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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L257	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon helvum		[MSW2] Includes sabaeum-, see Hayman and Hill (1971), who also included dupreanum; but also see Bergmans (1990) who retained dupreanum as a separate species. See DeFrees and Wilson (1988, Mammalian Species, 312), who also included dupreanum.; [MSW3] Includes sabaeum, see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum. African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000a) and Cotterill (2001e). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.; [HMW] Vespertilio vampyrus helvus Kerr, 1792 , type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to “ Senegal .” Widely used subspecific name annobonensis has been changed for gender agreement. Taxon dupreanum is often treated as subspecies of E. helvum , but it is a distinct species here. Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes sabaeum ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum ; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al . (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum . African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.; [batnames2023] Includes sabaeum ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum ; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al . (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum . African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes sabaeum; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum. African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.				dupreanum, sabaeum		buettikoferi, leucomelas, mollipilosus, paleaceus, paintarum, sabaeum, stramineus.	sabaeum, helvum, dupreanum	helvum, annobonensis, sabaeum	buettikoferi, leucomelas, mollipilosus, paleaceus, palmarum, stramineus	helvum, annobonense, sabaeum		helvum, annobonensis, sabaeum	helvum - buettikoferi, leucomelas, mollipilosus, paleaceus, palmarum, stramineus	helvum, stramineus, flavus, mollipilosus, paleaceus, leucomelas, palmarum, buettikoferi, sabaeum, annobonensis		helvum, annobonensis, sabaeum	helvum - buettikoferi, leucomelas, mollipilosus, paleaceus, palmarum, stramineus	helvum, stramineus, flavus, mollipilosus, paleaceus, leucomelas, palmarum, buettikoferi, sabaeum, annobonensis	helvum, stramineum, flavus, mollipilosum, paleaceum, palmarum, leucomelas, leucomelas, buettikoferi, sabaeum, palaeceus, palaceus, annobonense	annobonensis, helvum, sabaeum	helvum - buettikoferi, leucomelas, mollipilosus, paleaceus, palmarum, stramineus	helvum (Kerr, 1792)|stramineum (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|flavus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|mollipilosum (H. Allen, 1861)|paleaceum (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)|palmarum (von Heuglin, 1865)|leucomelas (Fitzinger in von Heuglin & Fitzinger, 1866) [nomen nudum]|leucomelas (Fitzinger, 1869)|buettikoferi (Jentink, 1881)|sabaeum (Andersen, 1907)|palaeceus (Ellerman, Morrison-Scott, & Hayman, 1953) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|palaceus (Koopman, 1975) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|annobonense Juste, Ibáñez, & Machordom, 2000		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Straw-coloured fruit bat	Africa S of Sahara, Ethiopia, SW Arabia, Madagascar	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eidolon helvum	Senegal.	Kerr	1792	Anim. Kingdom, l(l):xvii,91.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Straw-coloured fruit bat	Africa S of Sahara, Ethiopia, SW Arabia, Madagascar	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Kerr	1792	In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom, l(l):xvii, 91.	Includes sabaeum-, see Hayman and Hill (1971), who also included dupreanum; but also see Bergmans (1990) who retained dupreanum as a separate species. See DeFrees and Wilson (1988, Mammalian Species, 312), who also included dupreanum.		Senegal. distribution; Senegal to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia; islands in Guinea Gulf and off E Africa.		KERR	1792	Size relatively large (forearm length, 105-13 5 mm).	Distribution: Same as for genus.	Three currently recognized subspecies:	E. h. sabaeum (southwestern Arabia), E. h. helvum (sub-Sa haran Africa), E. h. dupreanum (Madagascar).	18	species	E. helvum	KERR	1792	Eidolon	genus	Eidolon helvum				Size relatively large (forearm length, 105-13 5 mm).	Three currently recognized subspecies:		1. E. helvum (KERR 1792 ) ( = stramineus E. GEOF FROY 1803).	