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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L270	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris spelaea		[MSW2] Includes rosenbergi-, see Bergmans and Rosendaal (1988:57-61).; [MSW3] Includes rosenbergii; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995b), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003).; [HMW] Macroglossus spelaeus Dobson, 1871 , “Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar ].” Eonycteris has traditionally been considered closely related to Macroglossus , but genetic studies have determined that it is most closely related to Rousettus and is placed in a distincttribe (Eonycterini) within Rousettinae. Boundaries of subspecies need to be assessed using more complete genetic and morphological studies because specimens from the Greater Sundas seem to form a single clade that does not match current subspecific distributions. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes rosenbergii ; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al . (2003).; [batnames2023] Includes rosenbergii ; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al . (2003).; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes rosenbergii; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003).			rosenbergi		(rosenbergii)	glandifera, rosenbergi.	rosenbergi	spelaea, glandifera, rosenbergii, winnyae	rosenbergii - bernsteini	spelaea, glandifera, rosenbergii, winnyae		spelaea, glandifera, rosenbergii, bernsteini, winnyae		spelaea, rosenbergii, glandifera, bernsteini, winnyae		spelaea, glandifera, rosenbergii, winnyae	rosenbergii - bernsteini 	spelaea, rosenbergii, glandifera, bernsteini, winnyae	spelaea, rosenbergii, glandifera, bernsteini, winnyae, spelaea, rosenbergi	glandifera, rosenbergii, spelaea, winnyae	rosenbergii - bernsteini	spelaea (Dobson, 1871)|rosenbergii (Jentink, 1889)|glandifera B. Lawrence, 1939|bernsteini Tate, 1942 [nomen nudum]|rosenbergi Laurie & J. Edwards Hill, 1954 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|spelaea (Khajuria, Y. Chaturvedi, & Ghoshal, 1977) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & D. J. Kitchener, 1997		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Cave fruit bat	Burma – Java, Sumba, Borneo, Philippines	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eonycteris spelaea	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein.	Dobson	1871	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 105, 106.	Distribution: Range same as for ge nus (including Mentawai islands).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Dawn bat (Cave fruit bat)	Burma – Java, Sumba, Sulawesi, Philippines, Timor; refs. 4.12, 24, 110	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Dobson	1871	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 105, 106.	Includes rosenbergi-, see Bergmans and Rosendaal (1988:57-61).	N India, Burma, S China, Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isis (India).	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein.		DOBSON	1871	Size relatively small (forearm length, 61-77 mm). Anal glands well developed.	Distribution: Range same as for ge nus (including Mentawai islands).	Three poorly defined subspecies, one of which, E. s. rosenbergi (northern Celebes), is generally treated as a separate species.		38	species	E. spelaea	DOBSON	1871	Eonycteris	genus	Eonycteris spelaea				Size relatively small (forearm length, 61-77 mm). Anal glands well developed.	Three poorly defined subspecies, one of which, E. s. rosenbergi (northern Celebes), is generally treated as a separate species.		2. E. spelaea DOBSON 1871 .	2	_E. s. glandifera_ Lawrence, 1939; _E. s. rosenbergii_ (Jentink, 1889) (synonyms: _bernsteini_ Tate, 1942); _E. s. spelaea_ (Dobson, 1871); _E. s. winnyae_ Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris		spelaea	Dobson	y	1871		Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal			105, 106		Lesser Dawn Bat	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.	India, Burma, Nepal, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sula Isls, N Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isls (India).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	glandifera Lawrence, 1939; rosenbergii Jentink, 1889; bernsteini Tate, 1942; winnyae Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997.	Includes rosenbergii; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995b), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003).	03AD87FAFFDDF6308C69308AF751FCA2	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	83	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFDDF6308C69308AF751FCA2.xml	Eonycteris spelaea	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris	spelaea		1871	Eonyctere des cavernes @fr | Kleiner Langzungenflughund @de | Eonicterio pequeno @es | Cave Nectar Bat @en | Common Dawn Bat @en | Common Nectar Bat @en | Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat @en	Macroglossus spelaeus Dobson, 1871 , “Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar ].” Eonycteris has traditionally been considered closely related to Macroglossus , but genetic studies have determined that it is most closely related to Rousettus and is placed in a distincttribe (Eonycterini) within Rousettinae. Boundaries of subspecies need to be assessed using more complete genetic and morphological studies because specimens from the Greater Sundas seem to form a single clade that does not match current subspecific distributions. Four subspecies recognized.	E.s.spelaecaDobson,1871—NW,S&NEIndia(Uttarakhand,AndhraPradesh,Karnata-ka,Kerala,TamilNadu,Sikkim,Assam,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Manipur,andMizoram),WNepal,Myanmar,SChina(YunnanandSWGuangxi),Indochina,MalayPeninsula,Sumatra,andJava;alsoonAndamanIsandTiomanI. E.s.glandiferaLawrence,1939—LesserSundaIs(Bali,Lombok,Sumba,Timor),Philip-pines(includingPalawanI),SSulawesi(includingMunaI),andSulaIs(Sanana). E.s.rosenbergiiJentink,1889—NSulawesiandNMoluccas(Halmahera,Ternate,Tidore,andBacanIs). E. s. winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997 — Borneo.	