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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L208	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus sphinx		[MSW2] Includes angulatus (see Hill and Thonglongya, 1972). Does not include titthaecheileus (see Hill, 1983).; [MSW3] This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis, and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Includes angulatus; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).; [HMW] Vespertilio sphinx Vahl, 1797 , Tranquebar , Madras, India . Subspecies scherzeri might be a separate species, and subspecies babi might be conspecific with C. nusatenggara . Six subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis , and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al . (2002). Includes angulatus ; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus ; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri ; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis ); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).; [IUCN] There is considerable confusion between this species and Cynopterus brachyotis . Recent molecular studies confirm that C. sphinx is genetically distinct from C. brachyotis (Bumrungsri 2005). Some authorities list scherzeri Zelebor, 1869 under C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838) (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992), while some treat it as synonym of Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797) (Hill and Thonglongya 1972; Hill 1983; Koopman 1993; Bates and Harrison 1997). Simmons (2005) suggests that although scherzeri is listed as a valid subspecies of C. sphinx , it might prove to be distinct species.; [batnames2023] This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis , and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al . (2002). Includes angulatus ; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus ; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri ; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis ); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).; [batnames2025_1.7] This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis, and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Includes angulatus; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).				angulatus		angulatus, babi, gangeticus, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani.	sphinx, angulatus, scherzeri, serasani, babi, pagensis	sphinx, angulatus, babi, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani	brevicaudatum, ellioti, fibulatus, gangeticus, marginatus, pusillus, sphynx	sphinx, angulatus, babi, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani		sphinx, angulatus, babi, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani	sphinx - brevicaudatum, ellioti, fibulatus, gangeticus, marginatus, pusillus, sphynx	sphinx, fibulatus, pusillus, marginatus, brevicaudatum, scherzeri, ellioti, angulatus, pagensis, gangeticus, babi, sphynx, serasani	There is considerable confusion between this species and Cynopterus brachyotis . Recent molecular studies confirm that C. sphinx is genetically distinct from C. brachyotis (Bumrungsri 2005). Some authorities list scherzeri Zelebor, 1869 under C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838) (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992), while some treat it as synonym of Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797) (Hill and Thonglongya 1972; Hill 1983; Koopman 1993; Bates and Harrison 1997). Simmons (2005) suggests that although scherzeri is listed as a valid subspecies of C. sphinx , it might prove to be distinct species.	sphinx, angulatus, babi, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani	sphinx - brevicaudatum, ellioti, fibulatus, gangeticus, marginatus, pusillus, sphynx	sphinx, fibulatus, pusillus, marginatus, brevicaudatum, scherzeri, ellioti, angulatus, pagensis, gangeticus, babi, sphynx, serasani	fibulatus, pusillus, marginatus, brevicaudatus, scherzeri, scherzeri, elliotii, |angulatus, pagensis, gangeticus, babi, sphynx, serasani, ellioti	angulatus, babi, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani, sphinx	sphinx - brevicaudatum, ellioti, fibulatus, gangeticus, marginatus, pusillus, sphynx 	fibulatus (Vahl, 1797)|sphinx (Vahl, 1797)|pusillus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|marginatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|brevicaudatus (Temminck, 1837) [preoccupied]|scherzeri (Fitzinger, 1861) [nomen nudum]|scherzeri Zelebor, 1868|elliotii J. E. Gray, 1871|angulatus G. S. Miller, 1898|pagensis G. S. Miller, 1906|gangeticus Andersen, 1910|babi Lyon, 1916|ellioti O. Thomas, 1918 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|sphynx Sody, 1933 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|serasani Paradiso, 1971		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Short-nosed fruit bat	India – S China – Java, Timor; ref. 4.37	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Cynopterus sphinx	India, Madras, Tranquebar.	