1	_E. h. annobonense_ Juste, Ibáñez & Machordom, 2000; _E. h. helvum_ (Kerr, 1792) (synonyms: _buettikoferi_ (Jentink, 1881), _flavus_ (Illiger, 1815), _leucomelas_ (Fitzinger, 1869), _mollipilosum_ (Allen, 1861), _paleaceum_ (Peters, 1861), _palmarum_ (Heuglin, 1865), _stramineum_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)); _E. h. sabaeum_ (Andersen, 1907)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Eidolon helvum	Eidolon		helvum	Kerr	y	1792		In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom	1	1	xvii, 91		African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).	Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia and Oman; islands in the Gulf of Guinea and off E Africa.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	buettikoferi Jentink, 1881; leucomelas Fitzinger, 1866; mollipilosus H. Allen, 1862; paleaceus Peters, 1862; palmarum Heuglin, 1877; stramineus E. Geoffroy, 1803; annobonensis Juste, Ibáñez, and Machordom, 2000; sabaeum K. Andersen, 1907.	Includes sabaeum, see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum. African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Horácek et al. (2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000a) and Cotterill (2001e). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.	03AD87FAFFFDF613896C35E2F9C9F845	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	115	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFFDF613896C35E2F9C9F845.xml	Eidolon helvum	Pteropodidae	Eidolon	helvum		1792	Roussette-paillée d Afrique @fr | Palmenflughund @de | Eidolon de Africa @es | Pale Xantharpy @en | Straw-colored Flying Fox @en | Straw-colored Fruit Bat @en	Vespertilio vampyrus helvus Kerr, 1792 , type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to “ Senegal .” Widely used subspecific name annobonensis has been changed for gender agreement. Taxon dupreanum is often treated as subspecies of E. helvum , but it is a distinct species here. Three subspecies recognized.	E.h.helvumKerr,1782—widedistributionacrosssub-SaharanandequatorialAfrica,fromMauritaniaandSenegalEtoSudanandEthiopia,andStoNamibiaandSouthAfrica,includingBioko,Principe,andSaoToméIs,Pemba,Unguja,andMafiaIsinZanzibarArchipelago. E.h.annobonense Juste,Ibanez&Machordom,2000—AnnobonI,offEquatorialGuinea. E. h. sabaeum K. Andersen, 1907 — Arabian Peninsula in extreme SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen .	Head-body 150-195 mm , tail 10-15- 5 mm , ear 27- 2-28 mm , hindfoot 31-5-38- 5 mm , forearm 117-132 mm ; weight 230-350 g . Females are slightly smaller than males and often appear lighter in color. The African Straw-colored Fruit Bat has a bright orange, yellow, or brownish collar of longer hairs on throat that extends upward onto back of neck, and is brighter and more pronounced in males. Muzzle is nearly hairless and elongated, rhinarium is prominent, and nostrils are flush with broad rostrum. Eyes are large; irises are raw umber. Ears are hairless posteriorly, with fur at their bases and elongated ovals and dark brown auricles, and antitragus is short and nearly absent. Face is mostly hairless, with some short soft dark brown hairs around eyes extending onto rostrum. Short straw-colored pelage covers head and extends onto nape and dorsum. Uropatagium is split and extends partially off each leg; calcar is short and slightly haired dorsally. Tail is short, with 2-2-5 vertebrae protruding. Throat, chest, and belly are fully haired, with same bright orange to deep tawny pelage. Pelage extends over upper arm and slightly onto forearm and upper surfaces of legs and uropatagium but not onto wing membrane. Wings are long, pointed, somewhat narrow, and dark blackish brown. At rest, ends of wings are folded back with tips folded in. Second phalanges of third and fourth digits lie flat against lower surface of wing. Wings extend from sides of dorsum close to spine and from back of first toe. Wing area averages 739- 4 cm ? in males and 545- 3 cm ? in females. Second digit is clawed. Wing membranes extend from sides of dorsum and back of first toe. Metacarpal and first phalanx of first digit are within wing membrane. Basicranial axis is deflected, but occiput is neither elongated nor tubular. Rostrum is elongated, and nasals extend past canines, but premaxillae do not. Braincase is rounded. Postorbital process extends from frontal but is not connected to jugal. Ectotympanic is produced laterally as short tube, distinctive of the genus. Palate broadens posteriorly and is widest between M” to M?, it then narrows at posterior border to width about equalto that between lingual edges of P4 to P4. Front of orbit is located above middle to posterior part of M'. Mandible