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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L209	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheileus	Cynopterus titthaecheileus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus titthaecheilus		[MSW2] Formerly included in C. sphinx, but see Hill (1983).; [MSW3] Formerly included in sphinx, but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 , “ Les iles de Java et de Sumatra .” Cynopterus titthaecheilus was formerly a subspecies of C. sphinx . Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Formerly included in sphinx , but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).; [batnames2023] Formerly included in sphinx , but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included in sphinx, but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).						major, terminus.	titthaecheileus, major, terminus	titthaecheilus, major, terminus	diardii	titthaecheilus, major, terminus		titthaecheilus, major, terminus	titthaecheilus - diardii	titthaecheilus, diardii, major, terminus		titthaecheilus, major, terminus	titthaecheilus - diardii	titthaecheilus, diardii, major, terminus 	titthaecheilus, diardii, diardi, major, terminus 	major, terminus, titthaecheilus	titthaecheilus - diardii	titthaecheilus (Temminck, 1825)|diardii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828)|diardi (Lesson, 1842) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|major G. S. Miller, 1906|tithaecheilus Lyon, 1908 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|terminus Sody, 1940|titthaecheileus Koopman, 1993 [incorrect subsequent spelling]						N/A					Dis tribution: Confined to Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sun das, and small nearby islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	(? terminus)	Sumatra, Krakatoa I, Nias I, Java; Bali; Lombok; ? Timor; ref. 4.12	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1825	Monogr. Mamm. 1:198.	Formerly included in C. sphinx, but see Hill (1983).	Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.	Indonesia, Java, Bogor.		TEMMINCK	1825	Molars and premolars relatively narrow and oval in out line. Surface cusp on last lower premolar and fist lower molar small or absent. Size large (forearm length, 70-83 mm; ear length, 16-23 mm).	Dis tribution: Confined to Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sun das, and small nearby islands.	Three currently recognized subspecies (HILL 1983):	C. t. titthaecheileus (Sumatra, Java, Lombok), C. t. major (Nias island off western Sumatra), C. t. terminus (Timor).	33	species	C. titthaecheileus	TEMMINCK	1825	Cynopterus	genus	Cynopterus titthaecheileus				Molars and premolars relatively narrow and oval in out line. Surface cusp on last lower premolar and fist lower molar small or absent. Size large (forearm length, 70-83 mm; ear length, 16-23 mm).	Three currently recognized subspecies (HILL 1983):		4. C. titthaecheileus (TEMMINCK 1825).	4	_C. t. major_ Miller, 1906; _C. t. terminus_ Sody, 1940; _C. t. titthaecheilus_ (Temminck, 1825) (synonyms: _diardii_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus		titthaecheilus	Temminck	y	1825		Monogr. Mamm.	1		198		Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).	Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	diardii E. Geoffroy, 1828; major Miller, 1906; terminus Sody, 1940.	Formerly included in sphinx, but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995b).	03AD87FAFFCEF62089AE35E2FACDF422	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	68	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCEF62089AE35E2FACDF422.xml	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus	titthaecheilus		1825	Cynoptére de Temminck @fr | German @en | ndonesien-Kurznasenflughund @en | Cyndptero de @es | ndonesia @en	Pteropus titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 , “ Les iles de Java et de Sumatra .” Cynopterus titthaecheilus was formerly a subspecies of C. sphinx . Three subspecies recognized.	C.t.titthaecheilusTemminck,1825—Suma-tra(includingKrakatauandSebesiIs),Java,andWLesserSundaIs(BaliandLombok). C.t.majorG.S.Miller,1906—Nias1. C. t. terminus Sody, 1940 — Timor 1.	Wendie 114-127 mm,tail 9-12-5 mm, ear 18-23 mm, hindfoot 14-19 mm, forearm 74-5-84 mm; weight 76-84 g. The Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is medium to large in size, with white ear rims and inconspicuous white wing digits. Muzzle is moderately short, bare skin is dark brown, nostrils are barely tubular, philtrum is marked, and two large triangular pads occur on lowerlip. Eyes are moderately large; iris is chestnut to olive-brown. Ears are long, dark brown, and narrowly edged in white. Pelage of head is dark grayish brown, extending into nape and dorsum where it is longer and with reddish, sometimes olive tinge; pelage becomes woollier over upper one-half of well-developed uropatagium; and calcar is short. Ruff is intense reddish orange to rich russet, with long and stiff hairs that continue up to ear bases and almostjoin on sides of back; ruff is much paler and less extended in females. Center of belly is gray, often washed with tawny-olive, and base of forearm and ventral upper one-half of uropatagium are lightly haired in dull cream to light brownish gray. Genitals are dark. Wing membranes are grayish brown; index claw is present; and dorsally, wing digits are whitish, more notable in phalanges. Juveniles lack ruff and are grayer overall, with grayish brown dorsum and slate-gray underparts. Skull lacks basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately short, forehead slopes, frontal profile is flat, braincase is rounded, zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is moderately