Vahl	1797	Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen, 4(1):123.	Dis tribution: Pakistan and Ceylon east to southern China and south to Sumatra and probably Bor neo.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Short-nosed fruit bat	? SE Pakistan; India – S China – Java, Andaman Is; Borneo	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Vahl	1797	Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen, 4(1):123.	Includes angulatus (see Hill and Thonglongya, 1972). Does not include titthaecheileus (see Hill, 1983).	Sri Lanka, India, S China, SE Asia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.	India, Madras, Tranquebar.		VAHL	1797	Molars and pre molars relatively narrow and oval in outline. Sur face cusp on last lower premolar and first lower molar small or absent. Size medium (forearm length, 64-78 mm; ear length, 16-24 mm).	Dis tribution: Pakistan and Ceylon east to southern China and south to Sumatra and probably Bor neo.	Probably six currently recognized sub species (HILL 1983):	C. s. sphinx (Pakistan and Ceylon to Burma), C. s. angulatus (southern China to Sumatra and probably Borneo), C. s. scherzeri (Nicobars), C. s. serasani (Natunas), C. s. babi (Babi island off western Sumatra), C. s. pagensis (Mentawi islands off western Sumatra).	32	species	C. sphinx	VAHL	1797	Cynopterus	genus	Cynopterus sphinx				Molars and pre molars relatively narrow and oval in outline. Sur face cusp on last lower premolar and first lower molar small or absent. Size medium (forearm length, 64-78 mm; ear length, 16-24 mm).	Probably six currently recognized sub species (HILL 1983):		3. C. sphinx (VAHL 1797).	3	_C. s. angulatus_ Miller, 1898; _C. s. babi_ Lyon, 1916; _C. s. pagensis_ Miller, 1906; _C. s. scherzeri_ Zelebor, 1868 (synonyms: _scherzeri_ (Fitzinger, 1861)); _C. s. serasani_ Paradiso, 1971; _C. s. sphinx_ (Vahl, 1797) (synonyms: _brevicaudatus_ (Temminck, 1837), _elliotii_ Gray, 1871, _fibulatus_ (Vahl, 1797), _gangeticus_ Andersen, 1910, _marginatus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810), _pusillus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus		sphinx	Vahl	y	1797		Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen	4	1	123		Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	India, Madras, Tranquebar.	Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, S China, SE Asia including Burma, Vietnam, and Cambodia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	brevicaudatum Temminck, 1837 [not I. Geoffroy]; ellioti Gray, 1870; fibulatus Vahl, 1797; gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910; marginatus E. Geoffroy, 1810; pusillus E. Geoffroy, 1803; sphynx Sody, 1933; angulatus Miller, 1898; babi Lyon, 1916; pagensis Miller, 1906; scherzeri Zelebor, 1869; serasani Paradiso, 1971.	This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis, and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Includes angulatus; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).	03AD87FAFFC2F62D8CB5374EFA8BF217	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	64	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFC2F62D8CB5374EFA8BF217.xml	Cynopterus sphinx	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus	sphinx		1797	Cynoptére a nez court @fr | Grof Rer Kurznasenflughund @de | Cynéptero de nariz corta @es | Short-nosed @en | ndian Fruit Bat @en | Sphinx Fruit Bat @en	Vespertilio sphinx Vahl, 1797 , Tranquebar , Madras, India . Subspecies scherzeri might be a separate species, and subspecies babi might be conspecific with C. nusatenggara . Six subspecies recognized.	C.s.sphinxVahl,1797—IndiansubcontinentSoftheHimalayanfoothillsfromIndusRiverValleyinPakistanEtoMyanmarborder,includingNepal,Bhutan,allIndia (excludingTharDesert),Bangladesh,SriLanka,andtheAndamanandNicobarIs(exceptCarNicobarI). C.s.angulatusG.S.Miller,1898—SEAsiafromWMyanmarEthroughSChina,includingHainanI,andStoNPeninsularMalaysia,alsoinSumatra,SBorneo,WJava,Bali,WSumbawa,andSSulawesi;probablyalsoonLombokI.RecordsfromSangeangIneedconfirmation. C.s.babiLyon,1916—BabiI,offNWcoastofSumatra. C.s.pagensisG.S.Miller,1906—BatuIs(TanahmasaandTanahbalaIs)andMentawaiIs(Siberut,Sipora,NorthPagai,andSouthPagaiIs). C.s.scherzeriZelebor,1869—CarNicobarI. C. s. serasani Paradiso, 1971 — Natuna Is (Natuna Besar and Serasan).	Head—body 89-109 mm, tail 13-18 mm, ear 19-23 mm, hindfoot 14-5-20-5 mm; forearm 67-76 mm; weight 34-53 g (males) and 28-70 g (females). Sexual dimorphism varies, with males larger in northern India and females larger in southern India . The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat has white ear rims and wing digits. Muzzle is moderately short; nostrils are shortly tubular, with roughened rims. Philtrum is marked, ending in two joined upper lip pads; two large, triangular lower pads occur on lip. Skin of muzzle and ears and around eyes is darklilac gray. Forehead slopes,top of head is rather wide and flat; eyes are separated and mid-sized, and 1ris 1s chestnutbrown. Ears are moderately long and oval, and tips are slightly attenuated, with white rims on medial and lateral sides. Head is brown, slightly darker (russet-brown) on crown, and hairs are longer on nape and dorsum, cinnamon-fawn to olive-brown on females and typically deeper olive-brown on males, and lighter near tail. Tail is short and c.50% ofits length is free from uropatagium, which is narrow and naked dorsally; calcar is small. Ample brownish orange ruff entersside of head up to ear bases. Chest and belly are drab gray, merging to deep olive buff posteriorly; hairs are short. Index claw is present; patagial and feet are dark lilac gray; and wing membranes originate on sides of body and attach to first toe. