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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L269	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris major [synonym of]	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris major [synonym of]	Eonycteris major robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris robusta		[MSW3] Often included in major following Tate (1942b), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998).; [HMW] Eonycteris robusta G. S. Miller, 1913 , “cave at Montalban [ Rizal Province ], Luzon, Philippine Islands .” Eonycteris robusta is occasionally included as a subspecies of E. major , although it is morphologically distinct based on cranial measurements and is generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Often included in major following Tate (1942 b ), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al . (1987, 1998).; [batnames2023] Often included in major following Tate (1942 b ), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al . (1987, 1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] Often included in major following Tate (1942b), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998).									longicauda			robusta 	robusta - longicauda	robusta, longicauda		robusta 	robusta - longicauda	robusta, longicauda	robusta, longicauda	robusta 	robusta - longicauda	robusta G. S. Miller, 1913|longicauda E. H. Taylor, 1934		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Philippines		N/A							Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Philippines; (in E. major?)																															NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris		robusta	Miller		1913		Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	26		73-74		Phillipine Dawn Bat	Phillipines, Luzon Isl, Rizal Prov., Montalban Caves.	Philippines except Palawan region.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as E. major robusta. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.	longicauda Taylor, 1934.	Often included in major following Tate (1942b), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998).	03AD87FAFFDEF6318CAF3887FC0CF75C	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	84	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFDEF6318CAF3887FC0CF75C.xml	Eonycteris robusta	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris	robusta	G. S. Miller	1913	Eonyctere des Philippines @fr | Philippinen-Langzungenflughund @de | Eonicterio de las Filipinas @es | Philippine Nectar Bat @en	Eonycteris robusta G. S. Miller, 1913 , “cave at Montalban [ Rizal Province ], Luzon, Philippine Islands .” Eonycteris robusta is occasionally included as a subspecies of E. major , although it is morphologically distinct based on cranial measurements and is generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.	Philippines on Luzon, Polillo, Lubang, Marinduque , Catanduanes , Samar , Maripipi, Biliran , Leyte , Negros, Bohol , Siargao, and Mindanao Is.	Head-body ¢. 107- 127 mm , tall 20-28 mm , ear 19-23 mm , hindfoot 23-25 mm , forearm 67-82 mm ; weight 56-80 g . The Philippine Dawn Bat has elongated and narrow snout and head, long pointed tongue, and no claw on second digit of wing. Males are typically larger than females and have ruff of elongated hairs around neck that is often yellowish. Muzzle is longer and more downturned than in the Lesser Dawn Bat (FE. spelaea ), and it lacks paired anal glands, has somewhat longer tail, and averages a little larger in size. Dorsal pelage ranges from dark gray to silvery gray relatively evenly from head to rump, often tinged with yellow or orange around neck region. Ventral pelage is generally lighter than dorsum. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and brownish; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings,legs, and uropatagium are dark brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Tail is moderately long, sparsely covered with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base oftail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap where tailis. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincaseis heavily deflected downward. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, but molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C' is relatively large, and C, 1s small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66(?).	Largely undisturbed primary lowland forests and some secondary and disturbed forest habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m (more commonly lower elevations).	No information.	Female Philippine Dawn Bats have one young per pregnancy.	Day roosts of Philippine Dawn Bats are located in caves, particularly limestone caves, although they might roost in rocky banks and rock crevices.	No information.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Dawn Bat is not particularly common throughout its distribution, although it is common in some lowland regions surrounding roost caves. It seems to be sensitive to habitat disturbance and destruction and is absent from agricultural and urban regions. General deforestation and cave disturbance are most likely main threats, and it might be threatened by increased habitat loss through deforestation across the Philippines . Hunting and mining operations are additional threats.	Heaney (2001) | Heaney & Rabor (1982) | Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998) | Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016) | Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991) | Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Walston et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney, Heideman & Utzurrum (1993) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Rickart, Mercier & Heaney (1999) | Tababa et al. (2012)		40. Philippine Dawn Bat Eonycteris robusta French: Eonyctere des Philippines / German: Philippinen-Langzungenflughund / Spanish: Eonicterio de las Filipinas Other common names: Philippine Nectar Bat Taxonomy. Eonycteris robusta G. S. Miller, 1913 , “cave at Montalban [ Rizal Province ], Luzon, Philippine Islands .” Eonycteris robusta is occasionally included as a subspecies of E. major , although it is morphologically distinct based on cranial measurements and is generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic. Distribution. Philippines on Luzon, Polillo, Lubang, Marinduque , Catanduanes , Samar , Maripipi, Biliran , Leyte , Negros, Bohol , Siargao, and Mindanao Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 107- 127 mm , tall 20-28 mm , ear 19-23 mm , hindfoot 23-25 mm , forearm 67-82 mm ; weight 56-80 g . The Philippine Dawn Bat has elongated and narrow snout and head, long pointed tongue, and no claw on second digit of wing. Males are typically larger than females and have ruff of elongated hairs around neck that is often yellowish. Muzzle is longer and more downturned than in the Lesser Dawn Bat (FE. spelaea ), and it lacks paired anal glands, has somewhat longer tail, and averages a little larger in size. Dorsal pelage ranges from dark gray to silvery gray relatively evenly from head to rump, often tinged with yellow or orange around neck region. Ventral pelage is generally lighter than dorsum. