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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L255	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla alba		[MSW2] See Timm (1982, Mammalian Species, 166).; [MSW3] See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diaz et al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla.; [HMW] Ectophylla alba H. Allen, 1892 , “vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras .” Ectophylla alba has been associated with Mesophylla , mostly based on their similar fur pattern. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla .; [batnames2023] See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla .; [batnames2025_1.7] See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla.														alba				alba	alba			alba H. Allen, 1892		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Honduran white bat	Nicaragua – W Panama	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Ectophylla alba	Nicaragua, Comarca de El Cabo(=Rio Segovia).	H. Allen	1892	Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 15:442.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	White bat	Nicaragua – W Panama	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	H. Allen	1892	Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 15:442.	See Timm (1982, Mammalian Species, 166).	Honduras to W Panama; also a record from W Colombia.	Honduras (= Rio Segovia) (T. McCarthy, in litt.).		H. ALLEN	1892	Size very small (forearm length, 26-30 mm; condylobasal length, 14-16 mm). Color light grayish.	Distribution: Same as for genus.	No subspecies.		90	species	E. alba	H. ALLEN	1892	Ectophylla	genus	Ectophylla alba				Size very small (forearm length, 26-30 mm; condylobasal length, 14-16 mm). Color light grayish.	No subspecies.		1. E. alba H. ALLEN 1892.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla		alba	H. Allen		1892		Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.	15		442		Honduran White Bat	Honduras (= Río Segovia) (McCarthy et al., 1993).	Honduras to W Panama.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).		See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diaz et al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla.	03A687BCFFE4FFE41641FE1CF84EF882	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	569	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFE4FFE41641FE1CF84EF882.xml	Ectophylla alba	Phyllostomidae	Ectophylla	alba	H. Allen	1892	Sténoderme blanc @fr | Honduras-Weif3fledermaus @de | Murciélagohondureno blanco @es | \ @en | Vhite Bat @en	Ectophylla alba H. Allen, 1892 , “vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras .” Ectophylla alba has been associated with Mesophylla , mostly based on their similar fur pattern. Monotypic.	Lowlands of Caribbean slope in Central America (E Honduras , E Nicaragua , E Costa Rica , and extreme NW Panama ).	Head-body 37-47 mm (tailless), ear 10-15 mm, hindfoot 7-10 mm, forearm 27-8-29-3 mm; weight 5-6 g. Skull is typical of species of Stenodermatinae. Fur is white, and rump and lower belly are pale gray, with gray eye rings. The Honduran White Bat has the most distinctive fur color pattern of any phyllostomid, giving it its common name. Eyes are black. Ears and noseleaf are bright yellow from deposits of significant amounts of carotenoid pigments in the skin, and noseleaf has smooth serrated edge. Ears are moderately large and rounded. Wing membranes are black, except for second interdigital membrane that is translucent; forearms, fingers, and thumbs are yellowish. Dental formula is I 2 /2, Cl/1,P 2/2, M 2/2 ( x2 ) = 28. Upper incisors are conical, and I ave larger than P, with relatively broader bases. Premolars are aciculate, and P, almost touches C, and is smaller than P,. P, is deeply concave posteriorly, with conspicuous heel and cusp. M,is subrounded, with no trace of cusps other than longitudinal ridge in middle of deeply excavate crown. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Sex-determination system is the classic XX/XY.	Lowland secondary forest with Heliconia ( Heliconiaceae ) and evergreen forests up to elevations of ¢. 750 m . The Honduran White Bat needs high canopy cover and low understory cover to establish roosts. It is considered a tent specialist. Whitish body pelage and yellowish ears and noseleaf might help it to blend in with surroundings during the day, because light that passes through sheltering leaves creates a diffuse yellowish green environment.	The Honduran White Bat feeds almost exclusively on fruits of Ficus colubrinae ( Moraceae ), which it seeks using its sense of smell. Recently, it has been observed feeding from F schippur.	Lactating Honduran White Bats leave their young in roosts, and they can return up to six times per night. Young are able to fly at 3-4 weeks of age. In Sarapiqui, Costa Rica , young are born in April, and females nurse their young until June. It has been suggested that a second young can be born in August-September.	The Honduran White Bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day. It roosts only in leaves of Heliconia or similar plants ( Musa spp., Musaceae ; seven other species known) at heights of 1-2 m. Leaves are modified to build a “boat-type tent.” Honduran White Bats usually use new leaves (less than 30 days of age) to construct tents.	