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is moderately short, forehead slopes gently, orbit is moderately large, braincaseis flattened anteriorly and more rounded posteriorly, zygomatic rootis nearly level with alveolar line, and zygoma is moderately thin, arched, and wide open. Dorsally, paranasal recesses are greatly inflated, reaching large postorbital foramen; postorbital processes are relatively thick and pointed posterolaterally; postorbital constriction is small; and temporal lines are joined medially in low sagittal crest. Palate is flat, post-dental palate is long and convergent, and palatine spine isjoined to mid-sphenoidal ridge. Ectotympanic is small and wide, more so anteriorly; entotympanic is along medial edge of ectotympanic. Mandible has sloping symphysis and straight body; coronoid is tall and sloping; condyle is slightly above lower alveolar line; and angle is round off. Dental formula for all species of Cynopterusis 12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 30. Upperincisors are small but with distinct crowns; C! is moderately long and straight, with convex anterior surface; P' is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are elongated, with cusps slanted forward and decreasing in height, and additional surface cusps are inconspicuous. Lower incisors and C, are small, Pis peg-like, next premolar (P,) is subequal in height to C,, and remaining cheekteeth decrease in size, with M, almost peg-like. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with 22 metacentric, five subtelocentric, and seven acrocentric chromosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome acrocentric.	Variety of habitats from relatively open, rural, and urban areas to primary and secondary forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 400 m . In undisturbed habitat, the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is more common in subcanopies of old growth forests.	More than 90% of diet of the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is fruit. It also eats flower products and leaves. It probably can exploit all bat-dispersed fruits in a given region and uses a greater proportion of larger fruits (less than 5 g ) than smaller sympatric species of Cynopterus . It visits a fruiting plant within its home range, circling it and landing directly on the fruit, often also plucking fruit on the wing. Fruit is often taken to a night roost usually 20-100 m away from the plant, under protective foliage 10-30 m aboveground. Fruit is chewed, and large seeds are discarded; small seeds are swallowed with juicy pulp. Individuals shuttle continually between fruiting trees and night roosts, with two peaks of foraging activity; first peak is before midnight. Individuals forage alone and search for fruits offered regularly in small quantities such as Musa spp. Second foraging peak occursafter midnight and involves small groups of up to 13 individuals foraging on big-bang fruiting trees, such as kapok ( Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae ) and particularly Ficus ( Moraceae ) that is heavily used throughout the distribution (e.g. k racemosa and F benghalensis in India ). Other consumed fruit are Ebenaceae ( Diospyros ), Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera ), Annonaceae ( Annona ), Rutaceae ( Acronychia , Atalantia ), Fabaceae ( Pithecellobium ), Combretaceae (7 Terminalia ), Arecaceae ( Phoenix ), Musaceae ( Musa ), Oleaceae ( Chionanthus ); including introduced fruiting species (e.g. Psidium , Myrtaceae ). The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat also eats leaves of some species of Fabaceae ( Cassia ), Sapotaceae ( Mimusops ), Cucurbitaceae ( Coccinia ), and Moringaceae ( Moringa ), often later in the night after foraging for fruit. Leaves have higher concentrations of protein and calcium than fruit, which are protein poor but rich in carbohydrates (e.g. Musa ) or lipids (e.g. Psidium ). Gut passage can last c.12 hours or more, after which viable seeds are dispersed in excrement.	