Head—body 79- 5-130 mm , tail 11-25 mm , ear 17-24 mm , hindfoot 15-24 mm , forearm 61-80 mm ; weight 40-79- 5 g . The Lesser Dawn Bat is small to medium-sized, with elongated narrow snout and head, a long-pointed tongue with papillae at tip, and no claw on second finger. Males are generally larger (¢.20% larger by weight) than females and have ruff of elongated hairs on side of neck. Size is the primary distinction between subspecies; winnyaeis smallest. Pelage is short and velvety. Dorsal pelage ranges from brownish gray to dark brown and rarely blackish brown,is relatively uniform in color from head to rump, and often tinged with yellow or orange around neck. Ventral pelage is generally lighter and grayer than dorsum and darker around genitals. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and dark brown; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings, legs, and uropatagium are dark brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Both sexes have unique, well-developed, kidney-shaped anal glands on either side of anus, being smaller in younger individuals and largest in breeding males (with strong and distinct odor). Tail is short, covered sparsely with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base of tail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap wheretail is. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincaseis heavily deflected downward. Dental formula for all species of Eonycterisis 12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, although molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. M,is very small, and P, is occasionally missing. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C! is relatively long, and C, is small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 68 (Java and Thailand ) or 66 ( Malaysia ).	Primarily forested regions, especially around mangroves and plantations, from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m . Density of Lesser Dawn Bats tends to decrease at higher elevations. They seem to prefer secondary forests but have been recorded in primary forests. They typically roost in caves but have also been found in small group in attics of village huts in north-eastern India and Myanmar .	Lesser Dawn Bats feed on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, including many agriculturally important species. They are known to forage in canopies of primary and secondary forests, mangroves, gardens, orchards, and other agricultural settings. They do well in agricultural areas where they feed on nectar in flowers of many agricultural and orchard crops (especially durian, Durio , Malvaceae ; Parkia , Fabaceae ; and banana plantations) and serve as important pollinators. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering near it and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen. In Borneo, fecal samples indicated that the most regular supply of nectar for individuals in the Batu Caves came from Duabanga grandiflora ( Lythraceae ) and Artocarpus ( Moraceae ) fruit trees but also included jambu ( Syzygium , Myrtaceae ) and durian flowers. In the same area, individuals traveled more than 38 km to feed on nectar of coastal mangrove flowers ( Sonneratia , Lythraceae ) and were recorded feeding on 31 species of plants. Throughout South-east Asia, they feed on a variety of fruiting plants, such as Parkia, Duro , Musa ( Musaceae ), and various mangrove trees, serving as important pollinators. Data from 1155 diet records in Thailand indicated that they feed mainly on pollen and nectar of economically important food plants, such as Parkia (34% of diet), Musa (28%), and less on Eugenia ( Myrtaceae ), Oroxylum indicum ( Bignoniaceae ), Durio zibethinus and Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Sonneratia , and Cocos nucifera ( Arecaceae ). Throughout the year, the main dietary components were Parkia and Musa , but Durio became more important in March-April, making up 39-42% of diets. In the same study, individuals fed from flowers of up to six plants each night. In another recent study in Thailand , Lesser Dawn Bats traveled 1-17- 9 km from their roosts to find food sources and moved 0-25- 8 km between each food source, foraging at 1-3 foraging areas each night. A similar spread of food sources was also found in southern Cambodia , in which a variety of cultivated plants ( Sonneratia ; Bombax anceps , Malvaceae ; Durio zibethinus, Musa ; Parkia ; Ceiba pentandra; and Oroxylum indicum) made up most of the diet throughout the year, although eucalypt species were also reported in diets. As food availability changes throughout the year, Lesser Dawn Bats alter their feeding habits relative to what plants are flowering.	Lesser Dawn Bats seem to breed throughout the year, asynchronously and without any seasonal trends at least in India and Peninsular Malaysia . There might be peaks in pregnancies associated with rainfall that results in flowering and fruiting. They might have harems in roosts as a resource defense polygynous mating system, although this has not been proven. Anal glands on both sexes might have a role in reproductive behavior because glandular size appears to be synchronized with adult male testicular cycle. Females might also signal sexual receptivity with these glands. Females give birth to one young and have two pregnancies a year. Females become sexually mature at ¢.6 months old, and males take c.1 or more years to mature. Gestation is estimated at c.120 days.	Lesser Dawn Bats are primarily nocturnal. They leave roosts soon after sunset and return around dawn, visiting multiple trees throughout the night to collect nectar and pollen. In Thailand , mature males seem to return early in the night (as soon as midnight); most females generally returned at dawn. Time spent outside a cave ranged from two hours and 46 minutes to nine hours and 35 minutes (average six hours and 17 minutes) in southern Thailand ; mature males spent the shortest time (average five hours and 17 minutes) outside roosts, followed by immature females (six hours and 33 minutes), immature males (seven hours and 52 minutes), and mature females (eight hours and 29 minutes). Mature females might be out later to fulfill nutritional requirements during reproduction, and mature males might return earlier to defend a roosting site in a cave, which is attractive to females. These patterns have been recorded in harem-forming fruit bats (e.g. Cynopterus spp. and Bornean Spottedwinged Fruit Bats, Balionycteris maculata ) and suggest Lesser Dawn Bat form harems . Males that spend less time out of the cave were also heavier than males that spend more time out of the cave, similar to other harem-forming species in which males that formed harems were heavier. In the same study, Lesser Dawn Bats spent more time out of the roost in January-April (dry season) and less time in May-July (rainy season) in southern Thailand . Seasonal differences in foraging time might be associated with food availability because during dry season, its main food source ( Parkia speciosa ) is no longer flowering.	