is thin, with tall sloping coronoid process, and condyle is above level of lower alveolar line. Ten palatal ridges are present: four anterior, three middle, and three posterior. Dental formula for all species of Eidolon is 12/2, C1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Dentition is conservative relative to element count and structure, without special modifications and with no secondary cusps in canines or cheekteeth, except for comparatively larger size of P'. Upper incisors are small, rounded, and subequal in size. Lower incisors are similar to uppers and usually in contact with each other and canines. Molars contain longitudinal medial groove separating higher outer and lower inner ridge. All post-canine teeth are slightly separated.	Tropical forests, with migratory movements in open areas, riverine forests, swamp forests, savannas, and mosaics of those habitats, from sea level up to ¢. 2000 m .	Food availability determines occurrence of African Straw-colored Fruit Bats. It feeds entirely on fruiting and flowering trees and eats any sweet juicy fruit, buds and young leaves of certain trees, flowers, nectar, and pollen. It also chews into soft wood to obtain moisture. It feeds on at least ten genera of flowers, 34 genera of fruit, and four genera of leaves. Fruit is collected from a tree, taken to a feeding roost, mashed between teeth by rapid tongue movements, and sometimes stored in cheek pouches. All but the smallest seeds are spit out as dry pellets, afterjuice has been sucked from fruit. Food is held mostly in the mouth. African Straw-colored Fruit Bats occasionally hang by their thumbs and manipulate food with feet and mouth. They open large fruits at bottoms and can cling with feet and thumbs to outside of a fruit or adjacent branches. They leave feeding sites by dropping 0-5- 2 m before taking flight.	Breeding of African Straw-colored Fruit Bats is seasonally monoestrous, with most copulations occurring in April-June. Egg is fertilized and develops until blastocyst stage, but it does not continue to develop until c.3-month implantation delay ceases in October. Births take place in February—-May prior to onset of the higher of two rainfall peaks. Females have one young/pregnancy/year that is ¢.18% of mothers’ weights. Births occur in maternity colonies that are clusters of females. Age of first reproduction is c.2 years for females.	African Straw-colored Fruit Bats begin to feed at about sunset and stop just after sunrise. They remain alert and active during the day, with eyes open, ears erect, and constant motion. Day roosts are in tall trees, caves, and rocks. Large trees used as day roosts have spreading branches and are commonly found in dense groves with thick undercover. At night, roosts are chosen according to food availability. Trees are of various heights and sizes, some in groups and others widespread. Roosting clusters are on sturdy branches 6-20 m aboveground.	The African Straw-colored Fruit Bat roosts in enormous colonies of up to 1,000,000 individuals; sleeping groups number c.100. Large parts of populations are non-migratory in sub-Saharan Africa, but some individuals will travel as far as several thousand kilometers. There is currently no indication for gender-specific migratory behavior. During migration periods (October— December in East Africa), colonies disperse into small groups and form temporary roosts from which they eventually form “regular” roosts. During migration phase, several populations might converge in a given region; reportedly, eight million bats concentrate for a few weeks in Kasanka National Park ( Zambia ) to take advantage of exceptionally rich fruit in seasonal swamp forests. Wide-range movements of African Straw-colored Fruit Bat populations generate continent-scale panmixia and also favor transmission of several viral diseases that are serious human health issues in Africa.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. In general, the African Straw-colored Fruit Bat is common, forming colonies of thousands to even millions of individuals. Colonies can show extreme roostsite fidelity. Recent evidence of widespread decline has been shown in a well-known colony in Kampala ( Uganda ) that declined over 40 years from ¢.250,000 individuals to 40,000 in 2007. African Straw-colored Fruit Bats are eaten in all communities in south-western Nigeria and elsewhere; hunters often are hired to shoot them for hotels and restaurants. Most people eat whole bats, including bones. It occurs in many protected areas (e.g. Kasanka National Park), and because it crosses country boundaries,its global conservation requires international cooperation.	