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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L240	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia inermis		[MSW3] viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Dobsonia inermis K. Andersen, 1909 , “San Cristobal [= Makira Island],” Makira-Ulawa Province , Solomon Islands . The form nesea named by K. Andersen in 1909 from western and central Solomon Islands has been synonymized with nominate inermis by most authors, which thisis followed here. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2023]  viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).						minimus, nesea.	inermis, minimus	inermis, minimus	nesea	inermus, minimus	nesea	inermis, minimus	inermis - nesea 	inermis		inermis, minimus	inermis - nesea 	inermis	inermis, minima 	inermis, minimus	inermis - nesea	inermis Andersen, 1909|nesea Andersen, 1909|minima C. J. Phillips, 1968		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Solomons naked-backed bat Solomons	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Dobsonia inermis	Solomon Isis., San Cristobal Isl.	K. Andersen	1909	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 4:532.	Distribution: Confined to the Solomons.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Solomons naked-backed	Solomons bat	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1909	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 4:532.		Solomon Isis.	Solomon Isis, San Cristobal Isl.		ANDERSEN	1909	Size small for group (forearm length, 98-112 mm; total length of skull 40-48 mm). Rostrum rela tively heavier (lacrimal breadth, 11.0-11.7 mm). Teeth medium in size (maxillary toothrow length, 15-19 mm). Interorbital width relatively small (6.7-8.2 mm).	Distribution: Confined to the Solomons.	Two currently recognized subspecies:	D. i. inermis (= nesea) (entire Solomon chain from Buka to San Cristobal and Rennell, except Choiseul and Santa Ysabel), D. i. minimus (Choiseul, Santa Ysabel).	30	species	D. inermis	ANDERSEN	1909	Dobsonia	genus	Dobsonia inermis				Size small for group (forearm length, 98-112 mm; total length of skull 40-48 mm). Rostrum rela tively heavier (lacrimal breadth, 11.0-11.7 mm). Teeth medium in size (maxillary toothrow length, 15-19 mm). Interorbital width relatively small (6.7-8.2 mm).	Two currently recognized subspecies:		11. D. inermis ANDERSEN 1909 [viridis group].	11	_D. i. inermis_ Andersen, 1909 (synonyms: _nesea_ Andersen, 1909); _D. i. minima_ Phillips, 1968			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia		inermis	K. Andersen		1909		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	4		532		Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).	Solomon Isls, including Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	nesea K. Andersen, 1909; minimus Phillips, 1968.	viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B33FB3F9E3F64C	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	112	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B33FB3F9E3F64C.xml	Dobsonia inermis	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia	inermis	K. Andersen	1909	Roussette des Salomon @fr | Salomonen-Nacktrickenflughund @de | Dobsonia de Salomén @es | Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat @en	Dobsonia inermis K. Andersen, 1909 , “San Cristobal [= Makira Island],” Makira-Ulawa Province , Solomon Islands . The form nesea named by K. Andersen in 1909 from western and central Solomon Islands has been synonymized with nominate inermis by most authors, which thisis followed here. Two subspecies recognized.	D.i.inermusK.Andersen,1909—SolomonIsexceptwheretheothersubspeciesoccur. D. i. minimus C. J. Phillips, 1968 — Solomon Is ( Choiseul and Santa Isabel ).	Head-body 118- 188 mm , tail 13-32 mm , ear 13-29 mm , hindfoot 26-30 mm , forearm 91-116 mm ; weight 125-215 g . Greatest skull lengths are 42-1-47- 4 mm . Male Solomons Nakedbacked Fruit Bats tend to be more massive that females in head dimensions, head— body and forearm lengths, and body weight (largest males are c. 25 g heavier than largest females). Head, face, nape, flanks, rump, and fur underlying wing membranes are blackish brown. Venter is pale brown, with yellow-green wash that is more striking in adult males. Underside of neck is sparsely haired. Wings meet along spine in nakedbacked condition with underlying fur. Claws are tan, merging to dark brown at bases. Claw 1s absent from second digit of hand. Shorttail is present and free of narrow uropatagium that extends along innersides of legs to supporting calcars. Hindfootis covered with brown hairs. Nostrils are slightly tubular, and each flares outward from centerline. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Skull has short rostrum and weak saggital and nuchal crests. Upper incisors are bilobed, with mesial lobe being larger. Cheekteeth, especially in upperjaw, are crowded. Anterior part of mandible is narrow, and lower incisors are diminutive and often concealed by gum.	Primary and secondary tropical moist lowland to lower montane forests, village gardens, and fruit plantations from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1300 m (most common below 700 m ).	The Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. Numerous native figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) in its distribution are likely staples in its diet. It feeds on guava ( Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae ) in village gardens.	Pregnant Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are observed in February and September; dependent young in March, July, and November-December; and volant young in February-April. Lactation is observed in February-March. Although not synchronized throughout it distribution, these observations suggest two annual birth peaks. Mothers will carry dependent young up to 54 g in body weight when foraging.	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are nocturnal. Flight activity begins well after sunset. Observations on Choiseul indicate increased flight activity during bright moonlight suggesting vision plays an important role in flight activity and foraging. It roosts to far limits of twilight zones in limestone caves and also under rock ledges.	