternity colonies of 5-700 individuals. Most colonies, however, have 25-75 adults. Maternity colonies disband in August-September, and individuals hibernate alone or in small groups of up to 20 individuals. Roosting sites and foraging areas are usually within 1-2 km from each other. Individuals migrate ¢. 80 km from summer to winter roosts, and a banded individual moved to a different hibernating roost 350 m away during the same winter.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big Brown Bat is found in several protected areas and is somewhat common.	Arguero & Albuja (2012) | Baker, R.H. (1983) | Baker, R.J. & Patton (1967) | Davis & Gardner (2008) | Goehring (1972) | Hall (1981) | Kurta & Baker (1990) | Miller et al. (2016c) | Nowak (1999) | Simmons (2005) | Tellez (2014d) | Timm & Genoways (2003) | Wilson & Ruff (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398184/files/figure.png	178. Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus French: Sérotine brune / German: Grol3e Braune Breitfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Eptesicus bruno Taxonomy. Vespertilio fuscus Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA . Eptesicus as currently defined is paraphyletic with respect to Histiotus , which is closely related to the New World Eptesicus . Histiotus is recognized as a distinct genus here based on its morphological distinctions, and Eptesicus will likely be split into multiple genera in the near future to avoid paraphyly. Eleven subspecies currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. E.f.fuscusPalisotdeBeauvois,1796—SECanadaandEUSA. E.f.bahamensisG.S.Miller,1897—Bahamas(NewProvidenceandSanSalvadorIs). E.f.bernardinusRhoads,1902—SWCanada(BritishColumbia)andWUSA. E.f.dutertreusP.Gervais,1837—Bahamas(Andros,Exumas,Long,Crooked,andAcklinsIs),Cuba,andCaymanIs(CaymanBrac). E.f.hispaniolaeG.S.Miller,1918—JamaicaandHispaniola. E.f.miradorensisH.Allen,1866—mostofMexico,CentralAmerica,andAndesofWVenezuela,NColombia,andNEcuador. E.f.osceolaRhoads,1902—-Florida,SEUSA. E.f.pallidusYoung,1908—WCCanada,C,WC&SWUSA,andNW&NCMexico. E.f.peninsulaeThomas,1898—BajaCaliforniaSur,NWMexico. E.f.petersoniSilva-Taboada,1974—IsladelaJuventud(Cuba). E. f. wetmorei H. T. T. Jackson, 1916 — Puerto Rico , Dominica , and Barbados . Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.53-82 mm, tail 34-56 mm, ear 10-20 mm, hindfoot 8-14 mm, forearm 39-54 mm; weight 11-23 g. Females are slightly larger than males. Fur is of the Big Brown Bat long, soft, and fairly oily. Dorsal fur is generally brownish, varying from pinkish tan to rich chocolate; longer hairs have shiny tips. Ventral fur is paler, varying from near pinkish to olive buff. Ears are short, rounded, and furred on medial sides of bases; tragus is broad. Face and nose are wide. Face, ears, and membranes are black and naked, contrasting with body. Uropatagium has scarce hairs on basal one-fourth. Skull is large and heavy; rostrum is rounded and fairly flattened; and palatal emargination is at least as deep as wide. Upper incisors are large; I? is heavy, usually with distinctive secondary cusp; C' is separated from I’; lower incisors are trifid and crowded; I, is wider than I, and L; crowns of M! and M? are narrower than in M3; and hypocones on M' and M? are obvious. Dental formula for all species of Eptesicus is 12/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 48, with acrocentric autosomes and Y-chromosome and submetacentric X-chromosome. Habitat. Open to forested areas including evergreen forests, cloud forests, scrublands, grasslands, temperate forests of pine and oak, tropical deciduous forests, rural areas, and cities at elevations of 300-3466 m. Food and Feeding. The Big Brown Bat is insectivorous. Flying speeds are up to 33 km /h, foraging c.100 minutes/night. Flying heights vary from 50 m ,later descending to 10-15 m in forested areas, to c. 5 m over canopy-enclosed streams. Foraging areas are highly diversified, with no preference for any specific area; they can forage over water, over land, in forest edges, canopy-enclosed areas, above croplands, and along streets. Big Brown Bats mostly eat flying beetles, but various insects also occur in diets (e.g. moths,flies, wasps,flying