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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L268	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris major		[MSW2] Includes robusta and longicauda; see Tate (1942b:344); but see Heaney et al. (1987).; [MSW3] Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea, but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [HMW] Eonycteris major K. Andersen, 1910 , “MtDulit, N. Borneo [ Sarawak , Malaysia ], 2000’ [= 610 m ].” Some researchers included E. robusta as a subspecies of E. major , but they are morphologically distinct based on cranial features and generally recognized as distinct species. Individuals from the Mentawai Islands might represent a large form of E. spelaea or an undescribed subspecies of E. major additionalresearch is needed. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda ; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea , but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [batnames2023] Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda ; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea , but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [batnames2025_1.7] Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea, but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).				robusta, longicauda		longicauda, robusta.	major, robusta							major				major	major			major Andersen, 1910		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Borneo	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eonycteris major	Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.	K. Andersen	1910	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 6:625.	Distribution: Known only from Borneo and the Philippines.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Borneo; Mentawei Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1910	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 6:625.	Includes robusta and longicauda; see Tate (1942b:344); but see Heaney et al. (1987).	Borneo, Philippines, perhaps Mentawai Isis (Indonesia).	Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.		ANDERSEN	1910	Size relatively large (forearm length, 75-82 mm). Anal glands absent or poorly developed.	Distribution: Known only from Borneo and the Philippines.	Two subspecies (which may be specifically distinct):	E. m. major (Borneo), E. m. robusta (Philippines).	38	species	E. major	ANDERSEN	1910	Eonycteris	genus	Eonycteris major				Size relatively large (forearm length, 75-82 mm). Anal glands absent or poorly developed.	Two subspecies (which may be specifically distinct):		1. E. major ANDERSEN 1910.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Eonycteris major	Eonycteris		major	K. Andersen		1910		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	6		625		Greater Dawn Bat	Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.	Borneo, Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea, but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	03AD87FAFFDEF6308CB5379EF5FBF3C9	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	84	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFDEF6308CB5379EF5FBF3C9.xml	Eonycteris major	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris	major	K. Andersen	1910	Grand Eonyctére @fr | Borneo-Langzungenflughund @de | Eonicterio grande @es	Eonycteris major K. Andersen, 1910 , “MtDulit, N. Borneo [ Sarawak , Malaysia ], 2000’ [= 610 m ].” Some researchers included E. robusta as a subspecies of E. major , but they are morphologically distinct based on cranial features and generally recognized as distinct species. Individuals from the Mentawai Islands might represent a large form of E. spelaea or an undescribed subspecies of E. major additionalresearch is needed. Monotypic.	Borneo and Mentawai Is (Sipora and North Pagai).	Head-body 124-130 mm , tail 18-0-26- 9 mm , ear 18- 2-21 mm , hindfoot 14-6-15- 5 mm , forearm 61-85 mm ; weight 91-98 g . The Greater Dawn Bat has elongated narrow snout and head, long pointed tongue, and no claw on second digit of wing. Muzzle is longer and more downturned than in the Lesser Dawn Bat ( E. spelaea ), and it also lacks paired anal glands, has darker pelage, somewhat longer tail, and larger average size. Males seem larger on average than females. Dorsal pelage is dark blackish brown and relatively uniform across head, neck, back, and arms. Ventral pelage is paler blackish brown. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and dark brown; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings, legs, and uropatagium are blackish brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Tail is short, covered sparsely with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base of tail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap where tail is. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincase is heavily deflected downward. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, although molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C' is relatively massive (larger than in the Lesser Dawn Bat), and C, is small, simple, and heavily curved outward.	