http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L243	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccense	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia moluccensis		[MSW2] Does not include pannietensis (see Bergmans, 1979). Includes anderseni and magna; see Koopman (1979:6), but see also Bergmans and Sarbini (1985).; [MSW3] moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Hypoderma moluccensis [sic] Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 , Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia . There is disagreement among authorities as to whether the two subspecies here are distinct species. Most authorities since K. Andersen in 1912 treated the two taxa as subspecies of moluccensis ; however, W. Bergmans and S. Sarbini in 1985 and T. F. Flannery in 1995 regarded magna and moluccensis as distinct species. A modern treatment using DNA was attempted by D. G. P. Byrnes in 2005, but she had limited number specimens and did not have adequate sampling of the distribution to untangle the confusion. Thus, taxonomy of what might be a species complex still requires additional molecular analysis. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis ; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2022] includes magna for the time being, but D. moluccensis likely represents a species complex; [IUCN] Dobsonia moluccensis has been considered separate from Dobsonia magna (Bergmans and Sarbini 1985), but more taxonomic work needs to be conducted to clarify their taxonomy (Helgen 2007).; [batnames2023]  moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis ; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2023] may include D. magna, but the species is tentatively retained here pending further research; D. moluccensis and D. magna likely represents a species complex as currently defined; [MDD2025_2.0] may include D. magna, but the species is tentatively retained here pending further research; D. moluccensis and D. magna likely represents a species complex as currently defined; [batnames2025_1.7] moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2025_2.2] may include D. magna, but the species is tentatively retained here pending further research; D. moluccensis and D. magna likely represents a species complex as currently defined				anderseni		anderseni, magna.	moluccensis, magna, anderseni			moluccensis, magna				moluccensis, magna	Dobsonia moluccensis has been considered separate from Dobsonia magna (Bergmans and Sarbini 1985), but more taxonomic work needs to be conducted to clarify their taxonomy (Helgen 2007).			moluccensis	moluccensis			moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Greater naked-backed bat	Moluccas, New Guinea, N Queensland	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Dobsonia moluccensis	Indonesia, Molucca Isis., Amboina Isl.	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	In d'Urville, Voy. "Astrolabe," Zool., 1:86.	Dis tribution: From the northern and central Moluc cas through the west Papuan and Aru islands and the mainland of New Guinea to Cape York (northeastern Queensland) and the Bismarcks.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Greater naked-backed bat (? anderseni)	Moluccas, New Guinea	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool., l(L'Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux):86.	Does not include pannietensis (see Bergmans, 1979). Includes anderseni and magna; see Koopman (1979:6), but see also Bergmans and Sarbini (1985).	Bismarck Arch.; New Guinea; Aru Isis, Batanta, and Mysol (off W New Guinea) and Molucca Isis (including Waigeo Isl); N Queensland (Australia).	Indonesia, Molucca Isis, Amboina Isl.		QUOY & GAIMARD	1830	Size relatively large (forearm length, 113-160 mm; total length of skull, 50-65 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 19-28 mm). Dentition relatively heavy.	Dis tribution: From the northern and central Moluc cas through the west Papuan and Aru islands and the mainland of New Guinea to Cape York (northeastern Queensland) and the Bismarcks.	Three currently recognized subspecies (KOOPMAN 1979):	D. m. moluccensis (Halmahera and Buru through Ceram to the Aru islands), D. m. magna (West Papuan islands through New Guinea to Cape York), D. m. anderseni (Bis marcks).	28	species	D. moluccensis	QUOY & GAIMARD	1830	Dobsonia	genus	Dobsonia moluccensis				Size relatively large (forearm length, 113-160 mm; total length of skull, 50-65 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 19-28 mm). Dentition relatively heavy.	Three currently recognized subspecies (KOOPMAN 1979):		5. D. moluccensis (QUOY & GAIMARD 1830 ) [mo luccensis group].	5	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia		moluccensis	Quoy and Gaimard	y	1830		In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L'Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux)		86		Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Amboina Isl.	Molucca Isls including Bacan, Buru and Seram; Banda Isls, Aru Isls, Waigeo (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFF6F6198CBB365BFA8BF660	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	108	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFF6F6198CBB365BFA8BF660.xml	Dobsonia moluccensis	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia	moluccensis		1830	Roussette des Molugues @fr | Molukken-Nacktrickenflughund @de | Dobsonia de las Molucas @es | Bare-backed Fruit Bat @en | New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat (magna) @en	Hypoderma moluccensis [sic] Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 , Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia . There is disagreement among authorities as to whether the two subspecies here are distinct species. Most authorities since K. Andersen in 1912 treated the two taxa as subspecies of moluccensis ; however, W. Bergmans and S. Sarbini in 1985 and T. F. Flannery in 1995 regarded magna and moluccensis as distinct species. A modern treatment using DNA was attempted by D. G. P. Byrnes in 2005, but she had limited number specimens and did not have adequate sampling of the distribution to untangle the confusion. Thus, taxonomy of what might be a species complex still requires additional molecular analysis. Two subspecies recognized.	