Female and male Honduran White Bats participate in the building of tents. Mean home range is 63-2 ha, and night movements are positively related to distribution of FE colubrinae. Groups are stable, usually made up of one male and several females. When a tent becomes unusable, a group moves together to a new leaf and builds a new tent.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Honduran White Bat has declined at a rate of less than 30% over the past three generations (18 years) due to habitat conversion for urban areas. It almost qualifies as Vulnerable.	Allen (1898) | Brooke (1990) | Galvan et al. (2016) | LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002) | Reid (2009) | Ripperger et al. (2019) | Rodriguez-Herrera, Arroyo-Cabrales & Medellin (2019) | Rodriguez-Herrera, Ceballos & Medellin (2011) | Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Gamba-Rios (2008) | Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Timm (2007) | Timm (1982) | Villalobos-Chaves etal. (2017)	https://zenodo.org/record/6803406/files/figure.png	186. Honduran White Bat Ectophylla alba French: Sténoderme blanc / German: Honduras-Weif3fledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago hondureno blanco Other common names: \/Vhite Bat Taxonomy. Ectophylla alba H. Allen, 1892 , “vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras .” Ectophylla alba has been associated with Mesophylla , mostly based on their similar fur pattern. Monotypic. Distribution. Lowlands of Caribbean slope in Central America (E Honduras , E Nicaragua , E Costa Rica , and extreme NW Panama ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 37-47 mm (tailless), ear 10-15 mm, hindfoot 7-10 mm, forearm 27-8-29-3 mm; weight 5-6 g. Skull is typical of species of Stenodermatinae. Fur is white, and rump and lower belly are pale gray, with gray eye rings. The Honduran White Bat has the most distinctive fur color pattern of any phyllostomid, giving it its common name. Eyes are black. Ears and noseleaf are bright yellow from deposits of significant amounts of carotenoid pigments in the skin, and noseleaf has smooth serrated edge. Ears are moderately large and rounded. Wing membranes are black, except for second interdigital membrane that is translucent; forearms, fingers, and thumbs are yellowish. Dental formula is I 2 /2, Cl/1,P 2/2, M 2/2 ( x2 ) = 28. Upper incisors are conical, and I ave larger than P, with relatively broader bases. Premolars are aciculate, and P, almost touches C, and is smaller than P,. P, is deeply concave posteriorly, with conspicuous heel and cusp. M,is subrounded, with no trace of cusps other than longitudinal ridge in middle of deeply excavate crown. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Sex-determination system is the classic XX/XY. Habitat. Lowland secondary forest with Heliconia ( Heliconiaceae ) and evergreen forests up to elevations of ¢. 750 m . The Honduran White Bat needs high canopy cover and low understory cover to establish roosts. It is considered a tent specialist. Whitish body pelage and yellowish ears and noseleaf might help it to blend in with surroundings during the day, because light that passes through sheltering leaves creates a diffuse yellowish green environment. Food and Feeding. The Honduran White Bat feeds almost exclusively on fruits of Ficus colubrinae ( Moraceae ), which it seeks using its sense of smell. Recently, it has been observed feeding from F schippur. Breeding. Lactating Honduran White Bats leave their young in roosts, and they can return up to six times per night. Young are able to fly at 3-4 weeks of age. In Sarapiqui, Costa Rica , young are born in April, and females nurse their young until June. It has been suggested that a second young can be born in August-September. Activity patterns. The Honduran White Bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day. It roosts only in leaves of Heliconia or similar plants ( Musa spp., Musaceae ; seven other species known) at heights of 1-2 m. Leaves are modified to build a “boat-type tent.” Honduran White Bats usually use new leaves (less than 30 days of age) to construct tents. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Female and male Honduran White Bats participate in the building of tents. Mean home range is 63-2 ha, and night movements are positively related to distribution of FE colubrinae. Groups are stable, usually made up of one male and several females. When a tent becomes unusable, a group moves together to a new leaf and builds a new tent. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Honduran White Bat has declined at a rate of less than 30% over the past three generations (18 years) due to habitat conversion for urban areas. It almost qualifies as Vulnerable. Bibliography. Allen (1898), Brooke (1990), Galvan et al. (2016), LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), Reid (2009), Ripperger et al. (2019), Rodriguez-Herrera, Arroyo-Cabrales & Medellin (2019), Rodriguez-Herrera, Ceballos & Medellin (2011), Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Gamba-Rios (2008), Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Timm (2007), Timm (1982), Villalobos-Chaves etal. (2017).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Ectophylla alba	Ectophylla		alba	H. Allen	1892	0	Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.	0.9319	Honduran White Bat	None.	Honduras (= Río Segovia) (McCarthy et al., 1993).	Honduras to W Panama.