Allen (1917) | Andersen (1907, 1908a, 1912b) | Burland & Wilmer (2001) | Funmilayo (1976, 1978, 1979) | Heffner et al. (2006) | Igado et al. (2012) | Jones (1972) | Juste et al. (2000) | Kerr (1792) | Kingdon (1974) | Kulzer (1969) | Lang & Chapin (1917a, 1917b) | Marshall (1985) | Mickleburgh, Hutson, Bergmans, Fahr & Racey (2008) | Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2007) | Mutere (1965, 1968, 1980) | Nowak & Paradiso (1983) | Okon (1975) | Ossa etal. (2012) | Peel, Sargan et al. (2013) | Peel, Wood et al. (2017) | Racey (2004a) | Richter & Cumming (2006, 2008) | Rosevear (1965)		95. African Straw-colored Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum French: Roussette-paillée dAfrique / German: Palmenflughund / Spanish: Eidolon de Africa Other common names: Pale Xantharpy , Straw-colored Flying Fox , Straw-colored Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio vampyrus helvus Kerr, 1792 , type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to “ Senegal .” Widely used subspecific name annobonensis has been changed for gender agreement. Taxon dupreanum is often treated as subspecies of E. helvum , but it is a distinct species here. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. E.h.helvumKerr,1782—widedistributionacrosssub-SaharanandequatorialAfrica,fromMauritaniaandSenegalEtoSudanandEthiopia,andStoNamibiaandSouthAfrica,includingBioko,Principe,andSaoToméIs,Pemba,Unguja,andMafiaIsinZanzibarArchipelago. E.h.annobonense Juste,Ibanez&Machordom,2000—AnnobonI,offEquatorialGuinea. E. h. sabaeum K. Andersen, 1907 — Arabian Peninsula in extreme SW Saudi Arabia and W Yemen . Descriptive notes. Head-body 150-195 mm , tail 10-15- 5 mm , ear 27- 2-28 mm , hindfoot 31-5-38- 5 mm , forearm 117-132 mm ; weight 230-350 g . Females are slightly smaller than males and often appear lighter in color. The African Straw-colored Fruit Bat has a bright orange, yellow, or brownish collar of longer hairs on throat that extends upward onto back of neck, and is brighter and more pronounced in males. Muzzle is nearly hairless and elongated, rhinarium is prominent, and nostrils are flush with broad rostrum. Eyes are large; irises are raw umber. Ears are hairless posteriorly, with fur at their bases and elongated ovals and dark brown auricles, and antitragus is short and nearly absent. Face is mostly hairless, with some short soft dark brown hairs around eyes extending onto rostrum. Short straw-colored pelage covers head and extends onto nape and dorsum. Uropatagium is split and extends partially off each leg; calcar is short and slightly haired dorsally. Tail is short, with 2-2-5 vertebrae protruding. Throat, chest, and belly are fully haired, with same bright orange to deep tawny pelage. Pelage extends over upper arm and slightly onto forearm and upper surfaces of legs and uropatagium but not onto wing membrane. Wings are long, pointed, somewhat narrow, and dark blackish brown. At rest, ends of wings are folded back with tips folded in. Second phalanges of third and fourth digits lie flat against lower surface of wing. Wings extend from sides of dorsum close to spine and from back of first toe. Wing area averages 739- 4 cm ? in males and 545- 3 cm ? in females. Second digit is clawed. Wing membranes extend from sides of dorsum and back of first toe. Metacarpal and first phalanx of first digit are within wing membrane. Basicranial axis is deflected, but occiput is neither elongated nor tubular. Rostrum is elongated, and nasals extend past canines, but premaxillae do not. Braincase is rounded. Postorbital process extends from frontal but is not connected to jugal. Ectotympanic is produced laterally as short tube, distinctive of the genus. Palate broadens posteriorly and is widest between M” to M?, it then narrows at posterior border to width about equalto that between lingual edges of P4 to P4. Front of orbit is located above middle to posterior part of M'. Mandible is thin, with tall sloping coronoid process, and condyle is above level of lower alveolar line. Ten palatal ridges are present: four anterior, three middle, and three posterior. Dental formula for all species of Eidolon is 12/2, C1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Dentition is conservative relative to element count and structure, without special modifications and with no secondary cusps in canines or cheekteeth, except for comparatively larger size of P'. Upper incisors are small, rounded, and subequal in size. Lower incisors are similar to uppers and usually in contact with each other and canines. Molars contain longitudinal medial groove separating higher outer and lower inner ridge. All post-canine teeth are slightly separated. Habitat. Tropical forests, with migratory movements in open areas, riverine forests, swamp forests, savannas, and mosaics of those habitats, from sea level up to ¢. 