D.m.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—Moluccas(Bacan,Buru,Ambon,andSeramIs,alsoonBanda,Kai,andAruIsgroups). D. m. magna Thomas, 1905 — New Guinea (including Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, and Misool in Raja Ampat Is, Yapen, Kariru, Karkar, and Sideia Is) and N Australia (N Queensland ).	Head-body 185-210 mm , tail 25-30 mm , ear 27-35 mm , forearm 120-146 mm ; weight 490-500 g for subspecies moluccensis ; head—-body 191-254 mm , tail 21-42 mm , ear 28-41 mm , hindfoot 30-47 mm , forearm 136-162 mm ; weight 325— 600 g for subspecies magna. There is sexual dimorphism in body weight within magna, with males up to 600 g but females only up to a maximum of 525 g . Sample sizes are inadequate to know if sexual dimorphism in nominotypical moluccensis occurs. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat is the largest species of Dobsonia . Wings attach along midline of back and cover dorsal fur beneath. Fur is uniformly medium brown to gray-brown on face and dorsum. Ventral fur is pale gray-brown. Flight membranes are black. Ears are long and narrow, rising well above crown of head. Inner surfaces of pinna are well ribbed along basal one-half. Shortly tubular nostrils diverge and extend slightly beyond snout. Eyes are large and produce “eye shine” when light is focused on them in a dark cave; irises are brown. Claws of feet and thumbs are pale tan or whitish. Index claw (second digit of wing) is absent. There are two pairs of musk-producing sebaceous glands, one pair that runs from base of ears down and forward toward corners of mouth and another thatlies ventro-laterally on shoulders near anteriorjunction of wing patagia to the body. These glands are most prominent in adult males during breeding season but observable on females. There is a well-marked anterointernal basal ledge on upper and lower third premolars and a posterior basal ledge on second upper and lower premolars and third upper premolar. There is a median-surface ridge in M' and M,, often present in P* and M. Anterointernal corner of Mis not differentiated as a distinct cusp or ledge. Pineal gland is large compared with other mammals of its body weight, which fluctuates in size and control of hormonal activity associated with seasonal cycles of reproduction.	Commonly coastal lowlands high into montane habitats in primary and secondary tropical moist forests, and highly disturbed areas such as village gardens and fruit plantations from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2700 m . The Moluccan Nakedbacked Fruit Bat is rare in dry woodlands and savannas. It has a larger distribution and occupies more varied habitats and elevational range than any other species of Dobsonia (but it might be a species complex, and if so, distributions of individual taxa not yet differentiated and their preferred habitat would be different).	The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. Important fruiting plants in diets include native species of Ficus ( Moraceae ), Terminalia ( Combretaceae ), Callophylum ( Calophyllaceae ), and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ) and cultivated banana, papaya, and Pangium edule ( Achariaceae ). Because of the increased surface area, the odd attachment of wings is thought to improve ability to fly slowly by providing additional lift compared with other pteropodids and thus aids in search for fruit such as cauliflorousfigs in dense vegetation and to allow hovering before taking roost. Naked-backed wing surfaces possibly assists with takeoff carrying heavier fruits and to maneuver in places inaccessible to larger pteropodids. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat sometimes lands on the ground for fallen fruit and has been caught in deadfall traps set for bandicoots ( Peramelidae ).	Musk-producing sebaceous glands on face and shoulders are well developed in males but much less so in females. Glands hypertrophy during the breeding season, at which time they release musky, waxy substance possibly associated with mate selection. During breeding season in April-June in highlands of New Guinea , females develop perineal flesh folds that are of unknown significance. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat has one young/litter and one litter/year. Females in Eastern Highlands Province , Papua New Guinea , give birth in a loosely synchronized season in August-November. Gestation lasts ¢.5 months. Young are weaned at c.4-5 months. During lactation, mothers will carry their young short distances to new roost perches but usually leave them at the roost when foraging. Males and females are believed to become sexually mature at c.2 years of age.	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats are nocturnal. They emerge well after sunset in complete darkness. Wingbeat creates a “pok-pok” sound from air compressing and expressed from spaces under pockets of wing membranes over the back. Roosts are in limestone caves and recessed shaded walls ofsinkholes, under rock overhangs, and less commonly in tree hollows or tree crowns within thick foliage. They penetrate caves to the far reaches of dim light, apparently limited by dependence on visual orientation.	