Lesser Dawn Bats are highly gregarious, sedentary, and commonly found roosting in very large colonies of up to several thousand individuals (often ¢.2000 individuals), with one roost on Palawan Island estimated to exceed 50,000 individuals. These colonies are very noisy and generally occur in completely dark parts of caves. Lesser Dawn Bats make loud clapping noises with their wings while flying. They form tight roosting clusters of males and females yearround. In Thailand , mean home ranges were 460-8 ha, 518-4 ha, and 562-5 ha, depending on the sampling method. Males and females have continuous oily secretions from their anal glands that serve to mark roosting sites, define territories, or announce sexual receptiveness in females. Although generally sedentary, Lesser Dawn Bats seem to move across the Andaman Islands and breed nearly panmictically across the population, as suggested by lack of population structure; majority of genetic variation occurs within island populations rather than among them. Lesser Dawn Bats often roost with Geoffroy’s Rousettes ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lesser Dawn Bats have a wide distribution and are generally common. They seem to do well in some disturbed habitats and agricultural settings, especially in fruiting orchards and (to a lesser extent) palm oil plantations. Nevertheless, they are locally threatened by deforestation from logging and land conversion to agricultural use in some regions of South Asia. Because they roost in caves, they are also probably threatened by cave tourism and lighting as some caves, such as the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh , India , have become tourism hotspots. They are unfortunately listed as vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, similar to most other fruit bats in India . They are apparently under heavy hunting pressure for bushmeat in some regions of China , Cambodia , Borneo (where it has been hunted to extinction in Niah), and the Philippines .	Acharya, Racey, McNeil et al. (2015) | Acharya, Racey, Sotthibandhu & Bumrungsri (2015) | Achondo et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Ando et al. (1980a) | Aul et al. (2014) | Beck & Lim (1973) | Bhat et al. (1980) | Bhattacharyya (1975) | Bumrungsri, Harbit et al. (2008) | Bumrungsri, Lang et al. (2013) | Chakravarty et al. (2018) | Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis (2008a) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Gould (1988) | Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998) | Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016) | Hisheh et al. (1998) | Hood et al. (1988) | Khan et al. (2007) | Kingston & Rossiter (2004) | Kruskop (2013a) | Krutzsch (2005) | Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener (1997) | Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003) | Mickleburgh et al. (2009) | Nameeret al. (2016) | Phillipps & Phillipps (2016) | Singaravelan et al. (2009) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Start & Marshall (1976) | Struebig et al. (2005) | Thavry etal. (2017) | Winkelmann et al. (2000) | Yong & Dhaliwal (1976)		38. Lesser Dawn Bat Eonycteris spelaea French: Eonyctere des cavernes / German: Kleiner Langzungenflughund / Spanish: Eonicterio pequeno Other common names: Cave Nectar Bat , Common Dawn Bat , Common Nectar Bat , Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Macroglossus spelaeus Dobson, 1871 , “Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar ].” Eonycteris has traditionally been considered closely related to Macroglossus , but genetic studies have determined that it is most closely related to Rousettus and is placed in a distincttribe (Eonycterini) within Rousettinae. Boundaries of subspecies need to be assessed using more complete genetic and morphological studies because specimens from the Greater Sundas seem to form a single clade that does not match current subspecific distributions. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.spelaecaDobson,1871—NW,S&NEIndia(Uttarakhand,AndhraPradesh,Karnata-ka,Kerala,TamilNadu,Sikkim,Assam,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Manipur,andMizoram),WNepal,Myanmar,SChina(YunnanandSWGuangxi),Indochina,MalayPeninsula,Sumatra,andJava;alsoonAndamanIsandTiomanI. E.s.glandiferaLawrence,1939—LesserSundaIs(Bali,Lombok,Sumba,Timor),Philip-pines(includingPalawanI),SSulawesi(includingMunaI),andSulaIs(Sanana). E.s.rosenbergiiJentink,1889—NSulawesiandNMoluccas(Halmahera,Ternate,Tidore,andBacanIs). E. s. winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997 — Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head—body 79- 5-130 mm , tail 11-25 mm , ear 17-24 mm , hindfoot 15-24 mm , forearm 61-80 mm ; weight 40-79- 5 g . The Lesser Dawn Bat is small to medium-sized, with elongated narrow snout and head, a long-pointed tongue with papillae at tip, and no claw on second finger. Males are generally larger (¢.20% larger by weight) than females and have ruff of elongated hairs on side of neck. Size is the primary distinction between subspecies; winnyaeis smallest. Pelage is short and velvety. Dorsal pelage ranges from brownish gray to dark brown and rarely blackish brown,is relatively uniform in color from head to rump, and often tinged with yellow or orange around neck. Ventral pelage is generally lighter and grayer than dorsum and darker around genitals. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and dark brown; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings, legs, and uropatagium are dark brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Both sexes have unique, well-developed, kidney-shaped anal glands on either side of anus, being smaller in younger individuals and largest in breeding males (with strong and distinct odor). Tail is short, covered sparsely with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base of tail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap wheretail is. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincaseis heavily deflected downward. Dental formula for all species of Eonycterisis 12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, although molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. M,is very small, and P, is occasionally missing. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C! is relatively long, and C, is small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 68 (Java and Thailand ) or 66 ( Malaysia ). Habitat. Primarily forested regions, especially around mangroves and plantations, from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m . Density of Lesser Dawn Bats tends to decrease at higher elevations. They seem to prefer secondary forests but have been recorded in primary forests. They typically roost in caves but have also been found in small group in attics of village huts in north-eastern India and Myanmar . Food and Feeding. Lesser Dawn Bats feed on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, including many agriculturally important species. They are known to forage in canopies of primary and secondary forests, mangroves, gardens, orchards, and other agricultural settings. They do well in agricultural areas where they feed on nectar in flowers of many agricultural and orchard crops (especially durian, Durio , Malvaceae ; Parkia , Fabaceae ; and banana plantations) and serve as important pollinators. They forage by landing on a flower or hovering near it and lapping up nectar with their tongue. Their face is often covered with pollen. In Borneo, fecal samples indicated that the most regular supply of nectar for individuals in the Batu Caves came from Duabanga grandiflora ( Lythraceae ) and Artocarpus ( Moraceae ) fruit trees but also included jambu ( Syzygium , Myrtaceae ) and durian flowers. In the same area, individuals traveled more than 38 km to feed on nectar of coastal mangrove flowers ( Sonneratia , Lythraceae ) and were recorded feeding on 31 species of plants. Throughout South-east Asia, they feed on a variety of fruiting plants, such as Parkia, Duro , Musa ( Musaceae ), and various mangrove trees, serving as important pollinators. Data from 1155 diet records in Thailand indicated that they feed mainly on pollen and nectar of economically important food plants, such as Parkia (34% of diet), Musa (28%), and less on Eugenia ( Myrtaceae ), Oroxylum indicum ( Bignoniaceae ), Durio zibethinus and Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Sonneratia , and Cocos nucifera ( Arecaceae ). Throughout the year, the main dietary components were Parkia and Musa , but Durio became more important in March-April, making up 39-42% of diets. In the same study, individuals fed from flowers of up to six plants each night. In another recent study in Thailand , Lesser Dawn Bats traveled 1-17- 9 km from their roosts to find food sources and moved 0-25- 8 km between each food source, foraging at 1-3 foraging areas each night. A similar spread of food sources was also found in southern Cambodia , in which a variety of cultivated plants ( Sonneratia ; Bombax anceps , Malvaceae ; Durio zibethinus, Musa ; Parkia ; Ceiba pentandra; and Oroxylum indicum) made up most of the diet throughout the year, although eucalypt species were also reported in diets. As food availability changes throughout the year, Lesser Dawn Bats alter their feeding habits relative to what plants are flowering. Breeding. Lesser Dawn Bats seem to breed throughout the year, asynchronously and without any seasonal trends at least in India and Peninsular Malaysia . There might be peaks in pregnancies associated with rainfall that results in flowering and fruiting. They might have harems in roosts as a resource defense polygynous mating system, although this has not been proven. Anal glands on both sexes might have a role in reproductive behavior because glandular size appears to be synchronized with adult male testicular cycle. Females might also signal sexual receptivity with these glands. Females give birth to one young and have two pregnancies a year. Females become sexually mature at ¢.6 months old, and males take c.1 or more years to mature. Gestation is estimated at c.120 days. Activity patterns. Lesser Dawn Bats are primarily nocturnal. They leave roosts soon after sunset and return around dawn, visiting multiple trees throughout the night to collect nectar and pollen. In Thailand , mature males seem to return early in the night (as soon as midnight); most females generally returned at dawn. Time spent outside a cave ranged from two hours and 46 minutes to nine hours and 35 minutes (average six hours and 17 minutes) in southern Thailand ; mature males spent the shortest time (average five hours and 17 minutes) outside roosts, followed by immature females (six hours and 33 minutes), immature males (seven hours and 52 minutes), and mature females (eight hours and 29 minutes). Mature females might be out later to fulfill nutritional requirements during reproduction, and mature males might return earlier to defend a roosting site in a cave, which is attractive to females. These patterns have been recorded in harem-forming fruit bats (e.g. Cynopterus spp. and Bornean Spottedwinged Fruit Bats, Balionycteris maculata ) and suggest Lesser Dawn Bat form harems . Males that spend less time out of the cave were also heavier than males that spend more time out of the cave, similar to other harem-forming species in which males that formed harems were heavier. In the same study, Lesser Dawn Bats spent more time out of the roost in January-April (dry season) and less time in May-July (rainy season) in southern Thailand . Seasonal differences in foraging time might be associated with food availability because during dry season, its main food source ( Parkia speciosa ) is no longer flowering. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Dawn Bats are highly gregarious, sedentary, and commonly found roosting in very large colonies of up to several thousand individuals (often ¢.2000 individuals), with one roost on Palawan Island estimated to exceed 50,000 individuals. These colonies are very noisy and generally occur in completely dark parts of caves. Lesser Dawn Bats make loud clapping noises with their wings while flying. They form tight roosting clusters of males and females yearround. In Thailand , mean home ranges were 460-8 ha, 518-4 ha, and 562-5 ha, depending on the sampling method. Males and females have continuous oily secretions from their anal glands that serve to mark roosting sites, define territories, or announce sexual receptiveness in females. Although generally sedentary, Lesser Dawn Bats seem to move across the Andaman Islands and breed nearly panmictically across the population, as suggested by lack of population structure; majority of genetic variation occurs within island populations rather than among them. Lesser Dawn Bats often roost with Geoffroy’s Rousettes ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lesser Dawn Bats have a wide distribution and are generally common. They seem to do well in some disturbed habitats and agricultural settings, especially in fruiting orchards and (to a lesser extent) palm oil plantations. Nevertheless, they are locally threatened by deforestation from logging and land conversion to agricultural use in some regions of South Asia. Because they roost in caves, they are also probably threatened by cave tourism and lighting as some caves, such as the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh , India , have become tourism hotspots. They are unfortunately listed as vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, similar to most other fruit bats in India . They are apparently under heavy hunting pressure for bushmeat in some regions of China , Cambodia , Borneo (where it has been hunted to extinction in Niah), and the Philippines . Bibliography. Acharya, Racey, McNeil et al. (2015), Acharya, Racey, Sotthibandhu & Bumrungsri (2015), Achondo et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Ando et al. (1980a), Aul et al. (2014), Beck & Lim (1973), Bhat et al. (1980), Bhattacharyya (1975), Bumrungsri, Harbit et al. (2008), Bumrungsri, Lang et al. (2013), Chakravarty et al. (2018), Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004), Flannery (1995a), Francis (2008a), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Gould (1988), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Hisheh et al. (1998), Hood et al. (1988), Khan et al. (2007), Kingston & Rossiter (2004), Kruskop (2013a), Krutzsch (2005), Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener (1997), Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003), Mickleburgh et al. (2009), Nameeret al. (2016), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Singaravelan et al. (2009), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Start & Marshall (1976), Struebig et al. (2005), Thavry etal. (2017), Winkelmann et al. (2000), Yong & Dhaliwal (1976).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris spelaea	Eonycteris		spelaea	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	p. 105, 106	Lesser Dawn Bat	<b> glandifera </b>Lawrence, 1939; <b> rosenbergii </b>Jentink, 1889;<b></b> bernsteini Tate, 1942; <b> winnyae </b>Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997.	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.	India, Burma, Nepal, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sula Isls, N Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isls (India).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes rosenbergii ; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al . (2003).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eonycteris spelaea	23	Lesser Dawn Bat	Cave Nectar Bat|Common Dawn Bat|Common Nectar Bat|Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	spelaea	Dobson	1871	1	Macroglossus_spelaeus	Dobson, G. E. (1871). On some new species of Malayan bats from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871, 105.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44923#page/147/mode/1up	ZSI 15618		"Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar]."			spelaea (Dobson, 1871)|rosenbergii (Jentink, 1889)|glandifera B. Lawrence, 1939|bernsteini Tate, 1942|winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997	NA	NA	India|Nepal|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman Islands|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7787	Eonycteris spelaea	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Eonycteris	spelaea	(Dobson, 1871)		20000000	Eonycteris spelaea	Least Concern		2020	2020-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Eonycteris spelaea is l isted as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	<p>This is a nectarivorous cave roosting species that forms compact clusters forming large colonies consisting of hundreds to tens of thousands of individuals. It can also form small colonies or join colonies of different species (e.g., Rousettus amplexicaudatus ). Its preferred shelter are caves in forested habitat, but can be found in a variety of habitats and have been observed utilizing man-made structures such as: mines (Mickleburgh et al. 1992, Furey et al. 2011), the attics of village huts (Tarapada Bhattacharyya pers. comm. June 2005, Khim Maung Swe pers. comm. January 2000), the basement of a high-rise building (Lim 2015), and beneath a high vehicular bridge. A study in Mindanao, Philippines observed use of caves located near water that have large openings and multiple entry points (Tanalgo and Tabora 2015). Within the cave, this species prefers to cling to walls in areas of partial illumination (Tanalgo and Tabora 2015). In addition, it is known to roost high in the ceilings of caves in Thailand (Acharya Pers. obs. 2019). The species has high aspect ratio wings and high wing loading capacity, making it a strong flyer capable of long-distance flight (Chakravarty et al. 2018). Individuals fly many kilometers in search of food each night and the longest foraging distance is from Malaysia was inferred to be ca 38 km based on finding of mangrove pollen at a land locked roost site (Start and Marshall 1974). Since then, radio telemetry has provided more insight to nightly foraging distances. The longest observed distance from study out of southern Thailand was 17.9 km, only half of the historical estimate (Acharya et al. 2015a). Nightly foraging distance has been found to correlate with roost size, the larger the roost, the longer the foraging distance. A study conducted in southern Thailand exemplifies this as bats from the largest roost were recorded traveling farther than those in smaller roosts (Acharya et al. 2015a). Although day roosting in large colonies may be