ants, lacewingflies, and dragonflies). They can capture one insect every three seconds if conditions are good, and they use night roosts to rest and digest food. Stomach contents contained vegetation and non-flying insects (4% by volume). Despite their preference for flying beetles, young seem to prey more frequently on soft-bodied insects. Breeding. Reproduction of the Big Brown Bat has a unimodal reproduction pattern. Mating occurs in September and ovulation in spring after hibernation. Parturition occurs 60 days later from late April to early July. There are usually 1-2 young/pregnancy. Young start to fly at 18-35 days of age. Females store fat to support fetal growth in late pregnancy. During lactation, amount of fat, ash, and ash-free lean dry tissue declines, but it is restored when lactation ends. Males become sexually mature within their first year, but females might not reproduce in the first year. Most females return to their natal nursery site in the following spring, and ¢.10-30% of young females also return. Activity patterns. Big Brown Bats are crepuscular and nocturnal. Individuals start leaving roosts well before sunset, but peak activity is mainly 2-3 hoursafter sunset. Despite this, foraging occurs throughout the night. Foraging occurs during dry and warm nights, with temperatures exceeding 10°C; on rainy and cold evenings, individuals tend to stay at roosts and become torpid, and they use fat reserves during unfavorable periods until weather conditions improve. Some populations hibernate in northern parts of the distribution. Hibernation can occur from October to May, but most individuals only appear at hibernacula in November. Hibernation sites are usually inside walls of heated buildings or dry caves with air currents. Big Brown Bats roost in hollow trees, small caves, and man-made structures; maternity colonies have been found in rock crevices and dead ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa , Pinaceae ). Echolocation calls include multiple-harmonic FM sweeps, with broadband and narrowband components. In the laboratory, pulses sweep down from 48 kHz to 27 kHz, with durations of 3—4-2 milliseconds in search phase and 0-25-0-6 milliseconds in terminal stage. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Males are usually solitary in spring and summer, but they can roost with females or other males; adult females gather in maternity colonies of 5-700 individuals. Most colonies, however, have 25-75 adults. Maternity colonies disband in August-September, and individuals hibernate alone or in small groups of up to 20 individuals. Roosting sites and foraging areas are usually within 1-2 km from each other. Individuals migrate ¢. 80 km from summer to winter roosts, and a banded individual moved to a different hibernating roost 350 m away during the same winter. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big Brown Bat is found in several protected areas and is somewhat common. Bibliography. Arguero & Albuja (2012), Baker, R.H. (1983), Baker, R.J. & Patton (1967), Davis & Gardner (2008), Goehring (1972), Hall (1981), Kurta & Baker (1990), Miller et al. (2016c), Nowak (1999), Simmons (2005), Tellez (2014d), Timm & Genoways (2003), Wilson & Ruff (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus fuscus	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	fuscus	Beauvois	1796	1	Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.	p. 18	Big Brown Bat	 arquatus Say, 1823; carolinensis E. Geoffroy, 1806; greenii Gray, 1843 [ nomen nudum ] ; melanops Rafinesque, 1820; phaiops Rafinesque, 1820; ursinus Temminck, 1835-1841; <b>bahamensis</b> Miller, 1897; <b>bernardinus</b> Rhoads, 1902; melanopterus  Rehn, 1904 [not Jentink, 1904]; <b>dutertreus</b> P. Gervais, 1837; cubensis Gray, 1839; <b>hispaniolae</b> Miller, 1918; <b>lynni</b> Shamel, 1945; <b>miradorensis</b> H. Allen, 1866; pelliceus Thomas, 1920; <b>osceola</b> Rhoads, 1902 ; <b>pallidus</b> Young, 1908 [not Bobrinskii, 1929] ; <b>peninsulae</b> Thomas, 1898; <b> petersoni </b> Silva Taboada, 1974; <b> wetmorei </b> Jackson, 1916.	USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.	S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Guadeloupe and Dominica (Lesser Antilles); Alaska.