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats are highly gregarious, but roosting groups vary from solitary individuals to groups of tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals. They will cohabit caves with Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat ( D. beauforti ). Group size in tree hollows and tree crowns including coconut trees are limited to small numbers. In Australia , colonies are relatively small, approaching a maximum of 100 individuals and have been found in caves, dark areas under large boulders, old mines, abandoned houses, and dense vegetation. It exhibits extremely high thermal conductances that can be 180% of that expected for a mammal of its body weight. Such exceptionally high thermal conductance is facilitated by naked-backed wing condition and likely assists in efficiently dumping heat in this largebodied species that roosts clumped together. Preference for roosting at interior limits of cool caves also facilitates heat dumping to cool air in cave interiors. Naked-backed wing morphology is related to its ability to fly with amazing maneuverability at low speeds, including its ability to hover and fly backward. As they search for a place to roost when approaching a cluster of roosting conspecifics, they are able to hover, repeatedly reverse direction, and then move forward slowly to land by swinging feet upward to grab onto rock. They also fold wings and dive up to 300 m to approach a particular cave entrance. If disturbed at the roost by a predator, they are highly vociferous; otherwise there are only occasional antagonistic with vocalizations coupled with wing boxing between individuals that attemptto displace each other from mates or favored roost positions. Potential predators include large pythons such as the amethystine python ( Morelia amethistina) that will enter caves to feed on bats. Physiological responses to environmental temperature variation of Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats appear adaptive to cave dwelling and avoidance of predation. These responses include maintenance of constant high body temperature (mean = 36-8°C), high minimum thermal conduction (mean = 180% of mammalian mass-specific standard), and high basal metabolic rate (BMR, mean = 145% of mammalian standard). Maintenance of high body temperature and high BMR might facilitate rapid growth and care of young (including milk production) and ability to fly instantaneously in response to a predator. High minimal termal conductance (largely through highly vascularized naked-backed wings) facilitates heat loss for a largebodied bat that otherwise might overheat in crowded roosting clusters. Large colony size also might raise cave air temperatures, making excess body heat more difficult to unload. Large colonies of Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats often have infestations of large fur-dwelling bat flies including Megastrebla parvior and M. gigantea. Terrestrial leeches often hang from cave ceilings and drop on Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (but excluding magna). The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat has a very large distribution and is perhaps the most abundant fruit bat in New Guinea , and there is no indication that the population is in decline. Informal protection by local landowners sometimes provides conservation of populations, such as at Omeru Village, Madang Province , Papua New Guinea , where local people offer an ecotourism experience to view a colony estimated to be 10,000 individuals on walls of a large sinkhole. Indigenous people hunt it for local consumption, but hunts often are restricted to provide for holiday feasts and special occasions by local custom. In some places, farmers and villagers consider it a pest for raiding fruit trees such as papaya. Villagers in New Guinea will set large fishing hooks inside fruit to snag raiding bats.	Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans (1979b) | Bergmans & Sarbini (1985) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Brass (1964) | Byrnes (2005) | Duncan et al. (1999) | Dwyer (1975) | Flannery (1995b) | Hall (1983) | Helgen (2007a) | Koopman (1979, 1982b) | Maa (1971) | McNab & Bonaccorso (2001) | Phillips (1968) | Strahan (1995) | Wilson, D.S. (1975)		83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat Dobsonia moluccensis French: Roussette des Molugues / German: Molukken-Nacktrickenflughund / Spanish: Dobsonia de las Molucas Other common names: Bare-backed Fruit Bat/New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat (magna) Taxonomy. Hypoderma moluccensis [sic] Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 , Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia . There is disagreement among authorities as to whether the two subspecies here are distinct species. Most authorities since K. Andersen in 1912 treated the two taxa as subspecies of moluccensis ; however, W. Bergmans and S. Sarbini in 1985 and T. F. Flannery in 1995 regarded magna and moluccensis as distinct species. A modern treatment using DNA was attempted by D. G. P. Byrnes in 2005, but she had limited number specimens and did not have adequate sampling of the distribution to untangle the confusion. Thus, taxonomy of what might be a species complex still requires additional molecular analysis. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. D.m.