beneficial, these colonies create increased competition for resources, hence the need to forage farther from the roost site (Fleming 1982, Wilkinson 1992). Eonycteris spelaea is known to forage in agricultural areas, primary forest, secondary forest, and coastal mangroves (Smith and Xie 2008, Thavry et al. 2017). It forages individually or in small groups by landing on a flower for 2-3 seconds at a time (Acharya et al. 2015b). It is a generalist, taking advantage of any available food sources (Stewart and Dudash 2018), and is the most common pollinator of many chiropterophilous plant species in Southeast Asia (Gould 1978; Bumrungsri et al. 2009; Sritongchuay et al. 2008; Stewart and Dudash 2016; Acharya 2015a,b). Its diet varies across its distribution: it has been found to feed on 55 plant species in Malaysia (Lim et al. 2018), 19 plant species in Thailand (Pakarnseree 1986), 13 plant species in Cambodia (Thavry et al. 2017), and 18 plant species in China (Yunnan Province and Jinjhong City, Yang et al. 2017). Across its range. E. spelaea provides significant ecological services as it pollinates coastal mangroves, primary forests, and many economically important crops including durian (Durio zibethinus), tree bean (Parkia timoriana) and petai (P. speciosa , Harbit et al. 2008, Sritongchuay et al 2008, Bumrungsri et al. 2009, Bumrungsri et al. 2013, Nor Zalipah et al. 2016, Stewart and Dudash 2016, Thavry et al. 2017). Reproduction occurs year-round and is often observed correlating with blooms of certain food sources (Bumrungsri et al. 2013, Heideman and Utzurrum 2003). Females produce one offspring (with which they can fly) per year (Bates and Harrison 1997). It is not known to migrate seasonally as it is a generalist and switches food sources throughout the year. However, this may vary with location as in Xishuangbanna, China, about 1,000 individuals were found roosting in a cave with about 600 Rousettus leschenaulti in the winter with both species vacating the cave during the reproductive period, which corresponded to when the cave was occupied by Chaerephon plicata (Zhang et al. 2010). There is evidence of significant sexual dimorphism in this species with the males (55.0-82.0 g) being larger than females (35.0-78.0 g, Rahman and Chaudhury 2017). It exhibits physical adaptations for nectar feeding including a long muzzle and sharply pointed tongue, with well-developed filiform papillae at the tip (Bumrungsri et al 2013). Their ears are simple and they do not have a tragus. The dorsal pelage is brown and the ventral is pale in color, males have longer and darker fur around the neck than females (Rahman and Chaudhurry 2017). The species two distinguishing features including large, kidney shaped glands on either side of the anus (Nameer et al. 2016) and has no claw on its second digit (Atmoko and Nugroho 2013).</p>	Throughout its range, this species is threatened by at least one of the following: habitat loss, cave disturbance, bushmeat hunting, quarrying, lack of legal protection or enforcement of existing protection, and persecution from a lack of education among locals.  Habitat Loss : This species is pressured by the loss of both roosting and foraging habitat, both of which are impacted by human development (Achondo et al. 2014; Bumrungsri et al. 2009, 2013; Fukuda et al. 2009; Furey 2011; Kingston 2010; Lim 2015; Maryanto and Irawati 2015; Phelps 2016; Rahman et al. 2018; Tanalgo et al. 2014, 2016; Tanalgo and Tabora 2015; Zhang et al. 2010). For example, between 1990 and 2010, Peninsular Malaysia lost 8.6% (or 1,920,000 hectares) of its forest cover (Lim 2015). Additionally, quarrying is resulting in the isolation and loss of limestone karst features (Acharya 2015b; Harbit et al. 2008; Fukuda 2009; Kingston 2010; Phelps et al. 2016; Zhang 2010).  Cave Disturbance : Cave disturbance is common and widespread, often causing significant population declines. Documented sources of cave disturbance include guano mining, limestone quarrying, opportunistic recreation, tourism, and religious practices (Hall et al. 2002; Heideman and Utzurrum 2003; Harbit et al. 2008; Fukuda 2009; Zhang 2010; Kingston 2010; Furey 2011; Bumrungsri et al. 2013; Mould 2012; Acharya 2015bandc; Tanalgo and Tabora 2015; Phelps et al. 2016; Roslan et al. 2016; Tanalgo et al. 2014, 2016; Rahman and Chaudhury 2017; Thavry et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017; Rahman et al. 2018). Cave disturbance, if the cave itself is not destroyed, has been correlated to population declines in monitored locations. For example, Khao Kao Cave in southern Thailand was reported to have 20,000 individuals in 2003 but declined to 500 by 2008 due to human mining of surface soil; once disturbance subsided, the population returned to the thousands but has yet to recover its original size (S. Bumrungsri Pers comm 2019). In Malaysia, Batu Caves has also seen population declines as it is a popular Hindu shrine (Start and Marshall 1976; Beck and Lim 1972; Gould 1988). “Threats to the species also appear to worsen around April (the Khmer new-year) each year and awareness of the pollination services it provides is non-existent among the public, including durian farmers” (Thavry et al. 2017).  Hunting and Trapping : It is hunted for bushmeat in many countries as well as being killed by farmers who believe they are harming their crops (Hall et al. 2002; Harbit et al. 2008; Smith and Xie 2008; Sritongchuay et al. 2008; Bumrungsri et al. 2009, 2013; Furey 2011; Fukuda 2009; Kingston 2010; Zhang et al. 2010; Maryanto et al. 2011; Mould 2012; Rahman and Chaudhruy 2017; Tanalgo et al. 2014, 2016; Acharya 2015bc; Tanalgo and Tabora 2015; Rahman et al. ; 2018). Their affinity to roost in huge colonies, near the openings of caves, and in caves with many entrances makes them easy to hunt (Tanalgo and Tabora 2015). Hunters use a variety of techniques to hunt the bats, some as simple as netting a cave entrance while others involve flushing the colony using fire and other disruptive behaviors. It is persecuted by farmers due to the misconception that the bats damage crops when to the contrary they are beneficial pollinators. Bat killings by farmers in their mixed fruit orchards through netting is a major threat to some cave colonies in Southern Thailand (Acharya Pers. Obs 2019).  