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and brownish; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings,legs, and uropatagium are dark brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Tail is moderately long, sparsely covered with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base oftail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap where tailis. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincaseis heavily deflected downward. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, but molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C' is relatively large, and C, 1s small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66(?). Habitat. Largely undisturbed primary lowland forests and some secondary and disturbed forest habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m (more commonly lower elevations). Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Female Philippine Dawn Bats have one young per pregnancy. Activity patterns. Day roosts of Philippine Dawn Bats are located in caves, particularly limestone caves, although they might roost in rocky banks and rock crevices. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Dawn Bat is not particularly common throughout its distribution, although it is common in some lowland regions surrounding roost caves. It seems to be sensitive to habitat disturbance and destruction and is absent from agricultural and urban regions. General deforestation and cave disturbance are most likely main threats, and it might be threatened by increased habitat loss through deforestation across the Philippines . Hunting and mining operations are additional threats. Bibliography. Heaney (2001), Heaney & Rabor (1982), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Walston et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney, Heideman & Utzurrum (1993), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Rickart, Mercier & Heaney (1999), Tababa et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris robusta	Eonycteris		robusta	Miller	1913	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	26: 73-74	Phillipine Dawn Bat	 longicauda Taylor, 1934.	Phillipines, Luzon Isl, Rizal Prov., Montalban Caves.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Often included in major following Tate (1942 b ), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al . (1987, 1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eonycteris robusta	23	Philippine Dawn Bat	Philippine Nectar Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	robusta	G. S. Miller	1913	0	Eonycteris_robusta	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1913). A New Pteropine Bat from Luzon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 26, 73.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3337785#page/105/mode/1up	USNM 175849		"cave at Montalban [Rizal Province], Luzon, Philippine Islands."			robusta G. S. Miller, 1913|longicauda E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA	Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Eonycteris_robusta	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_robusta	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136768	Eonycteris robusta	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Eonycteris	robusta	Miller, 1913		20000000	Eonycteris robusta	Vulnerable	A2cd	2020	2020-07-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Eonycteris robusta is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion A2cd as the species is suspected to have had a significant decline of 30–35% over the last 18 years (three generations; GL = 6.0 years; Pacifici et al. 2013) due to widespread forest habitat loss and extensive cave disturbances ;resulting in a decline in its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Important cave roosts of the species, including vulnerable maternity colonies, have been and continue to be heavily disturbed or destroyed throughout the Philippines through guano mining, treasure hunting, and mining of the limestone in which the caves exist. Further, bats are presumed to be heavily hunted in the cave roosts (Gonzalez et al . 2018). The species is also assessed as Vulnerable under the Philippines Red List (Gonzalez et al. 2018) as critical lowland forest have been reduced to less than 8% of its original extent (ca 2% old growth, 6% secondary) (Walpole 2010).	The habitat requirement s of Eonycteris robusta ;are not well-known, but the species appears to be reliant on caves in lowland forest habitats. It is most common in undisturbed forest though it can occur in secondary forest and some disturbed areas. It is thought to roost primarily in caves, although it is possible that rock crevices and rocky banks along creeks are also used as roosting sites in primary lowland forest and disturbed habitats on limestone on Negros (E. Alcala pers. comm. 2006); there are no reports from agricultural or urban areas. Its critical lowland forests have been reduced to ca. 2% old growth and 6% secondary forests remaining (Walpole 2010). Cave roosts continue to be heavily disturbed or destroyed throughout the Philippines through guano mining, treasure hunting, and mining of the limestone in which the caves exist (N. Ingle pers. comm. 2007).	The loss and degradation of lowland tropical forests and cave are the main threats to this species. While E. robusta appears to be able to persist in some areas of secondary growth forest, which remains relatively widespread in the Philippines (Heaney pers. comm. 2006), it may have been extirpated from other areas with similar suitable forest habitats (e.g., Mount Makiling, Luzon) (Ingle in litt . 2007). Previously, habitat loss was very high throughout much of the Philippines and the species may be less threatened currently than it was 20 years ago simply due to the limited amount of lowland forests remaining (ca 8%; Walpole 2010; L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006).   Further, large cave bats like E. robusta are extensively hunted in their cave roosts as food throughout the Philippines and the bats are disturbed from inappropriate guano mining, treasure hunting, ecotourism, and religious practices. Cave and associated forest habitats are lost due to limestone mining.	