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—Moluccas(Bacan,Buru,Ambon,andSeramIs,alsoonBanda,Kai,andAruIsgroups). D. m. magna Thomas, 1905 — New Guinea (including Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, and Misool in Raja Ampat Is, Yapen, Kariru, Karkar, and Sideia Is) and N Australia (N Queensland ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 185-210 mm , tail 25-30 mm , ear 27-35 mm , forearm 120-146 mm ; weight 490-500 g for subspecies moluccensis ; head—-body 191-254 mm , tail 21-42 mm , ear 28-41 mm , hindfoot 30-47 mm , forearm 136-162 mm ; weight 325— 600 g for subspecies magna. There is sexual dimorphism in body weight within magna, with males up to 600 g but females only up to a maximum of 525 g . Sample sizes are inadequate to know if sexual dimorphism in nominotypical moluccensis occurs. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat is the largest species of Dobsonia . Wings attach along midline of back and cover dorsal fur beneath. Fur is uniformly medium brown to gray-brown on face and dorsum. Ventral fur is pale gray-brown. Flight membranes are black. Ears are long and narrow, rising well above crown of head. Inner surfaces of pinna are well ribbed along basal one-half. Shortly tubular nostrils diverge and extend slightly beyond snout. Eyes are large and produce “eye shine” when light is focused on them in a dark cave; irises are brown. Claws of feet and thumbs are pale tan or whitish. Index claw (second digit of wing) is absent. There are two pairs of musk-producing sebaceous glands, one pair that runs from base of ears down and forward toward corners of mouth and another thatlies ventro-laterally on shoulders near anteriorjunction of wing patagia to the body. These glands are most prominent in adult males during breeding season but observable on females. There is a well-marked anterointernal basal ledge on upper and lower third premolars and a posterior basal ledge on second upper and lower premolars and third upper premolar. There is a median-surface ridge in M' and M,, often present in P* and M. Anterointernal corner of Mis not differentiated as a distinct cusp or ledge. Pineal gland is large compared with other mammals of its body weight, which fluctuates in size and control of hormonal activity associated with seasonal cycles of reproduction. Habitat. Commonly coastal lowlands high into montane habitats in primary and secondary tropical moist forests, and highly disturbed areas such as village gardens and fruit plantations from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2700 m . The Moluccan Nakedbacked Fruit Bat is rare in dry woodlands and savannas. It has a larger distribution and occupies more varied habitats and elevational range than any other species of Dobsonia (but it might be a species complex, and if so, distributions of individual taxa not yet differentiated and their preferred habitat would be different). Food and Feeding. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. Important fruiting plants in diets include native species of Ficus ( Moraceae ), Terminalia ( Combretaceae ), Callophylum ( Calophyllaceae ), and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ) and cultivated banana, papaya, and Pangium edule ( Achariaceae ). Because of the increased surface area, the odd attachment of wings is thought to improve ability to fly slowly by providing additional lift compared with other pteropodids and thus aids in search for fruit such as cauliflorousfigs in dense vegetation and to allow hovering before taking roost. Naked-backed wing surfaces possibly assists with takeoff carrying heavier fruits and to maneuver in places inaccessible to larger pteropodids. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat sometimes lands on the ground for fallen fruit and has been caught in deadfall traps set for bandicoots ( Peramelidae ). Breeding. Musk-producing sebaceous glands on face and shoulders are well developed in males but much less so in females. Glands hypertrophy during the breeding season, at which time they release musky, waxy substance possibly associated with mate selection. During breeding season in April-June in highlands of New Guinea , females develop perineal flesh folds that are of unknown significance. The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat has one young/litter and one litter/year. Females in Eastern Highlands Province , Papua New Guinea , give birth in a loosely synchronized season in August-November. Gestation lasts ¢.5 months. Young are weaned at c.4-5 months. During lactation, mothers will carry their young short distances to new roost perches but usually leave them at the roost when foraging. Males and females are believed to become sexually mature at c.2 years of age. Activity patterns. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats are nocturnal. They emerge well after sunset in complete darkness. Wingbeat creates a “pok-pok” sound from air compressing and expressed from spaces under pockets of wing membranes over the back. Roosts are in limestone caves and recessed shaded walls ofsinkholes, under rock overhangs, and less commonly in tree hollows or tree crowns within thick foliage. They penetrate caves to the far reaches of dim light, apparently limited by dependence on visual orientation. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats are highly gregarious, but roosting groups vary from solitary individuals to groups of tens, hundreds, or thousands of individuals. They will cohabit caves with Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat ( D. beauforti ). Group size in tree hollows and tree crowns including coconut trees are limited to small numbers. In Australia , colonies are relatively small, approaching a maximum of 100 individuals and have been found in caves, dark areas under large boulders, old mines, abandoned houses, and dense vegetation. It exhibits extremely high thermal conductances that can be 180% of that expected for a mammal of its body weight. Such exceptionally high thermal conductance is facilitated by naked-backed wing condition and likely assists in efficiently dumping heat in this largebodied species that roosts clumped together. Preference for roosting at interior limits of cool caves also facilitates heat dumping to cool air in cave interiors. Naked-backed wing morphology is related to its ability to fly with amazing maneuverability at low speeds, including its ability to hover and fly backward. As they search for a place to roost when approaching a cluster of roosting conspecifics, they are able to hover, repeatedly reverse direction, and then move forward slowly to land by swinging feet upward to grab onto rock. They also fold wings and dive up to 300 m to approach a particular cave entrance. If disturbed at the roost by a predator, they are highly vociferous; otherwise there are only occasional antagonistic with vocalizations coupled with wing boxing between individuals that attemptto displace each other from mates or favored roost positions. Potential predators include large pythons such as the amethystine python ( Morelia amethistina) that will enter caves to feed on bats. Physiological responses to environmental temperature variation of Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats appear adaptive to cave dwelling and avoidance of predation. These responses include maintenance of constant high body temperature (mean = 36-8°C), high minimum thermal conduction (mean = 180% of mammalian mass-specific standard), and high basal metabolic rate (BMR, mean = 145% of mammalian standard). Maintenance of high body temperature and high BMR might facilitate rapid growth and care of young (including milk production) and ability to fly instantaneously in response to a predator. High minimal termal conductance (largely through highly vascularized naked-backed wings) facilitates heat loss for a largebodied bat that otherwise might overheat in crowded roosting clusters. Large colony size also might raise cave air temperatures, making excess body heat more difficult to unload. Large colonies of Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats often have infestations of large fur-dwelling bat flies including Megastrebla parvior and M. gigantea. Terrestrial leeches often hang from cave ceilings and drop on Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bats. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (but excluding magna). The Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat has a very large distribution and is perhaps the most abundant fruit bat in New Guinea , and there is no indication that the population is in decline. Informal protection by local landowners sometimes provides conservation of populations, such as at Omeru Village, Madang Province , Papua New Guinea , where local people offer an ecotourism experience to view a colony estimated to be 10,000 individuals on walls of a large sinkhole. Indigenous people hunt it for local consumption, but hunts often are restricted to provide for holiday feasts and special occasions by local custom. In some places, farmers and villagers consider it a pest for raiding fruit trees such as papaya. Villagers in New Guinea will set large fishing hooks inside fruit to snag raiding bats. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (1979b), Bergmans & Sarbini (1985), Bonaccorso (1998), Brass (1964), Byrnes (2005), Duncan et al. (1999), Dwyer (1975), Flannery (1995b), Hall (1983), Helgen (2007a), Koopman (1979, 1982b), Maa (1971), McNab & Bonaccorso (2001), Phillips (1968), Strahan (1995), Wilson, D.S. (1975).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia moluccensis	Dobsonia		moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	1	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux): 86	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Amboina Isl.	Molucca Isls including Bacan, Buru and Seram; Banda Isls, Aru Isls, Waigeo (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis ; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Dobsonia moluccensis	23	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Bare-backed Fruit Bat|New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	DOBSONIINI	Dobsonia	NA	moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	1						Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia.			moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)|magna O. Thomas, 1905	includes magna for the time being, but D. moluccensis likely represents a species complex	Byrnes, D.G.P. 2005. Evolution among the barebacked fruit bats, Dobsonia (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.|Giannini, N.P. 2019. Pteropodidae. In D.E. Wilson and R. Mittermeier (editors), Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats: 16–61. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.	Indonesia|East Timor?|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Asia|Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	80000000	Dobsonia moluccensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Dobsonia	moluccensis	(Quoy &; Gaimard, 1830)	Dobsonia moluccensis has been considered separate from Dobsonia magna (Bergmans and Sarbini 1985), but more taxonomic work needs to be conducted to clarify their taxonomy (Helgen 2007).	