2000 m . Food and Feeding. Food availability determines occurrence of African Straw-colored Fruit Bats. It feeds entirely on fruiting and flowering trees and eats any sweet juicy fruit, buds and young leaves of certain trees, flowers, nectar, and pollen. It also chews into soft wood to obtain moisture. It feeds on at least ten genera of flowers, 34 genera of fruit, and four genera of leaves. Fruit is collected from a tree, taken to a feeding roost, mashed between teeth by rapid tongue movements, and sometimes stored in cheek pouches. All but the smallest seeds are spit out as dry pellets, afterjuice has been sucked from fruit. Food is held mostly in the mouth. African Straw-colored Fruit Bats occasionally hang by their thumbs and manipulate food with feet and mouth. They open large fruits at bottoms and can cling with feet and thumbs to outside of a fruit or adjacent branches. They leave feeding sites by dropping 0-5- 2 m before taking flight. Breeding. Breeding of African Straw-colored Fruit Bats is seasonally monoestrous, with most copulations occurring in April-June. Egg is fertilized and develops until blastocyst stage, but it does not continue to develop until c.3-month implantation delay ceases in October. Births take place in February—-May prior to onset of the higher of two rainfall peaks. Females have one young/pregnancy/year that is ¢.18% of mothers’ weights. Births occur in maternity colonies that are clusters of females. Age of first reproduction is c.2 years for females. Activity patterns. African Straw-colored Fruit Bats begin to feed at about sunset and stop just after sunrise. They remain alert and active during the day, with eyes open, ears erect, and constant motion. Day roosts are in tall trees, caves, and rocks. Large trees used as day roosts have spreading branches and are commonly found in dense groves with thick undercover. At night, roosts are chosen according to food availability. Trees are of various heights and sizes, some in groups and others widespread. Roosting clusters are on sturdy branches 6-20 m aboveground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The African Straw-colored Fruit Bat roosts in enormous colonies of up to 1,000,000 individuals; sleeping groups number c.100. Large parts of populations are non-migratory in sub-Saharan Africa, but some individuals will travel as far as several thousand kilometers. There is currently no indication for gender-specific migratory behavior. During migration periods (October— December in East Africa), colonies disperse into small groups and form temporary roosts from which they eventually form “regular” roosts. During migration phase, several populations might converge in a given region; reportedly, eight million bats concentrate for a few weeks in Kasanka National Park ( Zambia ) to take advantage of exceptionally rich fruit in seasonal swamp forests. Wide-range movements of African Straw-colored Fruit Bat populations generate continent-scale panmixia and also favor transmission of several viral diseases that are serious human health issues in Africa. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. In general, the African Straw-colored Fruit Bat is common, forming colonies of thousands to even millions of individuals. Colonies can show extreme roostsite fidelity. Recent evidence of widespread decline has been shown in a well-known colony in Kampala ( Uganda ) that declined over 40 years from ¢.250,000 individuals to 40,000 in 2007. African Straw-colored Fruit Bats are eaten in all communities in south-western Nigeria and elsewhere; hunters often are hired to shoot them for hotels and restaurants. Most people eat whole bats, including bones. It occurs in many protected areas (e.g. Kasanka National Park), and because it crosses country boundaries,its global conservation requires international cooperation. Bibliography. Allen (1917), Andersen (1907, 1908a, 1912b), Burland & Wilmer (2001), Funmilayo (1976, 1978, 1979), Heffner et al. (2006), Igado et al. (2012), Jones (1972), Juste et al. (2000), Kerr (1792), Kingdon (1974), Kulzer (1969), Lang & Chapin (1917a, 1917b), Marshall (1985), Mickleburgh, Hutson, Bergmans, Fahr & Racey (2008), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2007), Mutere (1965, 1968, 1980), Nowak & Paradiso (1983), Okon (1975), Ossa etal. (2012), Peel, Sargan et al. (2013), Peel, Wood et al. (2017), Racey (2004a), Richter & Cumming (2006, 2008), Rosevear (1965).