Primarily primary forests (largely confined to higher elevations) and lowland dipterocarp forest from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m . Greater Dawn Bats occur sympatrically with Lesser Dawn Bats but in very low densities when sympatric.	The Greater Dawn Bat feeds on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, probably feeding heavily on some agriculturally important species (e.g Musa , Musaceae and Durio , Malvaceae ).	No information.	Greater Dawn Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting throughout the day. They roost in caves and occasionally hollow trees.	Greater Dawn Bats are gregarious and roost in colonies of several hundred individuals. They share roosts with Lesser Dawn Bats and probably Geoffroy’s Rousettes ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ). Fifteen to 20 earwigs (Scizochelisoches sp.), possibly feeding on ectoparasites, were found ventrally near base of the tail of a Greater Dawn Bat in Borneo.	Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Dawn Batis considered rare throughoutits distribution and occurs at low population densities, being known from relatively few records. It might be sensitive to roost disturbance and deforestation due to its strong association with primary forests. Despite its low densities, it might not be threatened, but considerable research is needed to understand its ecology,life history, and threats.	Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis, Gumal & Sinaga (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Kumaran, Ketol et al. (2016) | Kumaran, Khan & Abdullah (2005) | Payne et al. (1985) | Phillipps & Phillipps (2016) | Wilting et al. (2012)		39. Greater Dawn Bat Eonycteris major French: Grand Eonyctére / German: Borneo-Langzungenflughund / Spanish: Eonicterio grande Taxonomy. Eonycteris major K. Andersen, 1910 , “MtDulit, N. Borneo [ Sarawak , Malaysia ], 2000’ [= 610 m ].” Some researchers included E. robusta as a subspecies of E. major , but they are morphologically distinct based on cranial features and generally recognized as distinct species. Individuals from the Mentawai Islands might represent a large form of E. spelaea or an undescribed subspecies of E. major additionalresearch is needed. Monotypic. Distribution. Borneo and Mentawai Is (Sipora and North Pagai). Descriptive notes. Head-body 124-130 mm , tail 18-0-26- 9 mm , ear 18- 2-21 mm , hindfoot 14-6-15- 5 mm , forearm 61-85 mm ; weight 91-98 g . The Greater Dawn Bat has elongated narrow snout and head, long pointed tongue, and no claw on second digit of wing. Muzzle is longer and more downturned than in the Lesser Dawn Bat ( E. spelaea ), and it also lacks paired anal glands, has darker pelage, somewhat longer tail, and larger average size. Males seem larger on average than females. Dorsal pelage is dark blackish brown and relatively uniform across head, neck, back, and arms. Ventral pelage is paler blackish brown. Ears are bluntly pointed, medium in length, and dark brown; eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises. Wings, legs, and uropatagium are blackish brown. Arms are lightly covered in brown hairs. Tail is short, covered sparsely with hairs, and dark brownish; uropatagium attaches at base of tail and short keel at ankles, giving V-shaped gap where tail is. Second digit of wing lacks a claw, and metacarpals offifth digit are much shorter than metacarpals of third digit; skin over wing bones is pigmented. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum; anterior premaxillae are in contact or slightly divided; and braincase is heavily deflected downward. Teeth are sharp and not as reduced as in some nectarfeeding bats, although molars and premolars have considerably reduced cusps and are narrow and elongated. Upper incisors are small and triangular, C' is relatively massive (larger than in the Lesser Dawn Bat), and C, is small, simple, and heavily curved outward. Habitat. Primarily primary forests (largely confined to higher elevations) and lowland dipterocarp forest from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m . Greater Dawn Bats occur sympatrically with Lesser Dawn Bats but in very low densities when sympatric. Food and Feeding. The Greater Dawn Bat feeds on nectar and pollen of various flowering plants, probably feeding heavily on some agriculturally important species (e.g Musa , Musaceae and Durio , Malvaceae ). Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Greater Dawn Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting throughout the day. They roost in caves and occasionally hollow trees. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Dawn Bats are gregarious and roost in colonies of several hundred individuals. They share roosts with Lesser Dawn Bats and probably Geoffroy’s Rousettes ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ). Fifteen to 20 earwigs (Scizochelisoches sp.), possibly feeding on ectoparasites, were found ventrally near base of the tail of a Greater Dawn Bat in Borneo. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Dawn Batis considered rare throughoutits distribution and occurs at low population densities, being known from relatively few records. It might be sensitive to roost disturbance and deforestation due to its strong association with primary forests. Despite its low densities, it might not be threatened, but considerable research is needed to understand its ecology,life history, and threats. Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis, Gumal & Sinaga (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Kumaran, Ketol et al. (2016), Kumaran, Khan & Abdullah (2005), Payne et al. (1985), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Wilting et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris major	Eonycteris		major	K. Andersen	1910	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 6: 625	Greater Dawn Bat	None.	Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.	Borneo, Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda ; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea , but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eonycteris major	23	Greater Dawn Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	major	K. Andersen	1910	0	Eonycteris_major	Andersen, K. (1910). Ten new fruit-bats of the genera Nyctimene, Cynopterus and Eonycteris. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 8, 6, 625.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53363#page/659/mode/1up	BM 1908.1.27.28		"Mt. Dulit, N. Borneo [Sarawak, Malaysia], 2000' [= 610 m]."			major K. Andersen, 1910	NA	NA	Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	NT	0	0	0	Eonycteris_major	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_major	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7786	Eonycteris major	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Eonycteris	major	K. Andersen, 1910		20000000	Eonycteris major	Near Threatened	A2cd	2021	2020-11-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Eonycteris major is assessed as Near Threatened under criterion A2cd as the species global population is suspected to have declined by a rate of 25–29% over the past 12.9 years (three generations; GL = 4.3 years; Pacifici et al. ; 2013). Although data are limited as the species is rarely captured, the species decline is thought to result from the extent of disturbance at their cave roosts, loss of karst habitats, and the overall extensive forest loss and degradation on Borneo.	Eonycteris major roosts in limestone caves throughout its range and has been recorded from sea level to ca 1,300 m near Borneo Highlands in Sarawak (Lim 1965, Mohd-Azlan et al. ;2006). It is thought to be a canopy species as is infrequently encountered in bat surveys conducted in the forest understory. The species occurs across a range of forested habitats, from mixed lowland dipterocarp forest (e.g., near Loagan Bunut National Park) to lower montane forest near Borneo Highlands (Mohd-Azlan et al. ;2006, Jayaraj et al. ;2011).  The species has been captured in an orchard within Sungai Dewata (Pounsin et al. 2016) and has been collected in banana mixed garden habitats close to caves (A. Suyanto pers. comm.). While the species has been historically captured in heavily modified agricultural landscapes (e.g., rice fields and rubber plantations at Kampung Pangkalan Kuap South of Kuching, Lim 1965), more recent research has only documented it at the interface between forests and oil palm plantations (Mohd-Azlan et al. 2019) or in forests adjacent to oil palm plantations near Lambir Hills National Park (LHNP), Sarawak, Malaysia (Fukuda et al. 2009). It has also been documented (three individuals) in regenerated montane forests (1,000 m) at Mount Penrisen, Padawan (Jayaraj et al. 2011). Notably, 16 individuals (five male, 11 female) were captured at Kolej Universiti Sains Malaysia which was built on recovered mangrove land (Fadhullah and Ho 2013). Conversely, only three (3) individuals were confirmed at the Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve, one in the biosphere’s buffer and two in extralimital agricultural landscapes (Yoh et al. 2020). Additional research on the species habitat associations, especially with primary forests across an elevational gradient is warranted.	The full extent of threats to E. major is unknown as the species is rarely encountered in most surveys, and it is only encountered in low numbers across a range of habitats. Exploitation of roosting caves (guano mining, general visitation) and the mining of limestone karst areas likely pose a significant threat to the species’ roosts given the species dependence on them. Forest loss is assumed to be the most significant threat to E. major on Borneo as 24% of Borneo’s primary forests had been lost by 1973 (Gaveau et al. 2017) and only half of it today (<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/deforestation-borneo-slowing-regulation-remains-key">https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/deforestation-borneo-slowing-regulation-remains-key</a>). While the rate of lost is decreasing, primary forest loss between 2000 and 2017 was 14%, resulting in a 170% increase in oil palm plantations (Gaveau et al. 2019). This species is hunted for local consumption in some portions of Borneo (A. Suyanto pers. comm.), but the full extent and impact to the species populations is uncertain. The species is not thought to be hunted in Sarawak.	