Mating system of the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is polygynous and seasonally polyestrous, with two distinct reproductive periods per year (winter and summer). Males struggle to maintain exclusive mating access to receptive females in a roost. Mating occurs in October-November, and pregnancy (winter) lasts 150 days due to postimplantation delayed embryonic development. Births occur in February— March. Females undergo postpartum estrus, so they can be pregnant and lactating, with a shorter pregnancy of 120 days (with no delayed development), giving birth again inJune-July. Males that hold territories shire 64-81% of young.Littersize is one, and females produce a maximum of two young per year. Males experience two peaks of spermatogenesis, but residual spermatozoa are retained in ducts of epididymides year-round. Females attain sexual maturity at 7-8 months old, giving birth to their first young in their first year. Males become sexually mature and are able to mate at 15-20 months old, depending partly on their birth season. Neonates weigh 11-13-5 g at birth (c.18% of postpartum female weight) and are altricial, remaining attached to nipples and carried in flight for 10-15 days, after which young are left in the roost when females forage. Young are born naked,eyes open at dayfive,ears unfold at about day seven, and hairs sprout at day nine. Females roost holding their young wrapped in their wings until ¢.30 days old when young start roosting on the side of their mother. At c.45 days, young start flying clumsily and trying to forage for fruit. Young are weaned after 55 days and are able to forage independently at 65 days old.	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats are active from c.30 minutes after sunset throughout most of the night. Individuals significantly decreased activity in response to moonlight. Harem males spend c.50% of the night in a tent that they construct from leaves to defend their breeding spot; non-harem males spend less than 25% of the night in their tents. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats spend c.12 minutes or less in flight during the entire night, and the remainder of the time is spent in the tent (day roost) or the feeding (night) roost.	Movements of Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats are mainly from night roosts to feeding grounds and among fruiting trees and night roosts where fruit and leaves are eaten. Commuting flights from day roost to feeding grounds are up to 2-5 km but frequently 0-5-1 km. Flights to feeding areas were shorter for harem males (c.5 minutes) than non-harem males (8-12 minutes). Social organization is harem-based and centered on a male’s foliage tent that attracts reproductive females. Tents are made by chewing and severing vegetation parts, depending on tent type. Stem tents are built using branches of Polyalthia ( Annonaceae ) and Vernonia ( Asteraceae ) and fruit/flowerclusters of kital palm ( Caryota ; Arecaceae ), resulting in a spherical cavity open from below; umbrella tents are built using the palms ( Arecaceae ) Borassus , Corypha , Licuala , Livistona , Pritchardia , Sabal , and Roystonea , from which fronds are bitten in circles near their bases to collapse them distally. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats hang inside tents during the day; harem male roosts separately from his cluster of females, often displaying with spread wings. Roosting colonies can have 1-5 harems, each in a separate tent controlled bya single reproductive male, with occasional satellite males roosting outside but near a tent. Up to 19 females (mostly 1-6) roost in a given tent; females move among tents intermittently, exposing males to females outside his defended harem. Thus, harem organization is fluid temporally, with individuals shifting among roosts resulting in a social organization matching a fission-fusion model.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is generally common, except in more eastern locations such as Borneo where it is relatively rare. Population trend is increasing because it probably can take advantage of secondary habitats that become available with changes in land use and primary forest degradation. No major threats are known, as long as some forest cover remains. It is hunted for food and medicinal purposes in certain regions (e.g. southern China ), but these practices do not seem to affect overall population. It is considered an orchard pest throughoutits distribution.	Andersen (1912b) | Bates, Bumrungsri, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008) | Benda (2010a) | Bhat (1994) | Bumrungsri (2002) | Bumrungsri et al. (2007) | Elangovan & Marimuthu (2001) | Elangovan, Marimuthu & Kunz (1999, 2000, 2001) | Elangovan, Satya Priya et al. (2003) | Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982) | Marimuthu et al. (1998) | Meenakumari & Krishna (2005) | Meenakumari et al. (2009) | Nathan et al. (2005) | Ruby et al. (2000) | Shilton etal. (1999) | Simmons (2005) | Storz & Kunz (1999) | Storz, Balasingh et al. (2001) | Storz, Bhat & Kunz (2001a, 2001b)		5. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx French: Cynoptére a nez court / German: GrofRer Kurznasenflughund / Spanish: Cynéptero de nariz corta Other common names: Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat , Sphinx Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio sphinx Vahl, 1797 , Tranquebar , Madras, India . Subspecies scherzeri might be a separate species, and subspecies babi might be conspecific with C. nusatenggara . Six subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.sphinxVahl,1797—IndiansubcontinentSoftheHimalayanfoothillsfromIndusRiverValleyinPakistanEtoMyanmarborder,includingNepal,Bhutan,allIndia (excludingTharDesert),Bangladesh,SriLanka,andtheAndamanandNicobarIs(exceptCarNicobarI). C.s.angulatusG.S.Miller,1898—SEAsiafromWMyanmarEthroughSChina,includingHainanI,andStoNPeninsularMalaysia,alsoinSumatra,SBorneo,WJava,Bali,WSumbawa,andSSulawesi;probablyalsoonLombokI.RecordsfromSangeangIneedconfirmation. C.s.babiLyon,1916—BabiI,offNWcoastofSumatra. C.s.pagensisG.S.Miller,1906—BatuIs(TanahmasaandTanahbalaIs)andMentawaiIs(Siberut,Sipora,NorthPagai,andSouthPagaiIs). C.s.scherzeriZelebor,1869—CarNicobarI. C. s. serasani Paradiso, 1971 — Natuna Is (Natuna Besar and Serasan). Descriptive notes. Head—body 89-109 mm, tail 13-18 mm, ear 19-23 mm, hindfoot 14-5-20-5 mm; forearm 67-76 mm; weight 34-53 g (males) and 28-70 g (females). Sexual dimorphism varies, with males larger in northern India and females larger in southern India . The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat has white ear rims and wing digits. Muzzle is moderately short; nostrils are shortly tubular, with roughened rims. Philtrum is marked, ending in two joined upper lip pads; two large, triangular lower pads occur on lip. Skin of muzzle and ears and around eyes is darklilac gray. Forehead slopes,top of head is rather wide and flat; eyes are separated and mid-sized, and 1ris 1s chestnutbrown. Ears are moderately long and oval, and tips are slightly attenuated, with white rims on medial and lateral sides. Head is brown, slightly darker (russet-brown) on crown, and hairs are longer on nape and dorsum, cinnamon-fawn to olive-brown on females and typically deeper olive-brown on males, and lighter near tail. Tail is short and c.50% ofits length is free from uropatagium, which is narrow and naked dorsally; calcar is small. Ample brownish orange ruff entersside of head up to ear bases. Chest and belly are drab gray, merging to deep olive buff posteriorly; hairs are short. Index claw is present; patagial and feet are dark lilac gray; and wing membranes originate on sides of body and attach to first toe. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is moderately short, forehead slopes gently, orbit is moderately large, braincaseis flattened anteriorly and more rounded posteriorly, zygomatic rootis nearly level with alveolar line, and zygoma is moderately thin, arched, and wide open. Dorsally, paranasal recesses are greatly inflated, reaching large postorbital foramen; postorbital processes are relatively thick and pointed posterolaterally; postorbital constriction is small; and temporal lines are joined medially in low sagittal crest. Palate is flat, post-dental palate is long and convergent, and palatine spine isjoined to mid-sphenoidal ridge. Ectotympanic is small and wide, more so anteriorly; entotympanic is along medial edge of ectotympanic. Mandible has sloping symphysis and straight body; coronoid is tall and sloping; condyle is slightly above lower alveolar line; and angle is round off. Dental formula for all species of Cynopterusis 12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 30. Upperincisors are small but with distinct crowns; C! is moderately long and straight, with convex anterior surface; P' is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are elongated, with cusps slanted forward and decreasing in height, and additional surface cusps are inconspicuous. Lower incisors and C, are small, Pis peg-like, next premolar (P,) is subequal in height to C,, and remaining cheekteeth decrease in size, with M, almost peg-like. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with 22 metacentric, five subtelocentric, and seven acrocentric chromosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome acrocentric. Habitat. Variety of habitats from relatively open, rural, and urban areas to primary and secondary forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 400 m . In undisturbed habitat, the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is more common in subcanopies of old growth forests. Food and Feeding. More than 90% of diet of the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is fruit. It also eats flower products and leaves. It probably can exploit all bat-dispersed fruits in a given region and uses a greater proportion of larger fruits (less than 5 g ) than smaller sympatric species of Cynopterus . It visits a fruiting plant within its home range, circling it and landing directly on the fruit, often also plucking fruit on the wing. Fruit is often taken to a night roost usually 20-100 m away from the plant, under protective foliage 10-30 m aboveground. Fruit is chewed, and large seeds are discarded; small seeds are swallowed with juicy pulp. Individuals shuttle continually between fruiting trees and night roosts, with two peaks of foraging activity; first peak is before midnight. Individuals forage alone and search for fruits offered regularly in small quantities such as Musa spp. Second foraging peak occursafter midnight and involves