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Eptesicus .  Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni ; see Koopman (1989 c ). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019)	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eptesicus fuscus	23	Big Brown Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	EPTESICINI	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	fuscus	Palisot de Beauvois	1796	1						Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.			fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)|carolinensis (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806)|phaiops (Rafinesque, 1818)|melanops (Rafinesque, 1820)|arquatus (Say, 1823)|dutertreus (P. Gervais, 1837)|cubensis (J. E. Gray, 1839)|ursinus (Temminck, 1840)|greenii (J. E. Gray, 1843) [nomen nudum]|miradorensis (H. Allen, 1866)|bahamensis (G. S. Miller, 1897)|peninsulae (O. Thomas, 1898)|bernardinus Rhoads, 1902|osceola Rhoads, 1902|melanopterus Rehn, 1904 [preoccupied by melanopterus Jentink, 1904]|pallidus R. T. Young, 1908|wetmorei H. H. T. Jackson, 1916|hispaniolae G. S. Miller, 1918|pelliceus O. Thomas, 1920|lynni Shamel, 1945|petersoni Silva Taboada, 1974	NA	NA	Canada|United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador|Bahamas|Cayman Islands|Cuba|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Puerto Rico|Dominica|Barbados	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7928	Eptesicus fuscus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Eptesicus	fuscus	(Beauvois, 1796)	Subgenus Eptesicus . Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	20000000	Eptesicus fuscus	Least Concern		2016	2016-08-08 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	The big brown bat inhabits cities, towns, and rural areas, but is least commonly found in heavily forested regions (Kurta 1995). Some bats require stable, highly insulated environments in order to hibernate. Eptesicus fuscus has a more tolerant constitution so it can winter in less substantial structures. Besides human dwellings, it has been found to take up residence in barns, silos, and churches. Also, this bat has been found roosting in storm sewers, expansion joint spaces in concrete athletic stadiums, and copper mines (Baker 1983). In pre-settlement times it is presumed the big brown bat roosted in tree hollows, natural caves, or openings in rock ledges. Occasionally groups of these bats are still found living in tree cavities (Baker 1983). Recently, some were found hibernating in caves in Minnesota (Knowles 1992). The big brown bat hibernates in various structures, either man-made or natural environments. They prefer cool temperatures and can tolerate conditions many other bats cannot. They may become active during their winter hibernacula and can move to an optimum habitat. One banded bat was recorded to have moved to a different cave 400 yards away, during the same winter (Goehring 1972). Eptesicus fuscus is an insectivorous bat. It preys primarily on beetles using its robust skull and powerful jaws to chew through the beetles' hard chitinous exoskeleton. It also eats other flying insects including moths, flies, wasps, flying ants, lacewing flies, and dragonflies (Baker 1983). One study indicated that juvenile E. fuscus ate a greater range of softer food items in their diets, compared to adults. The same study also indicated that bats having survived their first winter (yearlings), did not differ significantly in diet from the adults (Hamilton and Barclay 1998).	Big Brown Bats are fairly common and are not of any special conservation concern.	It is reasonable to speculate that populations of the big brown bat have increased with an increasing number of human habitations (Baker 1983). Big brown bats can survive up to 19 years in the wild and males tend to live longer than females. Most big brown bats die in their first winter. If they do not store enough fat to make it through their entire hibernation period then they die in their winter roost. Female big brown bats form maternity colonies to rear young. The size of these colonies can vary from 5 to 700 animals. Males of the species roost alone or in small groups during this time. Both sexes will roost together again in the late summer (Nowak 1999).	