20000000	Dobsonia moluccensis	Least Concern		2016	2016-01-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because it is widespread, abundant, and there is no reason to believe the population is in decline.	This species is found in tropical moist forest, wet open forest, rural gardens, and fruit and coconut plantations. It is tolerant of mild disturbance and can be found foraging in orchards. It is generally absent from dry woodland and savannah. It roosts in caves, sinkholes, boulder piles, old mines, disused buildings, and dense vegetation. It is a gregarious species. In New Guinea, colonies may contain several thousand animals. In Australia, colonies are generally much smaller. Females annually give birth to a single young (Flannery 1995, Strahan 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Duncan et al. 1999).	There are no major threats to the species throughout its range. Habitat loss, due to active logging is a threat along with hunting for food and mining activities for Nickel on Gag. It is also locally threatened in parts of its range by shooting as a pest species, and accidental mortality on barbed-wire fences (Bonaccorso 1998, Duncan et al . 1999),	It is the most abundant and widespread fruit bat on Papua New Guinea (Bonaccorso 1998). It is generally rare in Australia (Strahan 1995). Few specimens are known from Buru island but it is common on Seram and Banda. It is uncommon on other islands.	Stable	This species ranges from Maluku Islands (including Ambon, Bacan, Buru and Seram islands) and Banda Islands. It has an altitudinal range of sea level up to 2,700 m asl.		Terrestrial	It is known from a number of protected areas. There is a need to ensure the protection of important roosting sites. Bonaccorso (1998) mentions a large roosting site of some 10,000 bats at a village near Omeru (Papua New Guinea), where local villagers have provided protection to the bats and offer walking tours to view the roost for a small fee.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia		moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	1	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux): 86	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Amboina Isl.	Molucca Isls including Bacan, Buru and Seram; Banda Isls, Aru Isls, Waigeo (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis ; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Dobsonia moluccensis	1004399	23	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Bare-backed Fruit Bat|New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	DOBSONIINI	Dobsonia	NA	moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	1						Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia.			moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)	may include D. magna, but the species is tentatively retained here pending further research; D. moluccensis and D. magna likely represents a species complex as currently defined	Byrnes, D.G.P. 2005. Evolution among the barebacked fruit bats, Dobsonia (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.|Giannini, N.P. 2019. Pteropodidae. In D.E. Wilson and R. Mittermeier (editors), Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats: 16–61. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.				Indonesia	Asia|Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Dobsonia_moluccensis	1004399	23	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Bare-backed Fruit Bat|New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycterinae	Dobsoniini	Dobsonia	NA	moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1	Hypoderma moluccense	Quoy, J.-R.-C. and Gaimard, J.P. 1830. Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie. Tome premier. J. Tastu, Paris, 264 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2064142	MNHN-ZM-AC-A6753 (= MNHN ? 118B)	holotype	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/ac-a6753	Amboina Island, Maluku (Islands), Indonesia.			may include D. magna, but the species is tentatively retained here pending further research; D. moluccensis and D. magna likely represents a species complex as currently defined	Byrnes, D.G.P. 2005. Evolution among the barebacked fruit bats, Dobsonia (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.|Giannini, N.P. 2019. Pteropodidae. In D.E. Wilson and R. Mittermeier (editors), Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats: 16–61. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.				Indonesia	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_moluccensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia		moluccensis	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	1	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm. Oiseaux): 86	Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat	None.	Indonesia, Maluku (Moluccas), Amboina Isl.	Molucca Isls including Bacan, Buru and Seram; Banda Isls, Aru Isls, Waigeo (Prov. of Papua, Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/84882605/22033630/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	moluccensis species group. Does not include pannietensis; see Bergmans (1979). Koopman (1979, 1982) included magna and anderseni in moluccensis, but see Bergmans and Sarbini (1985) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia moluccensis; Dobsonia moluccensis; moluccensis; magna; moluccensis; magna; Roussette des Molugues; Molukken-Nacktrickenflughund; Dobsonia de las Molucas; Bare-backed Fruit Bat; New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat (magna); Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat; Bare-backed Fruit Bat; New Guinea Naked-backed Fruit Bat; Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat; Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat; D. moluccensis