small groups of up to 13 individuals foraging on big-bang fruiting trees, such as kapok ( Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae ) and particularly Ficus ( Moraceae ) that is heavily used throughout the distribution (e.g. k racemosa and F benghalensis in India ). Other consumed fruit are Ebenaceae ( Diospyros ), Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera ), Annonaceae ( Annona ), Rutaceae ( Acronychia , Atalantia ), Fabaceae ( Pithecellobium ), Combretaceae (7 Terminalia ), Arecaceae ( Phoenix ), Musaceae ( Musa ), Oleaceae ( Chionanthus ); including introduced fruiting species (e.g. Psidium , Myrtaceae ). The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat also eats leaves of some species of Fabaceae ( Cassia ), Sapotaceae ( Mimusops ), Cucurbitaceae ( Coccinia ), and Moringaceae ( Moringa ), often later in the night after foraging for fruit. Leaves have higher concentrations of protein and calcium than fruit, which are protein poor but rich in carbohydrates (e.g. Musa ) or lipids (e.g. Psidium ). Gut passage can last c.12 hours or more, after which viable seeds are dispersed in excrement. Breeding. Mating system of the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is polygynous and seasonally polyestrous, with two distinct reproductive periods per year (winter and summer). Males struggle to maintain exclusive mating access to receptive females in a roost. Mating occurs in October-November, and pregnancy (winter) lasts 150 days due to postimplantation delayed embryonic development. Births occur in February— March. Females undergo postpartum estrus, so they can be pregnant and lactating, with a shorter pregnancy of 120 days (with no delayed development), giving birth again inJune-July. Males that hold territories shire 64-81% of young.Littersize is one, and females produce a maximum of two young per year. Males experience two peaks of spermatogenesis, but residual spermatozoa are retained in ducts of epididymides year-round. Females attain sexual maturity at 7-8 months old, giving birth to their first young in their first year. Males become sexually mature and are able to mate at 15-20 months old, depending partly on their birth season. Neonates weigh 11-13-5 g at birth (c.18% of postpartum female weight) and are altricial, remaining attached to nipples and carried in flight for 10-15 days, after which young are left in the roost when females forage. Young are born naked,eyes open at dayfive,ears unfold at about day seven, and hairs sprout at day nine. Females roost holding their young wrapped in their wings until ¢.30 days old when young start roosting on the side of their mother. At c.45 days, young start flying clumsily and trying to forage for fruit. Young are weaned after 55 days and are able to forage independently at 65 days old. Activity patterns. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats are active from c.30 minutes after sunset throughout most of the night. Individuals significantly decreased activity in response to moonlight. Harem males spend c.50% of the night in a tent that they construct from leaves to defend their breeding spot; non-harem males spend less than 25% of the night in their tents. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats spend c.12 minutes or less in flight during the entire night, and the remainder of the time is spent in the tent (day roost) or the feeding (night) roost. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Movements of Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats are mainly from night roosts to feeding grounds and among fruiting trees and night roosts where fruit and leaves are eaten. Commuting flights from day roost to feeding grounds are up to 2-5 km but frequently 0-5-1 km. Flights to feeding areas were shorter for harem males (c.5 minutes) than non-harem males (8-12 minutes). Social organization is harem-based and centered on a male’s foliage tent that attracts reproductive females. Tents are made by chewing and severing vegetation parts, depending on tent type. Stem tents are built using branches of Polyalthia ( Annonaceae ) and Vernonia ( Asteraceae ) and fruit/flowerclusters of kital palm ( Caryota ; Arecaceae ), resulting in a spherical cavity open from below; umbrella tents are built using the palms ( Arecaceae ) Borassus , Corypha , Licuala , Livistona , Pritchardia , Sabal , and Roystonea , from which fronds are bitten in circles near their bases to collapse them distally. Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bats hang inside tents during the day; harem male roosts separately from his cluster of females, often displaying with spread wings. Roosting colonies can have 1-5 harems, each in a separate tent controlled bya single reproductive male, with occasional satellite males roosting outside but near a tent. Up to 19 females (mostly 1-6) roost in a given tent; females move among tents intermittently, exposing males to females outside his defended harem. Thus, harem organization is fluid temporally, with individuals shifting among roosts resulting in a social organization matching a fission-fusion model. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat is generally common, except in more eastern locations such as Borneo where it is relatively rare. Population trend is increasing because it probably can take advantage of secondary habitats that become available with changes in land use and primary forest degradation. No major threats are known, as long as some forest cover remains. It is hunted for food and medicinal purposes in certain regions (e.g. southern China ), but these practices do not seem to affect overall population. It is considered an orchard pest throughoutits distribution. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bates, Bumrungsri, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008), Benda (2010a), Bhat (1994), Bumrungsri (2002), Bumrungsri et al. (2007), Elangovan & Marimuthu (2001), Elangovan, Marimuthu & Kunz (1999, 2000, 2001), Elangovan, Satya Priya et al. (2003), Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982), Marimuthu et al. (1998), Meenakumari & Krishna (2005), Meenakumari et al. (2009), Nathan et al. (2005), Ruby et al. (2000), Shilton etal. (1999), Simmons (2005), Storz & Kunz (1999), Storz, Balasingh et al. (2001), Storz, Bhat & Kunz (2001a, 2001b).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus sphinx	Cynopterus		sphinx	Vahl	1797	1	Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen	4(1): 123	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 brevicaudatum Temminck, 1837 [not I. Geoffroy]; ellioti Gray, 1870; fibulatus Vahl, 1797; gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910; marginatus E. Geoffroy, 1810; pusillus E. Geoffroy, 1803; sphynx Sody, 1933; <b>angulatus</b> Miller, 1898; <b> babi </b> Lyon, 1916; <b> pagensis </b> Miller, 1906; <b>scherzeri</b> Zelebor, 1869;<b> serasani </b> Paradiso, 1971 . 	India, Madras, Tranquebar.	Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, S China, SE Asia including Burma, Vietnam, and Cambodia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.	Not listed.	Least Concern	This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis , and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al . (2002). Includes angulatus ; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus ; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri ; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis ); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Cynopterus sphinx	23	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat|Sphinx Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	sphinx	Vahl	1797	1						Tranquebar, Madras, India.			sphinx (Vahl, 1797)|fibulatus (Vahl, 1797)|pusillus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|marginatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|brevicaudatum (Temminck, 1837)|scherzeri Zelebor, 1869|ellioti J. E. Gray, 1870|angulatus G. S. Miller, 1898|pagensis G. S. Miller, 1906|gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910|babi Lyon, 1916|sphynx Sody, 1933|serasani Paradiso, 1971	NA	NA	Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Thailand|Cambodia|Malaysia|Andaman Islands|Nicobar Islands|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	6106	Cynopterus sphinx	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Cynopterus	sphinx	(Vahl, 1797)	There is considerable confusion between this species and Cynopterus brachyotis . Recent molecular studies confirm that C. sphinx is genetically distinct from C. brachyotis (Bumrungsri 2005). Some authorities list scherzeri Zelebor, 1869 under C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838) (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992), while some treat it as synonym of Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797) (Hill and Thonglongya 1972; Hill 1983; Koopman 1993; Bates and Harrison 1997). Simmons (2005) suggests that although scherzeri is listed as a valid subspecies of C. sphinx , it might prove to be distinct species.	20000000	Cynopterus sphinx	Least Concern		2019	2019-07-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is found in a wide variety of habitats from rural areas, primary and secondary forested habitats to urban landscapes. It is found as small colonies consisting of 3-7 individuals, sometimes more; it roosts underside leaves, in flower and fruit clusters of Kitul Palm, on Saraka asoka trees and is known to build tents in the roosting trees. It feeds on a variety of fruits both wild and cultivated. It has a low but fast flight. It breeds twice a year, and in some areas is known to breed throughout the year and bears a single young (Bates and Harrison 1997).	There are no major threats to this species as a whole. In South Asia, it is locally threatened in parts of its range through deforestation, generally resulting from logging operations and the conversion of land to agriculture and for construction of dams and other developmental activities. It is also under threat due to hunting for medicinal purposes (Molur et al. 2002). In Southeast Asia, it is a pest species of orchards and is hunted for food in some parts of the range. In China, there is some habitat loss and the species is hunted for medicinal purposes.	