Lack of Protection : There is a lack of legal protection or enforcement of existing protection as well as unjustified persecution (stemming from a lack of education) among locals. Lack of education among local people results in the unnecessary killing of this species. It is a widespread misconception that this species is a pest, often believed to harm crops. In South Asia, including China (Zhang 2010), it is considered vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act.<p></p>	Eonycteris spelaea is a widespread species that is commonly encountered. Its global population is declining due to extensive disturbance in its roosts from hunting, mining, and numerous other threats; a lack of consistent monitoring makes accurate population estimates difficult. It is a colonial roosting species that can congregate in large colonies, few of which are known relative to its large distribution. On Palawan Island, Philippines, a colony that probably exceeded 50,000 individuals was reported (Esselstyn et al. 2004); the current status is unknown. The two largest colonies documented within the last decade are in a cave with limited disturbance in Ban Na-San district of Surat Thani Province, Thailand, with an estimated 30,000 individuals (Acharya 2015a) and a cave in East Java with an estimated 40,000 individuals (Bagus, 2010, unpublished data; Maharadatunkasmi et al. 2003). More recently, Khao Kao Cave in southern Thailand was reported to have 20,000 individuals in 2003, but declined to ca. 500 individuals by 2008 due to human disturbance; the population has increased to a few thousand following restrictions to in human activity in the caves (Bumrungsri, unpublished data/pers. obs). The disturbed Batu caves of Malaysia were reported to contain &gt;10,000 individuals (Start and Marshall 1976), but more recent estimates state &gt;4,000 individuals (Beck and Lim 1972, Gould 1988). Otherwise, all colony population estimates reported in the last decade contain ca 2,000 or fewer individuals . In Cambodia the Bat Khteas cave is reported to contain 1,000-1,400 individuals (Thavry et al. 2017). There are limited historical accounts reporting large colonies and of these, very few populations have been monitored over time; those that were monitored through time show declines. Further, there are multiple informal reports of local population declines in caves, either through primary observation or current evidence indicating larger populations in the past.	Decreasing	The range of Eonycteris spelaea includes nearly all of Southeast Asia, southern China, and extends west through both northwestern and southern South Asia. In Southeast Asia it is known from: the Philippines, Indonesia, East and West Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. In the Philippines it is found throughout the country including from: Biliran, Bohol (Phelps et al. 2016), Camotes (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006), Carabro (Alcala and Alviola 1970), Catanduanes, Cebu, Danjugan (Carino 2004; O’Malley et al. 2006), Ilin (Gonzalez pers. comm. 2006); Leyte, Luzon Abra, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental (Ramayla pers. comm.), Cotabato (Achondo 2014), North Cotabato (Tanalgo et al. 2015, 2016; Achondo et al. 2014), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur provinces), Mindanao (Tanalgo and Tabora 2015), Mindoro, Negros (Heideman and Utzurrum 2003), Palawan (Esselstyn et al. 2004), Polillo, Samar (Gonzalez pers. comm. 2006), Sanga-sanga, Sabtang, Siargao, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, and Ticao (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006; Heaney et al. 1998). It has not been confirmed from northwestern Panay island where it may be co-roosting with Roustettus amplexicaudatus (Mould 2012); it is not known from the Batanes/Babuyan region. Indonesian records include from: Adonarra, Alor, Bali, Batjan, Flores, Halmahera, Java, Nusa Kambangan (Matt Struebig pers. obs.; Mulyono et al. 2018), Kalimantan (Atmoko and Nugroho 2013), Lembata, Lombok, Muna, Pantar, Rinca, Sanana, Sulawesi (Maryanto 2011; Kholik 2017, 2018), Sumatra, Sumba, Sumbawa, Tidore, Timor (Indonesia and East Timor; Maharadatunkamsi et al. 2003), It is found on Borneo, including in Brunei Mcnab 1989), Indonesia and Malaysia (Kumaran et al. 2006; Anwarali Kahn et al. 2007, 2008; Taha et al. 2008; Fukuda et al. 2009; Kumaran et al. 2011; Hall et al. 2002; Azhar 2013) but not yet reported from southwest Borneo (Struebig et al. 2010). It is in Kalimantan (Atmoko and Nugroho 2013). On mainland Southeast Asia it is found in Cambodia, Laos, peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore (Mendenhall et al. 2016, 2017), Thailand, and parts of Vietnam. In Cambodia it is in the Kampot province (Thavry et al. 2017). In Malaysia it is in Bukit Maras, (Sulaiman and Lian 2011), Kelantan (Baker and Sak 2018, Jayaraj 2012, Hasan et al. 2012), Kuala Lumpur (Lim et al. 2015), Negeri Perak (Chua et al. 2005), Pulau Perhentian (Roslan et al. 2016), Sabah (Pounsin et al. 2016), Selangor (Lim et al. 2018), Terengganu (Fakhrul-Hatta et al. 2018, Nor Zalipah et al. 2016). In Thailand it is found in Chon Buri (Lumlertdacha et al 2005) Phatthalung (Harbit et al. 2008, Stewart and Dudash 2018), Satun (Stewart and Dudash 2018) Songkhla (Acharya et al. 2015aandc, Harbit et al. 2008, Bumrungsri et al. 2013, Carter and Stewart 2015, Stewart and Dudash 2018), Surat Thani (Acharya et al. 2015b), Tak (Robinson 1999), Trang (Harbit et al. 2008), Uthai (Robinson 1999). In Vietnam it is known Bắc Kạn province (Furey et al. 2011). Data from southern Asia are very scarce. It has been documented in various places in India including: northeastern (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim; Bates and Harrison 1997, Vanitharani et al. 2005, Rahman and Choudhury 2017, Boro 2018), northern (Uttarakhand), southeastern (Andhra Pradesh), Southern (Tamil Nadu; Vanitharani 2006, 2007; Vanitharani et al. 2005, 2007, 2011), and southwestern (Karnataka). In southern India this species has been sighted in Tamil Nadu (Vanitharani et al. 2005) both the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve and the Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Nameer et al. 2016; Vanitharani et al. 2005). It has been observed five times in Nepal from Kaski, Khotang, and Chitwan districts (Sharma et al. 2019). This species is also known from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Bates and Harrison 1997), specifically the Andaman Islands: Baratang, Diglipur, Interview island, Little Andaman, and Rutland (Chakravarty et al. 2018). In China, it is present in the Guangxi, Hainan (Zhang et al. 2010), and Yunnan provinces (Peng et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2010). It is most often reported from sea level to 1375 m above sea level (Thapa 2012) and has been recorded at 1960 m above sea level (Vanitharani et al. 2005).