Increasing	The Big Brown bat is found from southern Canada to Colombia and Venezuela; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Hispaniola, Dominica and Barbados (Lesser Antilles), also in Alaska (Simmons 2005). A record from ;northern Brazil is dubious (Davis and Gardner 2008).		Terrestrial	It is found in a number of protected areas through its geographic distribution.	Nearctic|Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	fuscus	Beauvois	1796	1	Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.	p. 18	Big Brown Bat	 arquatus Say, 1823; carolinensis E. Geoffroy, 1806; greenii Gray, 1843 [ nomen nudum ] ; melanops Rafinesque, 1820; phaiops Rafinesque, 1820; ursinus Temminck, 1835-1841; <b>bahamensis</b> Miller, 1897; <b>bernardinus</b> Rhoads, 1902; melanopterus  Rehn, 1904 [not Jentink, 1904]; <b>dutertreus</b> P. Gervais, 1837; cubensis Gray, 1839; <b>hispaniolae</b> Miller, 1918; <b>lynni</b> Shamel, 1945; <b>miradorensis</b> H. Allen, 1866; pelliceus Thomas, 1920; <b>osceola</b> Rhoads, 1902 ; <b>pallidus</b> Young, 1908 [not Bobrinskii, 1929] ; <b>peninsulae</b> Thomas, 1898; <b> petersoni </b> Silva Taboada, 1974; <b> wetmorei </b> Jackson, 1916.	USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.	S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil; Greater Antilles; Bahamas; Guadeloupe and Dominica (Lesser Antilles); Alaska.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Eptesicus .  Very similar to serotinus with which it may be conspecific according to Koopman (1993). Includes lynni ; see Koopman (1989). Includes guadeoupensis Genoways & Baker, 1975; see Yi and Latch (2022). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Caribbean forms reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019).	Eptesicus fuscus	1005519	23	Big Brown Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	EPTESICINI	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	fuscus	Palisot de Beauvois	1796	1						Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.			fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)|carolinensis (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806)|phaiops (Rafinesque, 1818)|melanops (Rafinesque, 1820)|arquatus (Say, 1823)|dutertreus (P. Gervais, 1837)|cubensis (J. E. Gray, 1839)|ursinus (Temminck, 1840)|greenii (J. E. Gray, 1843) [nomen nudum]|miradorensis (H. Allen, 1866)|bahamensis (G. S. Miller, 1897)|peninsulae (O. Thomas, 1898)|bernardinus Rhoads, 1902|osceola Rhoads, 1902|melanopterus Rehn, 1904 [preoccupied by melanopterus Jentink, 1904]|pallidus R. T. Young, 1908|wetmorei H. H. T. Jackson, 1916|hispaniolae G. S. Miller, 1918|pelliceus O. Thomas, 1920|lynni Shamel, 1945|petersoni Silva Taboada, 1974|guadeloupensis Genoways & R. J. Baker, 1975	tentatively includes guadeloupensis, although a revision of E. fuscus is certainly needed as many of the Caribbean forms may represent distinct species	Yi, X., & Latch, E. K. (2022). Nuclear phylogeography reveals strong impacts of gene flow in big brown bats. Journal of Biogeography.|Yi, X., & Latch, E. K. (2022). Systematics of the New World bats Eptesicus and Histiotus suggest trans-marine dispersal followed by Neotropical cryptic diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 175, 107582.			USA(AL,AZ,AR,CA,CO,CT,DE,DC,FL,GA,ID,IL,IN,IA,KS,KY,LA,ME,MD,MA,MI,MN,MS,MO,MT,NE,NV,NH,NJ,NM,NY,NC,ND,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VT,VA,WA,WV,WI,WY)	Canada|United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador|Bahamas|Cayman Islands|Cuba|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Puerto Rico|Dominica|Barbados|Guadeloupe	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Eptesicus_fuscus	1005519	23	Big Brown Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Nycticeiini	Eptesicus	NA	fuscus	Palisot de Beauvois	1	Vespertilio fuscus	Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. 1796. Catalogue raisonné du Museum, de Mr. C. W. Peale, membre de la société philosophique de Pensylvanie. Parent, Philadelphia, 42 pp.	https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9614260r/f36.item				Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.			