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Eidolon helvum	Eidolon		helvum	Kerr	1792	1	In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom	1(1): xvii, 91	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	 buettikoferi Jentink, 1881; leucomelas Fitzinger, 1866; mollipilosus H. Allen, 1862; paleaceus Peters, 1862; palmarum Heuglin, 1877; stramineus E. Geoffroy, 1803; <b> annobonensis </b> Juste, Ib&aacute;&ntilde;ez, and Machordom, 2000; <b> sabaeum </b> K. Andersen, 1907.	Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).	Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia and Oman; islands in the Gulf of Guinea and off E Africa.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Includes sabaeum ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum ; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al . (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum . African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eidolon helvum	23	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Pale Xantharpy|Straw-colored Flying Fox|Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	EIDOLINAE	NA	Eidolon	NA	helvum	Kerr	1792	1	Vesp[ertilio]._vampyrus_helvus	Kerr, R. (1792). The Animal Kingdom, or Zoological System, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturæ, as lately published, with great improvements, By Professor Gmelin of Goettingen. - Together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copperplates. Class I. Mammalia. A. Strahan & T. Cadell, London and W. Creech, Edinburgh, 91.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119041#page/141/mode/1up	NA		type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to "Senegal."			helvum (Kerr, 1792)|stramineus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|flavus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|mollipilosus (H. Allen, 1862)|paleaceus (W. Peters, 1862)|leucomelas (Fitzinger, 1866)|palmarum (Heuglin, 1877)|buettikoferi (Jentink, 1881)|sabaeum (K. Andersen, 1907)|annobonensis Juste, Ibáñez, & Machordom, 2000	NA	NA	Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé & Príncipe|Central African Republic|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Ethiopia|Eritrea?|Djibouti?|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|Namibia|South Africa|Lesotho|Eswatini	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	NT	0	0	0	Eidolon_helvum	0	sciname match	Eidolon_helvum	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7084	Eidolon helvum	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Eidolon	helvum	(Kerr, 1792)		20000000	Eidolon helvum	Near Threatened	A2d	2020	2019-06-23 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This fruit-bat is listed as Near Threatened (nearly meets criterion A2d) as the species is in significant decline at an estimated rate of 25–30% over the past 15 years (three generations; generation length = 5 years; Pacifici et al. 2013) . Its is being seriously over-harvested for food and medicine, making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable.	This adaptable species has been recorded from a very wide range of habitats. It is commonly found in moist and dry tropical rain forest, including evergreen forest habitats in the form of coastal (including mangrove) and riverine forest, through moist and dry savanna and mosaics of these and similar habitat types. Populations can persist in modified habitats and the species is often recorded in urban areas, such as wooded city parks.	In general, habitat loss, persecution and hunting are considered to be the major threats. This species is considered locally threatened in parts of its range by severe deforestation, and more generally across West and Central Africa by hunting for food and medicinal use. It is the most heavily harvested bat for bushmeat in West and Central Africa, and one of the most frequently consumed mammals in this region (P. Racey personal communication). Large pre-migration colonies are considered particularly vulnerable to any threats. In some areas this species is considered to be a pest and roosting trees may be cut down. Trees are also cut down in order to catch bats for the market (P. Racey personal communication). More recently, people are afraid of large concentrations bats due to Ebola outbreaks in Central and West Africa and may remove important roost trees to evict the colonies.	