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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L228	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus albus		[MSW2] Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969:48, 49), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980:46) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medellin (1988, Mammalian Species, 316).; [MSW3] Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medellín (1988).; [HMW] Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 , “ am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo.” Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as “Canavieiras,” Rio Pardo , Bahia , Brazil . Diclidurus albus is in the subgenus Diclidurus .. Populations in Central America might be a distinct species referable as D. virgo , but additional studies are needed. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Diclidurus . Includes virgo ; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).; [IUCN] Controversy abounds over who deserves the credit for naming D. albus . Oken may have been responsible, but credit is usually given to Wied-Neuwied (1820) (Potchynok and Myers 2006). Populations in Central America may be distinct species referable to D. virgo but more study is needed (B.K. Lim pers. comm.).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Diclidurus . Includes virgo ; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).				virgo		freyreisii, virgo.	albus, virgo	albus, virgo	freyreisii	albus, virgo		albus, virgo	albus - freyreisii	albus, freyreisii, virgo	Controversy abounds over who deserves the credit for naming D. albus . Oken may have been responsible, but credit is usually given to Wied-Neuwied (1820) (Potchynok and Myers 2006). Populations in Central America may be distinct species referable to D. virgo but more study is needed (B.K. Lim pers. comm.).	albus, virgo	albus - freyreisii 	albus, freyreisii, virgo	albus, freyreissii, freyressii, virgo, freyreisii	albus, virgo	albus - freyreisii	albus zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820|freyreisii zu Wied-Neuwied, 1820 [not used as valid | nomen novum]|freyreissii J. B. Fischer, 1829 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|freyressii Lesson, 1842 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|virgo O. Thomas, 1903		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		E Peru, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Trinidad	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Diclidurus albus	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.	Wied	1820	Isis von Oken for 1819, p. 1630.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical western Mexico (Sinaloa) to eastern Brazil, including Trinidad (west of the Andes not south of Colombia).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		E Peru, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, (?) Trinidad	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Wied-Neuwied	1820	Isis von Oken, 1819:1630 [1820].	Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969:48, 49), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980:46) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medellin (1988, Mammalian Species, 316).	Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil and Trinidad.	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.		WIED-NEUWIED	1819	Size medium (forearm length, 63-6 9 mm). Upper incisors and upper premolars variable.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical western Mexico (Sinaloa) to eastern Brazil, including Trinidad (west of the Andes not south of Colombia).	Two subspecies:	D. a. albus (presumeably northeastern Peru, southern Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian and eastern Brazil), D. a. virgo (Middle America, Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad).	48	species	D. albus	WIED-NEUWIED	1819	Diclidurus	subgenus	Diclidurus albus				Size medium (forearm length, 63-6 9 mm). Upper incisors and upper premolars variable.	Two subspecies:		3. D. albus WIED-NEUWIED 1819.	3	_D. a. albus_ Wied-Neuwied, 1820 (synonyms: _freyreisii_ Wied-Neuwied, 1820); _D. a. virgo_ Thomas, 1903			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Emballonuridae	Emballonurinae		Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied		1819	1820	Isis von Oken	1819		1630		Northern Ghost Bat	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.	Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil and Trinidad.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	freyreisii Wied, 1838; virgo Thomas, 1903.	Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medellín (1988).	03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd	hash://md5/ffecff8affcf4c04ffa53577fff8ffe9	367	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/D5/87/03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.xml	Diclidurus albus	Emballonuridae	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	Northern Ghost Bat @en | Diclidure fantôme @fr | Weisse Gespenstfledermaus @de | Dicliduro norteno @es | White Ghost Bat @en	Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 , “ am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo.” Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as “Canavieiras,” Rio Pardo , Bahia , Brazil . Diclidurus albus is in the subgenus Diclidurus .. Populations in Central America might be a distinct species referable as D. virgo , but additional studies are needed. Two subspecies recognized.	D. a. albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 - the Guianas, most of Brazil, and E Peru. D. a. virgo Thomas, 1903 — from SW & S Mexico S through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad I, and W Ecuador.	Head—body 68—82 mm, tail 18-22 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 63-69 mm; weight 17- 24 g. The Northern Ghost Bat has white fur on dorsum and venter, but basal one- third of hairs are neutral gray. Some individuals appear more grayish than white. Flight membranes are unpigmented but appear pinkish from rich vascularization. Ears are yellow. Arms, legs, and face are pink. Eyes are large. Lower regions of the face are naked. Although wing sacs are absent, glandular sac occurs around tip of tail that is more developed in males than females. Thumbs are vestigial. Dental formula of all species of Diclidurus is 11/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.	