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are gregarious, forming large colonies of thousands of individuals. They co-occur with colonies of Geoftroy’s Rousette ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ) and Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura raffrayana). They are the primary host for a Solomon Island endemic subspecies of streblid bat fly, Megastrebla gigantea solomonis.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat has a relatively large distribution on many islands and presumably large stable population;it tolerates some habitat modification. Comparisons of mist-net surveys across eight localities on Kolombangara, New Georgia , and Vangunu in 1992 and repeated in 2015 showed stable capture rates. Nevertheless, dependence on caves for breeding in large colonies makes it susceptible to human disturbance and hunting. Hunting at cave roosts is common practice throughout its distribution; however, absence of firearms in the Solomons often prohibits large numbers of individuals being harvested. Instead, Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are hunted with slings or traditional traps. They are hunted to obtain canine teeth that are strung in necklaces used for “bride-price” by young men on Buka and elsewhere in the region. Such necklaces can have up to 200 teeth from pteropodid bats that include species of Dobsonia and Pteropus and fetched prices of US $ 90 in 1995. Fortunately, necklaces are passed as heirlooms to more than one bride.	Andersen (1909) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Flannery (1995a) | Lavery & Fisher (2016) | Maa (1971) | Phillips (1968)		93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat Dobsonia inermis French: Roussette des Salomon / German: Salomonen-Nacktrickenflughund / Spanish: Dobsonia de Salomén Other common names: Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Dobsonia inermis K. Andersen, 1909 , “San Cristobal [= Makira Island],” Makira-Ulawa Province , Solomon Islands . The form nesea named by K. Andersen in 1909 from western and central Solomon Islands has been synonymized with nominate inermis by most authors, which thisis followed here. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. D.i.inermusK.Andersen,1909—SolomonIsexceptwheretheothersubspeciesoccur. D. i. minimus C. J. Phillips, 1968 — Solomon Is ( Choiseul and Santa Isabel ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 118- 188 mm , tail 13-32 mm , ear 13-29 mm , hindfoot 26-30 mm , forearm 91-116 mm ; weight 125-215 g . Greatest skull lengths are 42-1-47- 4 mm . Male Solomons Nakedbacked Fruit Bats tend to be more massive that females in head dimensions, head— body and forearm lengths, and body weight (largest males are c. 25 g heavier than largest females). Head, face, nape, flanks, rump, and fur underlying wing membranes are blackish brown. Venter is pale brown, with yellow-green wash that is more striking in adult males. Underside of neck is sparsely haired. Wings meet along spine in nakedbacked condition with underlying fur. Claws are tan, merging to dark brown at bases. Claw 1s absent from second digit of hand. Shorttail is present and free of narrow uropatagium that extends along innersides of legs to supporting calcars. Hindfootis covered with brown hairs. Nostrils are slightly tubular, and each flares outward from centerline. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Skull has short rostrum and weak saggital and nuchal crests. Upper incisors are bilobed, with mesial lobe being larger. Cheekteeth, especially in upperjaw, are crowded. Anterior part of mandible is narrow, and lower incisors are diminutive and often concealed by gum. Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical moist lowland to lower montane forests, village gardens, and fruit plantations from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1300 m (most common below 700 m ). Food and Feeding. The Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. Numerous native figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) in its distribution are likely staples in its diet. It feeds on guava ( Psidium guajava, Myrtaceae ) in village gardens. Breeding. Pregnant Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are observed in February and September; dependent young in March, July, and November-December; and volant young in February-April. Lactation is observed in February-March. Although not synchronized throughout it distribution, these observations suggest two annual birth peaks. Mothers will carry dependent young up to 54 g in body weight when foraging. Activity patterns. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are nocturnal. Flight activity begins well after sunset. Observations on Choiseul indicate increased flight activity during bright moonlight suggesting vision plays an important role in flight activity and foraging. It roosts to far limits of twilight zones in limestone caves and also under rock ledges. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are gregarious, forming large colonies of thousands of individuals. They co-occur with colonies of Geoftroy’s Rousette ( Rousettus amplexicaudatus ) and Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura raffrayana). They are the primary host for a Solomon Island endemic subspecies of streblid bat fly, Megastrebla gigantea solomonis. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat has a relatively large distribution on many islands and presumably large stable population;it tolerates some habitat modification. Comparisons of mist-net surveys across eight localities on Kolombangara, New Georgia , and Vangunu in 1992 and repeated in 2015 showed stable capture rates. Nevertheless, dependence on caves for breeding in large colonies makes it susceptible to human disturbance and hunting. Hunting at cave roosts is common practice throughout its distribution; however, absence of firearms in the Solomons often prohibits large numbers of individuals being harvested. Instead, Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bats are hunted with slings or traditional traps. They are hunted to obtain canine teeth that are strung in necklaces used for “bride-price” by young men on Buka and elsewhere in the region. Such necklaces can have up to 200 teeth from pteropodid bats that include species of Dobsonia and Pteropus and fetched prices of US $ 90 in 1995. Fortunately, necklaces are passed as heirlooms to more than one bride. Bibliography. Andersen (1909), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1995a), Lavery & Fisher (2016), Maa (1971), Phillips (1968).