<p>Eonycteris robusta ;underwent a significant overall decline since the 1960s (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006) evidenced by it being rarely captured in the 1980s and 1990s (Heaney ;et al. ;1991, 1998; Mickleburgh ;et al. ;1992; Utzurrum 1992). Eonycteris robusta ;was not captured in surveys of many lowland forest areas (e.g., Mount Makiling, 300-500 m asl) during a 1989 survey (Ingle 2002) and in 1997-1999 (J. Sedlock, pers. comm. 2007). Surveys from 1992 to 1999 also failed to find this species, though further netting in the remaining forest patches below 1,000 m are required to confirm absence (Ingle in litt. 2007). On Kitanglad in 1992–1999, surveys below 1,000 m asl failed to capture any specimens (Heaney ;et al . 2006), and a survey by The Philippine Eagle Foundation only captured a single dawn bat in lowland forest (900 m asl) on Mount Sinaka, Arakan, Cotabato Province, Mindanao (R. Gomez ;in litt . 2007). ;  During the early 2000s, there were increased reports of dawn bats during some surveys (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2007) and it was reported as more common than ;E. spelaea ;in undisturbed habitat on Samar during this time (J.C. Gonzalez pers. comm. 2006). For Mindanao, past and ongoing habitat loss due to deforestation has probably caused a population decline in the dawn bat which is estimated to be at least 30% over three generations (D. Balete and N. Ingle pers. comm. 2006). It is important to note that some of the reports of relative rarity may be attributable to misidentification by less experienced researchers as E. robusta ;may have been misidentified as ;E. spelaea ;or ;Rousettus amplexicaudatus ;(L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006); the species is easily distinguished by field characters (Ingle and Heaney 1992). ;</p> <p>The overall population and number of mature individuals of E. robusta is suspected to have declined by 30% over the last 3 generations (18 years) and is continuing to decline due to extensive hunting and lowland forest and cave roost loss and degradation.</p>	Decreasing	The Philippines dawn bat is endemic to the Philippines, where it has been recorded from most large islands except the Palawan Faunal Region and the Batanes and Babuyan group of islands. It has been recorded from Biliran, Bohol (R. Pamaong pers. comm. 2006), Catanduanes, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon (Abra, Aurora, Cavite, Mountain and Rizal provinces), Marinduque, Maripipi, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Cotabatao, Lanao del Norte, Maguindanao, Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental and Zamboanga del Sur provinces), Negros, Polillo, Samar and Siargo islands (Gomez in litt. 2007; J.C. Gonzalez pers. comm. 2006) and has an elevational range from sea level to 1,100 m. However, most specimens of the dawn bat are from the lowlands; in Luzon it has never been taken from higher elevations.	Large cave bats are extensively hunted as food for local consumption in the Philippines. For example, in Puning Cave, Bulacan Province, evidences and evidence of hunting of E. robusta were observed outside the cave. In 2010, hunting was reported to have stopped because the cave had been subjected to ecotourism program by the community (A.B. Cariño, pers. comm., 2019).	Terrestrial	<p>Eonycteris robusta  occurs in multiple protected areas and the caves in which the species roosts are given nominal protection under the Cave Management Act, but enforcement of this legislation is weak; effective enforcement of the Cave Management Act and local regulations is needed. The species is recognized as Vulnerable on the Philippines Red List (Gonzalez et al. 2018). Alternative livelihood programs, like ecotourism that limit disturbance to the bats and protects the integrity of the cave, may be a catalyst for community protection of cave roosts. </p> Information is needed on the ecological requirements and conservation needs to this species. In particular, more study is needed to document the extent of any hunting, to assess its habitat preferences and association, and to determine its distribution in lowland caves.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		robusta	Miller	1913	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	26: 73-74	Phillipine Dawn Bat	 longicauda Taylor, 1934.	Phillipines, Luzon Isl, Rizal Prov., Montalban Caves.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Often included in major following Tate (1942 b ), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al . (1987, 1998).	Eonycteris robusta	1004514	23	Philippine Dawn Bat	Philippine Nectar Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	robusta	G. S. Miller	1913	0	Eonycteris_robusta	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1913). A New Pteropine Bat from Luzon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 26, 73.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3337785#page/105/mode/1up	USNM 175849		"cave at Montalban [Rizal Province], Luzon, Philippine Islands."			robusta G. S. Miller, 1913|longicauda E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Eonycteris_robusta	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_robusta	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Eonycteris_robusta	1004514	23	Philippine Dawn Bat	Philippine Nectar Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Eonycterini	Eonycteris	NA	robusta	G. S. Miller	0	Eonycteris robusta	Miller, G.S., Jr. 1913-03-22. A new pteropine bat from Luzon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 26:73-74.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3337785	USNM:MAMM:175849	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3dd4d39e9-1a92-4e2f-93dc-03d719dec2b2	"cave at Montalban [Rizal Province], Luzon, Philippine Islands."			NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Eonycteris_robusta	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_robusta	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		robusta	Miller	1913	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	26: 73-74	Phillipine Dawn Bat	longicauda Taylor, 1934.	Phillipines, Luzon Isl, Rizal Prov., Montalban Caves.	Philippines except Palawan region.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136768/22036300/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	Often included in major following Tate (1942b), but apparently distinct; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eonycteris robusta; Eonycteris robusta; Eonycteris robusta; Eonycteris robusta; Eonycteris robusta; Eonycteris robusta; longicauda; longicauda; robusta; longicauda; Eonyctere des Philippines; Philippinen-Langzungenflughund; Eonicterio de las Filipinas; Philippine Nectar Bat; Philippine Dawn Bat; Philippine Nectar Bat; Phillipine Dawn Bat; Phillipine Dawn Bat; E. robusta