Riparian and tropical rainforests and human-disturbed areas such as plantations, clearings, and villages from sea level to elevations of c.1700 m. In Brazil, the Northern Ghost Bat occurs in Amazonian wet forests and Atlantic Dry Forest, the latter biome being highly fragmented.	Northern Ghost Bats are insectivorous, and moths are favored in their diets. They forage for aerial insects high above forest canopies and large clearings and over water. Visual observations suggest foraging can occur up to 135 m aboveground.	In Mexico, copulations occur in January-February, and pregnancy and lactation take place through June. Females produce one young that remains with them at least through August. Non-pregnant adult females have been observed in December-February, suggesting they are monoestrous.	Northern Ghost Bats are crepuscular. Palms are used as day roosts including coconut palms ( Cocos nucifera ). On the Pacific slope of Mexico , Northern Ghost Bats roost in native palm Orbignya cohune , and in eastern Mexico Astrocaryum mexicana (all Arecaceae ). They roost near rachis ofa palm frond 2-25 m aboveground, with their white coloration making them very cryptic when viewed from below against sunlight. They emit low-frequency echolocation calls, with very long pulse durations.	For most of the year, Northern Ghost Bats are solitary except for females with dependent young. Small, temporary groups of a male and up to three adult females occur during breeding season. Individuals in a breeding group roost 5—10 cm from each other. In Jalisco, Mexico, Northern Ghost Bats are present only from late October to May, suggesting some populations are migratory.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Ghost Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Additional studies are needed on its distribution, habitat, ecology, and conservation threats.	Ceballos & Medellin (1988) | erreira et al. (2013) | Hood & Gardner (2008) | Kalko (1995a) | Lim, B.K. et al. (1999) | Potchynok (2006) | Villa (1967) | Wied-Neuwied (1826)	https://zenodo.org/record/3747972/files/figure.png	38 . Northern Ghost Bat Diclidurus albus French: Diclidure fantôme / German: Weisse Gespenstfledermaus / Spanish: Dicliduro norteno Other common names: White Ghost Bat Taxonomy . Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 , “ am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo.” Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as “Canavieiras,” Rio Pardo , Bahia , Brazil . Diclidurus albus is in the subgenus Diclidurus .. Populations in Central America might be a distinct species referable as D. virgo , but additional studies are needed. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. D. a. albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 - the Guianas, most of Brazil, and E Peru. D. a. virgo Thomas, 1903 — from SW & S Mexico S through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad I, and W Ecuador. Descriptive notes. Head—body 68—82 mm, tail 18-22 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 63-69 mm; weight 17- 24 g. The Northern Ghost Bat has white fur on dorsum and venter, but basal one- third of hairs are neutral gray. Some individuals appear more grayish than white. Flight membranes are unpigmented but appear pinkish from rich vascularization. Ears are yellow. Arms, legs, and face are pink. Eyes are large. Lower regions of the face are naked. Although wing sacs are absent, glandular sac occurs around tip of tail that is more developed in males than females. Thumbs are vestigial. Dental formula of all species of Diclidurus is 11/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Habitat . Riparian and tropical rainforests and human-disturbed areas such as plantations, clearings, and villages from sea level to elevations of c.1700 m. In Brazil, the Northern Ghost Bat occurs in Amazonian wet forests and Atlantic Dry Forest, the latter biome being highly fragmented. Food and Feeding . Northern Ghost Bats are insectivorous, and moths are favored in their diets. They forage for aerial insects high above forest canopies and large clearings and over water. Visual observations suggest foraging can occur up to 135 m aboveground. Breeding . In Mexico, copulations occur in January-February, and pregnancy and lactation take place through June. Females produce one young that remains with them at least through August. Non-pregnant adult females have been observed in December-February, suggesting they are monoestrous. Activity patterns. Northern Ghost Bats are crepuscular. Palms are used as day roosts including coconut palms ( Cocos nucifera ). On the Pacific slope of Mexico , Northern Ghost Bats roost in native palm Orbignya cohune , and in eastern Mexico Astrocaryum mexicana (all Arecaceae ). They roost near rachis ofa palm frond 2-25 m aboveground, with their white coloration making them very cryptic when viewed from below against sunlight. They emit low-frequency echolocation calls, with very long pulse durations. Movements, Home range and Social organization. For most of the year, Northern Ghost Bats are solitary except for females with dependent young. Small, temporary groups of a male and up to three adult females occur during breeding season. Individuals in a breeding group roost 5—10 cm from each other. In Jalisco, Mexico, Northern Ghost Bats are present only from late October to May, suggesting some populations are migratory. Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Ghost Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Additional studies are needed on its distribution, habitat, ecology, and conservation threats. Bibliography. Ceballos & Medellin (1988), erreira et al. (2013), Hood & Gardner (2008), Kalko (1995a), Lim, B.K. et al. (1999), Potchynok (2006), Villa (1967), Wied-Neuwied (1826).