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia inermis	Dobsonia		inermis	K. Andersen	1909	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 4: 532	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	 nesea K. Andersen, 1909; <b>minimus</b> Phillips, 1968.	Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).	Solomon Isls, including Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Dobsonia inermis	23	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	DOBSONIINI	Dobsonia	NA	inermis	K. Andersen	1909	0						"San Cristobal [= Makira Island]," Makira-Ulawa Province, Solomon Islands.			inermis K. Andersen, 1909	NA	NA	Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_inermis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_inermis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	6778	Dobsonia inermis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Dobsonia	inermis	Andersen, 1909		20000000	Dobsonia inermis	Least Concern		2016	2016-05-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, large population, tolerance of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It roosts in medium-sized to large caves, although small numbers of individuals have been found in rock overhangs. It forages in primary forests, village gardens and disturbed areas.	There are no major threats to this species. Whilst commonly observed in coastal areas, its dependence on caves for breeding in large colonies makes it particularly susceptible to even low levels of human disturbance and hunting. Hunting of this species at cave roosts is common practice in many parts; however, the absence of firearms often prohibits large numbers of individuals being taken in the Solomon Islands. There, animals are instead hunted using slings or traditional traps constructed out of the barbed tendrils of lawyer cane (Callamus spp.) (T. Lavery pers. comm.).	This species is widespread and remains common throughout its range. Comparisons of mist-net survey data for eight localities across Kolombangara, New Georgia and Vangunu Islands in 1992 and 2015 reveal overall capture rates have remained stable for this species (measured as captures per metre-squared mist-net hours). It is unknown to what extent there is genetic connectivity between island populations. It is unlikely, for instance, that there is any regular exchange of genes between the most distant population on Rennell Island and other islands in the Solomon Archipelago (S. Hamilton pers. comm.).	Stable	This species has been recorded from much of the Solomon Islands as well as neighbouring islands in Papua New Guinea (i.e., Bougainville and Buka, and possibly Nissan). Occurs from sea level to 1,300 m asl.	Bonaccorso (1998) states: "This bat is hunted to obtain canine teeth used in bride-price necklaces on Buka Island. Such a necklace may have teeth from 200 pteropodid bats and fetch 300 kina when sold, but fortunately can be recycled to more than one bride in a family (S. Hamilton pers. comm.). "Questionnaires in Western Province and Guadalcanal during a University of the South Pacific MSc project in 2015 indicated that traditional uses include jewellery, money, and making needles and hooks (C. Posala pers. comm.).	Terrestrial	There are no known conservation measures pertaining to this species.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia		inermis	K. Andersen	1909	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 4: 532	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	 nesea K. Andersen, 1909; <b>minimus</b> Phillips, 1968.	Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).	Solomon Isls, including Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Dobsonia inermis	1004397	23	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	HARPYIONYCTERINAE	DOBSONIINI	Dobsonia	NA	inermis	K. Andersen	1909	0						"San Cristobal [= Makira Island]," Makira-Ulawa Province, Solomon Islands.			inermis K. Andersen, 1909	NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_inermis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_inermis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Dobsonia_inermis	1004397	23	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Harpyionycterinae	Dobsoniini	Dobsonia	NA	inermis	Andersen	0	Dobsonia inermis	Andersen, K.C. 1909-12-01. On the fruit-bats of the genus _Dobsonia_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)4(24):528-536.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22097913	BMNH:Mamm:1856.7.7.5	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/aca8abb9-86d9-4734-a9d9-085a89670702	"San Cristobal [= Makira Island]," Makira-Ulawa Province, Solomon Islands.			NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Dobsonia_inermis	0	sciname match	Dobsonia_inermis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Dobsonia		inermis	K. Andersen	1909	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 4: 532	Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat	nesea K. Andersen, 1909; minimus Phillips, 1968.	Solomon Isls, Makira (San Cristobal Isl).	Solomon Isls, including Bougainville Isl (Papua New Guinea).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6778/22033222/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	viridis species group; see discussion in Bergmans (1978) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Dobsonia inermis; Dobsonia inermis; Dobsonia inermis; Dobsonia inermis; Dobsonia inermis; Dobsonia inermis; inermis; minimus; nesea; inermus; minimus; nesea; minimus; nesea; inermis; Roussette des Salomon; Salomonen-Nacktrickenflughund; Dobsonia de Salomén; Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat; Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat; Solomons Bare-backed Fruit Bat; Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat; Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat; D. inermis