In general this is a common species forming large colonies of thousands to even millions of individuals. Within colonies, they form tight clusters of up to 100 animals, although in particularly large colonies this clustering may not be so obvious. Colonies may show extreme roost-site fidelity. During migration this species disperses into small groups. There is evidence of a widespread decline (P. Racey personal communication). A well-known colony in Kampala (Uganda) declined in numbers over a forty-year period from ca 250,000 animals to 40,000 in 2007 (Monadjem et al. 2007). Eidolon helvum is the most heavily harvested bat for bushmeat in West and Central Africa, and this is believed to be a major factor in reported population declines (P. Racey personal communication).	Decreasing	This species is broadly distributed across the lowland rainforest and savanna zones of Africa from Senegal in the west, through to South Africa in the south and Ethiopia in the east (possibly ranging into Djibouti and southern Eritrea). It is also present on the extreme southwest Arabian Peninsula, where it has been recorded from Yemen and Saudi Arabia (Harrison and Bates 1991). Populations of this species occur on several offshore islands including the Gulf of Guinea islands and Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia (off Tanzania) (Bergmans 1990, Simmons 2005). There is a possibly disjunct population in the Air Mountains of Niger. Distribution at northern and southern extremes of the range is patchy and erratic. It is also sparse or absent in large areas of the Horn of Africa, central East Africa, and elsewhere (Bergmans 1990). This is a migratory species in parts of its range, with populations migrating from the West African forest north into the savanna zone during the major wet season (Thomas 1983). Over a million individuals migrate seasonally to Kasanka National Park in Zambia where they are present between November and January (Sorensen and Halberg 2001, Richter and Cumming 2006). It ranges from sea level to around 2,000 m asl (Ruwenzori Mountains).	It is the most heavily harvested bat for bushmeat in West and Central Africa, and one of the most frequently consumed mammals in this region (P. Racey personal communication).	Terrestrial	This species is present in a few protected areas across its range, usually for relatively short periods of time, with a large roosting colony in Kasanka National Park, Zambia. As this species appears to prefer anthropogenic landscapes, conservation of Eidolon should not be approached in terms of traditional “creation of protected areas.” Eidolon conservation requires a completely different approach and way of thinking to get local communities to accept and even protect their colonies. There is a need to identify and protect important roosting sites, and a better understanding of the migratory patterns of this species would be beneficial to any conservation activities. The highest priority is to limit the harvesting of this species to sustainable levels. This would include an extensive community engagement programme in areas of important roosts and engaging all stakeholders, including government in the importance of this species. Under the Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) Eidolon helvum is a listed species and as such should be afforded protection in signatory countries. A working group of these countries could form a species action plan and work together to improve protection of this species. Some countries with important roosts, such as Zambia are currently not signatories of CMS and work is being carried out to better understand why Zambia is currently not a signatory.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Eidolon		helvum	Kerr	1792	1	In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom	1(1): xvii, 91	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	 buettikoferi Jentink, 1881; leucomelas Fitzinger, 1866; mollipilosus H. Allen, 1862; paleaceus Peters, 1862; palmarum Heuglin, 1877; stramineus E. Geoffroy, 1803; <b> annobonensis </b> Juste, Ib&aacute;&ntilde;ez, and Machordom, 2000; <b> sabaeum </b> K. Andersen, 1907.	Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).	Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia and Oman; islands in the Gulf of Guinea and off E Africa.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	Includes sabaeum ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum ; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al . (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum . African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.	