previously included E. dutertreus; tentatively includes miradorensis, which was recently suggested to be a distinct species, although further research into whether E. fuscus as currently defined represents a species complex is needed before species are split from it; E. fuscus is retained in the genus Eptesicus, while all other species in the genus have been moved to Neoeptesicus (American species) or Cnephaeus (Afro-Eurasian species)	Yi, X., & Latch, E. K. (2022). Nuclear phylogeography reveals strong impacts of gene flow in big brown bats. Journal of Biogeography.|Yi, X., & Latch, E. K. (2022). Systematics of the New World bats Eptesicus and Histiotus suggest trans-marine dispersal followed by Neotropical cryptic diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 175, 107582.|Ramírez-Chaves, H. E., Cifuentes, M. A., Noguera-Urbano, E. A., Pérez, W. A., Torres-Martínez, M. M., Ossa-López, P. A., ... & Morales-Martínez, D. M. (2023). Systematics, morphometry, and distribution of Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis (H. Allen, 1866)(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with notes on baculum morphology and natural history. Therya, 14(2).|Cláudio, V. C., Novaes, R. L., Gardner, A. L., Nogueira, M. R., Wilson, D. E., Maldonado, J. E., ... & Moratelli, R. (2023). Taxonomic re-evaluation of New World Eptesicus and Histiotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoologia (Curitiba), 40, e22029.|Mônico, P. I., & Soto-Centeno, J. A. (2024). Phylogenetic, morphological and niche differentiation unveil new species limits for the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Royal Society Open Science, 11(2), 231384.			USA(AL,AZ,AR,CA,CO,CT,DE,DC,FL,GA,ID,IL,IN,IA,KS,KY,LA,ME,MD,MA,MI,MN,MS,MO,MT,NE,NV,NH,NJ,NM,NY,NC,ND,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,VT,VA,WA,WV,WI,WY)	Canada|United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_fuscus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus		fuscus	Palisot de Beauvois	1796	1	Cat. Raisonne Mus. Peale Phil.	p. 18	Big Brown Bat	arquatus Say, 1823; carolinensis E. Geoffroy, 1806; greenii Gray, 1843 [nomen nudum]; melanops Rafinesque, 1820; phaiops Rafinesque, 1820; ursinus Temminck, 1835-1841; bahamensis Miller, 1897; bernardinus Rhoads, 1902; melanopterus  Rehn, 1904 [not Jentink, 1904]; dutertreus P. Gervais, 1837; cubensis Gray, 1839; hispaniolae Miller, 1918; lynni Shamel, 1945; miradorensis H. Allen, 1866; pelliceus Thomas, 1920; osceola Rhoads, 1902; pallidus Young, 1908 [not Bobrinskii, 1929]; peninsulae Thomas, 1898; petersoni Silva Taboada, 1974; wetmorei Jackson, 1916.	USA, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.	Alaska; S Canada to Colombia and N Brazil	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7928/22118197/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Does not include dutertreus or the other Caribbean forms (bahamensis, guadeloupensis, hispaniolae, lynni, petersoni, and wetmorei); see Mônico and Soto-Centeno (2024) as well as supporting data in Yi and Latch (2022). See Kurta and Baker (1990). Does not occur in Belize (B. Miller, pers. comm., 4/4/2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eptesicus fuscus; Eptesicus fuscus; Eptesicus fuscus; Eptesicus fuscus; Eptesicus fuscus; Eptesicus fuscus; fuscus; bahamensis; bernardinus; dutertreus; hispaniolae; lynni; miradorensis; osceola; pallidus; peninsulae; petersoni; wetmorei; arquatus; carolinensis; greenii; melanops; phaiops; ursinus; bernardinus - melanopterus; dutertreus - cubensis; miradorensis - pelliceus; fuscus; bahamensis; bernardinus; dutertreus; hispaniolae; miradorensis; osceola; pallidus; peninsulae; petersoni; wetmorei; bahamensis; bernardinus; dutertreus; hispaniolae; lynni; miradorensis; osceola; pallidus; peninsulae; petersoni; wetmorei; arquatus; carolinensis; greenii; melanops; phaiops; ursinus; bernardinus - melanopterus; dutertreus - cubensis; miradorensis - pelliceus; fuscus; carolinensis; phaiops; melanops; arquatus; dutertreus; cubensis; ursinus; greenii; miradorensis; bahamensis; peninsulae; bernardinus; osceola; melanopterus; pallidus; wetmorei; hispaniolae; pelliceus; lynni; petersoni; Sérotine brune; Grol3e Braune Breitfligelfledermaus; Eptesicus bruno; Big Brown Bat; Big Brown Bat; Big Brown Bat; E. fuscus