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Ectophylla alba	23	Honduran White Bat	White Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Ectophylla	NA	alba	H. Allen	1892	0	Ectophylla_alba	Allen, H. (1892). Description of a New Genus of Phyllostome Bats. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 15, 442.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/13268/USNMP-15_913_1892.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 15950		"vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras."			alba H. Allen, 1892	NA	NA	Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Ectophylla_alba	0	sciname match	Ectophylla_alba	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7030	Ectophylla alba	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Ectophylla	alba	H. Allen, 1892		20000000	Ectophylla alba	Near Threatened		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened because it is in significant decline, but at a rate of less than 30% over the past three generations (18 years), due to habitat conversion for urban areas for the growing human population. This species almost qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion A2c.	This species can be found in wet, evergreen forest and tall secondary growth. It may have strong habitat preference (Rodriguez-Herrera pers. comm.). ;It roosts in groups of four to eight individuals in tents made from small to medium sized Heliconia spp. or other understory plants. Horizontal leaves are chewed on either side of the midrib, causing the sides to collapse and hang vertically. Old Heliconia leaves assume the same form, but appear withered and dead, whereas tents in active use are made from succulent, green leaves. Tents are about two metres above the ground, and some tents are used only as night feeding roosts. Fruit pulp and seeds of small, understory figs were found under a night roost. This bat is seldom caught in mist nets, except when nets are set near occupied tents. Roosting groups can be closely approached and observed. Males and females share tents until young are born (in April in Costa Rica), then males leave. Females appear to suckle each others young on occasion (Timm 1982, Reid 1997). This species has a generation length of six years (Pacifici et al. 2013).	Urbanisation is the main threat to this species. In Costa Rica, this species has declined as growth of the human population and resulting urbanisation has resulted in loss and degradation of habitat. This species may have strong habitat and food preferences (Rodriguez-Herrera pers. comm.).	This bat is uncommon and local (Reid 1997). In Costa Rice, the population is known to have declined.	Decreasing	This species is known from Honduras to western Panama (Simmons 2005). It occurs from the Caribbean lowlands to 700 m asl (Reid 1997).	This species is not utilised.	Terrestrial	This species is found in protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Ectophylla		alba	H. Allen	1892	0	Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.	0.931944	Honduran White Bat	None.	Honduras (= Río Segovia) (McCarthy et al., 1993).	Honduras to W Panama.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla .	Ectophylla alba	1005029	23	Honduran White Bat	White Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Ectophylla	NA	alba	H. Allen	1892	0	Ectophylla_alba	Allen, H. (1892). Description of a New Genus of Phyllostome Bats. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 15, 442.	https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/13268/USNMP-15_913_1892.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	USNM 15950		"vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras."			alba H. Allen, 1892	NA	NA				Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Ectophylla_alba	0	sciname match	Ectophylla_alba	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Ectophylla_alba	1005029	23	Honduran White Bat	White Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Ectophylla	NA	alba	H. Allen	0	Ectophylla alba	Allen, H. 1892-10-26. Description of a new genus of phyllostome bats. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 15:441-442.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15737463	USNM:MAMM:15950	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ac8ec8a9-702f-4273-b1ec-87d9e0cb1d5b	"vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras."			NA	NA				Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Ectophylla_alba	0	sciname match	Ectophylla_alba	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Ectophylla		alba	H. Allen	1892	0	Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.	0.931944	Honduran White Bat	None.	Honduras (= Río Segovia) (McCarthy et al., 1993).	Honduras to W Panama.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7030/22027138/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	See Timm (1982). See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Koopman (1993) included W Colombia in the range of this species based on Cuervo-Diazet al. (1986), but that specimen has been reidentified as Vampyressa pusilla.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	Ectophyllina	Ectophylla alba; Ectophylla alba; Ectophylla alba; Ectophylla alba; Ectophylla alba; Ectophylla alba; alba; Sténoderme blanc; Honduras-Weif3fledermaus; Murciélagohondureno blanco; \; Vhite Bat; Honduran White Bat; White Bat; Honduran White Bat; Honduran White Bat; E. alba