The species is considered to be an uncommon species that is rarely captured across Borneo. It is inconsistently documented even in areas where it has previously been captured (Tuen et al. ;2003, Faisal et al. ;2007, Wiantoro et al. 2009, Jayaraj et al. 2011). For example, only five individuals of E. major were captured during one of three separate projects at Mount Murad during the 2000s (Tuen et al. , 2003, Faisal et al. ;2007, Wiantoro et al. 2009). Given exploitation of the species, extent of cave disturbance, and forest loss and degradation on Borneo, its global population is suspected to have declined by a rate of 25–29% over the past 12.9 years (three generations, GL = 4.3 years; Pacifici et al. ;2013).	Unknown	Eonycteris major is endemic to Borneo and has been documented in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malayasia. Previous records of the species from Mentawai Islands have been excluded from this assessment as it is thought to be a large example of spelaea (Corbet and Hill 1992); Helgen (pers. comm.) suggests it may represent an undescribed subspecies.	The species is hunted locally as food within Borneo, but is not known to be hunted in Sarawak.	Terrestrial	There are no species-specific conservation initiatives in place for E. major . Conservation of known cave roosts is warranted as is protection of primary forests, especially near known roosts. This species receives Protection status in Sarawak under the Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998, but is not considered as a species of conservation importance in Sabah. It has been documented in at least one biosphere reserve (Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve; Yoh et al. 2020). Additional research is needed on the species population status and trends, distribution, habitat and ecology, and threats.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		major	K. Andersen	1910	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 6: 625	Greater Dawn Bat	None.	Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.	Borneo, Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda ; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea , but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Eonycteris major	1004513	23	Greater Dawn Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	EONYCTERINI	Eonycteris	NA	major	K. Andersen	1910	0	Eonycteris_major	Andersen, K. (1910). Ten new fruit-bats of the genera Nyctimene, Cynopterus and Eonycteris. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 8, 6, 625.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53363#page/659/mode/1up	BM 1908.1.27.28		"Mt. Dulit, N. Borneo [Sarawak, Malaysia], 2000' [= 610 m]."			major K. Andersen, 1910	NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	NT	0	0	0	Eonycteris_major	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_major	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Eonycteris_major	1004513	23	Greater Dawn Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Eonycterini	Eonycteris	NA	major	Andersen	0	Eonycteris major	Andersen, K.C. 1910-12-01. Ten new fruit-bats of the genera _Nyctimene_, _Cynopterus_, and _Eonycteris_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)6(36):621-625.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18619866	BMNH:Mamm:1908.1.27.28	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b9dbb2a5-99cb-45ed-af62-fec9305adb45	"Mt. Dulit, N. Borneo [Sarawak, Malaysia], 2000' [= 610 m]."			NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	NT	0	0	0	Eonycteris_major	0	sciname match	Eonycteris_major	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Eonycteris		major	K. Andersen	1910	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 6: 625	Greater Dawn Bat	None.	Malaysia, N Borneo, Sarawak, Mt. Dulit.	Borneo, Mentawai Isls (Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7786/22128071/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	Apparently does not include robusta and longicauda; see Heaney et al. (1987, 1998). Corbet and Hill (1992) suggested that the Mentawai Isls record may have been based on a large example of spelaea, but it appears that this material may actually represent an undescribed subspecies (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eonycteris major; Eonycteris major; Eonycteris major; Eonycteris major; Eonycteris major; Eonycteris major; major; Grand Eonyctére; Borneo-Langzungenflughund; Eonicterio grande; Greater Dawn Bat; Greater Dawn Bat; Greater Dawn Bat; E. major