Eidolon helvum	1004389	23	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Pale Xantharpy|Straw-colored Flying Fox|Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	EIDOLINAE	NA	Eidolon	NA	helvum	Kerr	1792	1	Vesp[ertilio]._vampyrus_helvus	Kerr, R. (1792). The Animal Kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; Class1. Mammalia: containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the Mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young; being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae, as lately published, with great improvements, by Professor Gmelin of Goettingen. Together with numerous additions from more recent zoological writers, and illustrated with copper plates. J. Murray & R. Faulder, London, 1, 91.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119041#page/141/mode/1up	NA		type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to "Senegal."			helvum (Kerr, 1792)|stramineus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|flavus (Illiger, 1815) [nomen nudum]|mollipilosus (H. Allen, 1862)|paleaceus (W. Peters, 1862)|leucomelas (Fitzinger, 1866)|palmarum (Heuglin, 1877)|buettikoferi (Jentink, 1881)|sabaeum (K. Andersen, 1907)|annobonensis Juste, Ibáñez, & Machordom, 2000	NA	NA				Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé & Príncipe|Central African Republic|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Ethiopia|Eritrea?|Djibouti?|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|Namibia|South Africa|Lesotho|Eswatini	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	NT	0	0	0	Eidolon_helvum	0	sciname match	Eidolon_helvum	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Eidolon_helvum	1004389	23	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Pale Xantharpy|Straw-colored Flying Fox|Straw-colored Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Eidolinae	NA	Eidolon	NA	helvum	Kerr	1	Vespertilio Vampyrus helvus	Kerr, R. 1792. The Animal Kingdom, or Zoological System of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. A. Strahan, T. Cadell, and W. Creech, Edinburgh, 462 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38664109	lost (number not known)	holotype		type locality not given. Fixed by K. Andersen in 1907 to "Senegal."			NA	NA				Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Mali|Cote d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Chad|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé and Príncipe|Central African Republic|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Ethiopia|Eritrea?|Djibouti?|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|Namibia|South Africa|Lesotho|Eswatini	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic	NT	0	0	0	Eidolon_helvum	0	sciname match	Eidolon_helvum	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Eidolon		helvum	Kerr	1792	1	In Linnaeus, Anim. Kingdom	1(1): xvii, 91	African Straw-colored Fruit Bat	buettikoferi Jentink, 1881; leucomelas Fitzinger, 1866; mollipilosus H. Allen, 1862; paleaceus Peters, 1862; palmarum Heuglin, 1877; stramineus E. Geoffroy, 1803; annobonensis Juste, Ib&aacute;&ntilde;ez, and Machordom, 2000; sabaeum K. Andersen, 1907.	Senegal (restricted by K. Andersen, 1907).	Mauritania, Senegal, and Gambia to Ethiopia to South Africa; SW Arabia and Oman; islands in the Gulf of Guinea and off E Africa.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7084/22028026/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	Includes sabaeum; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Bergmans (1990), and Harrison and Bates (1991). Does not include dupreanum; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995), but also see Hayman and Hill (1971). See DeFrees and Wilson (1988), but note that they included dupreanum in helvum. African forms reviewed in part by Juste et al. (2000); Palearctic forms reviewed by Hor&aacute;cek et al.(2000). Distribution mapped by Taylor (2000) and Cotterill (2001). The taxonomic status of populations in the Aïr Mountains of Niger is unclear.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eidolon helvum; Eidolon helvum; Eidolon helvum; Eidolon helvum; Eidolon helvum; Eidolon helvum; helvum; annobonensis; sabaeum; buettikoferi; leucomelas; mollipilosus; paleaceus; palmarum; stramineus; helvum; annobonense; sabaeum; annobonensis; sabaeum; buettikoferi; leucomelas; mollipilosus; paleaceus; palmarum; stramineus; helvum; stramineus; flavus; mollipilosus; paleaceus; leucomelas; palmarum; buettikoferi; sabaeum; annobonensis; Roussette-paillée d Afrique; Palmenflughund; Eidolon de Africa; Pale Xantharpy; Straw-colored Flying Fox; Straw-colored Fruit Bat; African Straw-colored Fruit Bat; Pale Xantharpy; Straw-colored Flying Fox; Straw-colored Fruit Bat; African Straw-colored Fruit Bat; African Straw-colored Fruit Bat; E. helvum