<p></p>	The species is hunted extensively throughout its range and is sold and/or consumed locally. ;Local hunters harvest bats from roost sites using a variety of methods including smoke suffocation, nets, and bamboo clubs.	Terrestrial	<p>Eonycteris spelaea is widespread and found in many protected areas (e.g., Kalakkad-Mundunthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu; Vanitharani et al. 2005). However, there are few records, if any, of significant colonies (&gt;1,000 [Thavry et al. 2017]) of the species within protected areas. It is widely accepted that, if not as a whole, subpopulations of this species are threatened due to multiple anthropogenic pressures and as a principal bat pollinator in Old World tropics, its conservation should be prioritized (Acharya 2015). Its direct ecological role on plant pollination (Acharya 2015) and all related benefits (gene flow of plant species, maintenance of landscape, local economy, etc) make this species a priority. Direct conservation measures across its area of occurrence are necessary to prevent suspected and projected population declines. Main conservation priorities include public education, protection of colonies and their required resources, and the establishment of sustainable harvesting practices. Sustained public education and increased awareness of the commercial and ecological importance of pollinators are imperative to the conservation and protection of this species on a local level (Maharadatunkamsi 2003, Harbit et al. 2008, Thavry et al. 2017). Law enforcement efforts as well as effective management and protection are needed to prevent unregulated human disturbances at cave sites (Bumrungsri et al. 2009,2013; Furey et al. 2011; Tanalgo and Tabora 2015; Thavry et al. 2017). Additionally, the conservation and planting of chiropterophilous plant populations would promote the health and site fidelity of this species (Harbit et al. 2008; Bumrungsri et al. 2013; Acharya 2015b,c; Thavry et al. 2017). To safeguard both the bats and the people who rely on them, sustainable harvesting practices, monitoring programs, and the protection of limestone karst ecosystems are needed (Molur et al. 2002, Furey et al. 2011). Malaysia considers this species to be Near Threatened (Sheema Abdul Aziz, Pers comm 2019).</p>	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		spelaea	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	p. 105, 106	Lesser Dawn Bat	<b> glandifera </b>Lawrence, 1939; <b> rosenbergii </b>Jentink, 1889;<b></b> bernsteini Tate, 1942; <b> winnyae </b>Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997.	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.	India, Burma, Nepal, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sula Isls, N Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isls (India).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes rosenbergii ; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al . (2003).	Eonycteris spelaea	1004515	23	Lesser Dawn Bat	Cave Nectar Bat|Common Dawn Bat|Common Nectar Bat|Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	spelaea	Dobson	1871	1	Macroglossus_spelaeus	Dobson, G. E. (1871). On some new species of Malayan bats from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871, 105.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44923#page/147/mode/1up	ZSI 15618		"Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar]."			spelaea (Dobson, 1871)|rosenbergii (Jentink, 1889)|glandifera B. Lawrence, 1939|bernsteini Tate, 1942|winnyae Maharadatunkamsi & Kitchener, 1997	NA	NA				India|Nepal|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman Islands|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Eonycteris_spelaea	1004515	23	Lesser Dawn Bat	Cave Nectar Bat|Common Dawn Bat|Common Nectar Bat|Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Eonycterini	Eonycteris	NA	spelaea	Dobson	1	Macroglossus spelaeus	Dobson, G.E. 1871. Description of four new species of Malayan bats, from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40(3):260-267.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35631125	ZSI 15618	holotype		"Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Farm Caves, Moulmein [= Mwalamyaing, Myanmar]."			NA	NA				India|Nepal|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_spelaea	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		spelaea	Dobson	1871	1	Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	p. 105, 106	Lesser Dawn Bat	glandifera Lawrence, 1939; rosenbergii Jentink, 1889;bernsteini Tate, 1942; winnyae Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997.	Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein, Farm Caves.	India, Burma, Nepal, S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sula Isls, N Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isls (India).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7787/22128326/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Includes rosenbergii; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). Reviewed in part by Hill (1983), Flannery (1995), Bates and Harrison (1997), Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener (1997), and Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2003).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eonycteris spelaea; Eonycteris spelaea; Eonycteris spelaea; Eonycteris spelaea; Eonycteris spelaea; Eonycteris spelaea; spelaea; glandifera; rosenbergii; winnyae; rosenbergii - bernsteini; spelaea; glandifera; rosenbergii; winnyae; glandifera; rosenbergii; bernsteini; winnyae; spelaea; rosenbergii; glandifera; bernsteini; winnyae; Eonyctere des cavernes; Kleiner Langzungenflughund; Eonicterio pequeno; Cave Nectar Bat; Common Dawn Bat; Common Nectar Bat; Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Lesser Dawn Bat; Cave Nectar Bat; Common Dawn Bat; Common Nectar Bat; Dobson's Long-tongued Fruit Bat; Lesser Dawn Bat; Lesser Dawn Bat; E. spelaea