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Emballonuridae	Diclidurus albus	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	0	Isis von Oken	1846:10:00	Northern Ghost Bat	 freyreisii Wied, 1838; <b> virgo </b> Thomas, 1903.	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.	Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil, Bolivia, and Trinidad.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Diclidurus . Includes virgo ; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Diclidurus albus	23	Northern Ghost Bat	White Ghost Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	EMBALLONUROIDEA	EMBALLONURIDAE	EMBALLONURINAE	DICLIDURINI	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	0	Diclidurus_albus	Wied-Neuwied, M. (1820). In Oken, L. Isis, oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken (for 1819), 1630.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88008#page/837/mode/1up	ZMB 4478		"am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo." Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as "Canavieiras," Rio Pardo, Bahia, Brazil.			albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820|freyreisii Wied-Neuwied, 1820|virgo O. Thomas, 1903	NA	NA	Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Diclidurus_albus	0	sciname match	Diclidurus_albus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	6561	Diclidurus albus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	EMBALLONURIDAE	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied, 1820	Controversy abounds over who deserves the credit for naming D. albus . Oken may have been responsible, but credit is usually given to Wied-Neuwied (1820) (Potchynok and Myers 2006). Populations in Central America may be distinct species referable to D. virgo but more study is needed (B.K. Lim pers. comm.).	20000000	Diclidurus albus	Least Concern		2016	2016-07-01 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	Diclidurus albus prefer humid habitats like riparian and tropical rainforests but have been found in human-disturbed areas like plantations, clearings, and over villages (Ceballos and Medellin 1988). They are solitary, and like all members of the family are insectivorous (Ceballos and Medellin 1988).	There are no major threats to this widespread species.	They do not form colonies and are found in small groups only during the breeding season (Ceballos and Medellin 1988). The home range size for D. albus is unknown (Potchynok and Myers 2006). The species has been recorded roosting singly by day, except when aggregating into breeding groups, beneath the fronds of coconut palms. At the onset of the reproductive season, small groups consisting of a male and several females have been found ;roosting together (Hood and Gardner 2008).	Unknown	This species occurs from Nayarit (Mexico) to northern Peru, eastern Brazil and Trinidad (Simmons 2005, Hood and Gardner 2008).		Terrestrial	Further studies are needed into the distribution, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Emballonuridae	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	0	Isis von Oken	1846:10:00	Northern Ghost Bat	 freyreisii Wied, 1838; <b> virgo </b> Thomas, 1903.	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.	Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil, Bolivia, and Trinidad.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Diclidurus . Includes virgo ; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).	Diclidurus albus	1004783	23	Northern Ghost Bat	White Ghost Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	EMBALLONUROIDEA	Emballonuridae	EMBALLONURINAE	DICLIDURINI	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	0	Diclidurus_albus	Wied-Neuwied, M. (1820). In Oken, L. Isis, oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken (for 1819), 1630.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88008#page/837/mode/1up	ZMB 4478		"am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo." Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as "Canavieiras," Rio Pardo, Bahia, Brazil.			albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820|freyreisii Wied-Neuwied, 1820|virgo O. Thomas, 1903	NA	NA				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Diclidurus_albus	0	sciname match	Diclidurus_albus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Diclidurus_albus	1004783	23	Northern Ghost Bat	White Ghost Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Emballonuroidea	Emballonuridae	Emballonurinae	Diclidurini	Diclidurus	NA	albus	zu Wied-Neuwied	0	Diclidurus albus	Wied-Neuwied, M. zu. 1820. _Diclidurus_, Klappenschwanz. Ein neues Genus der Chiropteren aus Brasilien. Isis von Oken 1819(10):1629-1630.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27528582	ZMB 4478	holotype		"am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo." Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as "Canavieiras," Rio Pardo, Bahia, Brazil.			NA	NA				Mexico|Guatemala|Belize|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Diclidurus_albus	0	sciname match	Diclidurus_albus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Emballonuridae	Diclidurus	Diclidurus	albus	Wied-Neuwied	1820	0	Isis von Oken	1819 (4): 1630	Northern Ghost Bat	freyreisii Wied, 1838; virgo Thomas, 1903.	Brazil, Bahia, Rio Pardo, Canavieiras.	Nayarit (Mexico) to E Brazil, Bolivia, and Trinidad.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6561/21986615/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Diclidurus. Includes virgo; see Goodwin (1969), but see also Ojasti and Linares (1971). Corbet and Hill (1980) listed virgo as a distinct species without comment. See Ceballos and Medell&iacute;n (1988).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Diclidurus albus; Diclidurus albus; Diclidurus albus; Diclidurus albus; Diclidurus albus; Diclidurus albus; albus; virgo; freyreisii; albus; virgo; virgo; freyreisii; albus; freyreisii; virgo; Northern Ghost Bat; Diclidure fantôme; Weisse Gespenstfledermaus; Dicliduro norteno; White Ghost Bat; Northern Ghost Bat; White Ghost Bat; Northern Ghost Bat; Northern Ghost Bat; D. albus