strong and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, reaching postorbital foramen; postorbital process is short; braincase is oval, with sharp low sagittal and nuchal crests. Ventrally, palate is wide anteriorly and flat; post-dentalis long and converges posteriorly; palatine spine is inconspicuous, joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is wide anteriorly and edged internally with long entotympanic. Mandible is well developed, coronoid is steeply ascending, tip is squared, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is well marked. Upper incisors are long and thin; C! is moderately long but bulky, with marked accessory inner cusp; P! is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are rather strong, rectangular in outline, and decreasing in height posteriorly. Lower incisors are long, with bifid cutting edge; P has triangular crown; C, is tall and straight, with accessory inner cusp; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease in height posteriorly, rectangular in outline; flat surface cusps often occur on M; and M,is peg-like. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with eleven submetacentric pairs, two subtelocentric pairs, three small acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric and medium-sized, and Y-chromosomeis acrocentric and small.	Disturbed and degraded forests and more frequently secondary habitats and coastal forests from sea level up to elevations of 800 m .	The Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is mainly frugivorous but also eats leaves and pollen during dry season mainly in coastal forest. On Lombok, pollen from up to 13 plant species is eaten, and three pollen types can be found simultaneously in one individual. In sympatry with other species of Cynopterus , the Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat tends to eat the largest fruits.	No information.	No information.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is stable, but the Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is uncommon and not known to occur in any protected area.	Andersen (1912b) | Ando et al. (1980a) | Kitchener, Gunnell & Maharadatunkamsi (1990) | Tsang (2016a)		11. Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus titthaecheilus French: Cynoptére de Temminck / German: Indonesien-Kurznasenflughund / Spanish: Cyndptero de Indonesia Taxonomy. Pteropus titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 , “ Les iles de Java et de Sumatra .” Cynopterus titthaecheilus was formerly a subspecies of C. sphinx . Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.t.titthaecheilusTemminck,1825—Suma-tra(includingKrakatauandSebesiIs),Java,andWLesserSundaIs(BaliandLombok). C.t.majorG.S.Miller,1906—Nias1. C. t. terminus Sody, 1940 — Timor 1. Descriptive notes. Wendie 114-127 mm,tail 9-12-5 mm, ear 18-23 mm, hindfoot 14-19 mm, forearm 74-5-84 mm; weight 76-84 g. The Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is medium to large in size, with white ear rims and inconspicuous white wing digits. Muzzle is moderately short, bare skin is dark brown, nostrils are barely tubular, philtrum is marked, and two large triangular pads occur on lowerlip. Eyes are moderately large; iris is chestnut to olive-brown. Ears are long, dark brown, and narrowly edged in white. Pelage of head is dark grayish brown, extending into nape and dorsum where it is longer and with reddish, sometimes olive tinge; pelage becomes woollier over upper one-half of well-developed uropatagium; and calcar is short. Ruff is intense reddish orange to rich russet, with long and stiff hairs that continue up to ear bases and almostjoin on sides of back; ruff is much paler and less extended in females. Center of belly is gray, often washed with tawny-olive, and base of forearm and ventral upper one-half of uropatagium are lightly haired in dull cream to light brownish gray. Genitals are dark. Wing membranes are grayish brown; index claw is present; and dorsally, wing digits are whitish, more notable in phalanges. Juveniles lack ruff and are grayer overall, with grayish brown dorsum and slate-gray underparts. Skull lacks basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately short, forehead slopes, frontal profile is flat, braincase is rounded, zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is moderately strong and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, reaching postorbital foramen; postorbital process is short; braincase is oval, with sharp low sagittal and nuchal crests. Ventrally, palate is wide anteriorly and flat; post-dentalis long and converges posteriorly; palatine spine is inconspicuous, joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is wide anteriorly and edged internally with long entotympanic. Mandible is well developed, coronoid is steeply ascending, tip is squared, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is well marked. Upper incisors are long and thin; C! is moderately long but bulky, with marked accessory inner cusp; P! is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are rather strong, rectangular in outline, and decreasing in height posteriorly. Lower incisors are long, with bifid cutting edge; P has triangular crown; C, is tall and straight, with accessory inner cusp; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease in height posteriorly, rectangular in outline; flat surface cusps often occur on M; and M,is peg-like. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with eleven submetacentric pairs, two subtelocentric pairs, three small acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric and medium-sized, and Y-chromosomeis acrocentric and small. Habitat. Disturbed and degraded forests and more frequently secondary habitats and coastal forests from sea level up to elevations of 800 m . Food and Feeding. The Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is mainly frugivorous but also eats leaves and pollen during dry season mainly in coastal forest. On Lombok, pollen from up to 13 plant species is eaten, and three pollen types can be found simultaneously in one individual. In sympatry with other species of Cynopterus , the Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat tends to eat the largest fruits. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is stable, but the Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat is uncommon and not known to occur in any protected area. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Ando et al. (1980a), Kitchener, Gunnell & Maharadatunkamsi (1990), Tsang (2016a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Cynopterus		titthaecheilus	Temminck	1825	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.1792	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 diardii E. Geoffroy, 1828; <b> major </b> Miller, 1906; <b>t erminus </b> Sody, 1940.	Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).	Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included in sphinx , but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	23	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	titthaecheilus	Temminck	1825	1						"Les îles de Java et de Sumatra."			titthaecheilus (Temminck, 1825)|diardii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828)|major G. S. Miller, 1906|terminus Sody, 1940	NA	NA	Indonesia|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	6107	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Cynopterus	titthaecheilus	(Temminck, 1825)		20000000	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	Least Concern		2016	2016-01-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, stable population, and tolerance of a broad range of habitats.	It is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, including secondary and disturbed habitats. It was observed roosting in an old building (U.Sinaga pers. comm.).This species often co-occurs with other Cynopterus species, resulting in exploitation of the largest available fruits in the area in order to allow for niche partitioning (Sheherazade pers. comm.). Previous research also suggests that this species will consume pollen from a range of plant species and a significant amount of leaves (Kitchener et al. 1990).	Hunting is a localised threat in some parts of the species range, but likely does not occur at a rate that is significantly impacting species persistence aslo cals consume opportunistically captured bats (Tsang pers. obs.). More studies are needed to determine populations in response to exploitation.	The population is stable but it is uncommon throughout its range.	Stable	This species occurs in Indonesia on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands (Corbet and Hill 1992).		Terrestrial	It is not known if the species has been recorded from any protected areas. Further studies are needed in to the distribution, abundance, and natural history of this species.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		titthaecheilus	Temminck	1825	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.179167	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 diardii E. Geoffroy, 1828; <b> major </b> Miller, 1906; <b>t erminus </b> Sody, 1940.	Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).	Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included in sphinx , but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).	Cynopterus titthaecheilus	1004380	23	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	titthaecheilus	Temminck	1825	1						"Les îles de Java et de Sumatra."			titthaecheilus (Temminck, 1825)|diardii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828)|major G. S. Miller, 1906|terminus Sody, 1940	NA	NA				Indonesia|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	1004380	23	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Cynopterus	NA	titthaecheilus	Temminck	1	Pteropus titthæcheilus	Temminck, C.J. 1825. Livraison 5. Pp. 157–204 in Temminck, C.J. 1827. Monographies de Mammalogie. G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 268 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52681344	RMNH.MAM.38033	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38033.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38033.b	"Les îles de Java et de Sumatra."			NA	NA				Indonesia|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_titthaecheilus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		titthaecheilus	Temminck	1825	1	Monogr. Mamm.	0.179167	Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat	diardii E. Geoffroy, 1828; major Miller, 1906; terminus Sody, 1940.	Indonesia, Java, Bogor (restricted by Andersen, 1912).	Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor, and adjacent small islands.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6107/22114054/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Formerly included in sphinx, but see Hill (1983); also see Corbet and Hill (1992). The position of diardii in this synonymy remains somewhat uncertain, see Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pavlinov et al. (1995).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; Cynopterus titthaecheilus; titthaecheilus; major; terminus; diardii; titthaecheilus; major; terminus; major; terminus; diardii; titthaecheilus; diardii; major; terminus; Cynoptére de Temminck; German; ndonesien-Kurznasenflughund; Cyndptero de; ndonesia; Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Cynopterus tittaecheilus; C. titthaecheilus