This is a widespread and very common species. In South Asia, it is considered to be more adaptable than C. brachyotis , and the population of C. sphinx seems to be stable (Molur et al. 2002, C. Srinivasulu pers. comm. September, 2007).	Increasing	This species is widely distributed from much of South Asia, through southern China, most of mainland and insular Southeast Asia. In South Asia this species is presently known from Bangladesh (Dhaka, Khulna and Rajsahi divisions), Bhutan (Phuntsholing), India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), Nepal (Central, Eastern, Far Western and Western Nepal), Pakistan (Sind) and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North Central, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva and Western provinces) (Molur et al. 2002). It has been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 400 m asl distributed widely in the region. In southern China, it is found from Tibet to Fujian (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it ranges from Myanmar in the west, through Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam and Cambodia to Peninsular Malaysia, and from here it occurs in Indonesia (the Mentawai Islands, Sumatra, western Java, Bali, Sumbawa and Sulawesi) and southern Borneo (Kalimantan [Indonesia]).		Terrestrial	As it is present in many protected areas and is very adaptable, no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole. In South Asia, this species like most other fruit bats in India is considered a vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. It has been recorded from protected areas in India like Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Andhra Pradesh, Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Indravati National Park in Chattisgarh. Taxonomic studies, population monitoring and lobbying with the government to accord it a non-vermin status are recommendations (Molur et al. 2002). Molecular taxonomic studies to know the variations in the population are recommended (C. Srinivasulu pers. comm. 10 October, 2007).	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		sphinx	Vahl	1797	1	Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen	4(1): 123	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 brevicaudatum Temminck, 1837 [not I. Geoffroy]; ellioti Gray, 1870; fibulatus Vahl, 1797; gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910; marginatus E. Geoffroy, 1810; pusillus E. Geoffroy, 1803; sphynx Sody, 1933; <b>angulatus</b> Miller, 1898; <b> babi </b> Lyon, 1916; <b> pagensis </b> Miller, 1906; <b>scherzeri</b> Zelebor, 1869;<b> serasani </b> Paradiso, 1971 . 	India, Madras, Tranquebar.	Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, S China, SE Asia including Burma, Vietnam, and Cambodia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.	Not listed.	Least Concern	This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis , and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al . (2002). Includes angulatus ; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus ; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri ; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis ); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).	Cynopterus sphinx	1004379	23	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat|Sphinx Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	sphinx	Vahl	1797	1						Tranquebar, Madras, India.			sphinx (Vahl, 1797)|fibulatus (Vahl, 1797)|pusillus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|marginatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|brevicaudatum (Temminck, 1837)|scherzeri Zelebor, 1869|ellioti J. E. Gray, 1870|angulatus G. S. Miller, 1898|pagensis G. S. Miller, 1906|gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910|babi Lyon, 1916|sphynx Sody, 1933|serasani Paradiso, 1971	NA	NA				Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Thailand|Cambodia|Malaysia|Andaman Islands|Nicobar Islands|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cynopterus_sphinx	1004379	23	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat|Sphinx Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Cynopterus	NA	sphinx	Vahl	1	Vespertilio Sphinx	Vahl, M. 1797. Beskrivelse paa tre nye Arter Flagermuse. Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 4(1):121-138.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58273882	lost (number not known)	syntypes		Tranquebar, Madras, India.			NA	NA				Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Thailand|Cambodia|Malaysia|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_sphinx	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		sphinx	Vahl	1797	1	Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen	4(1): 123	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat	brevicaudatum Temminck, 1837 [not I. Geoffroy]; ellioti Gray, 1870; fibulatus Vahl, 1797; gangeticus K. Andersen, 1910; marginatus E. Geoffroy, 1810; pusillus E. Geoffroy, 1803; sphynx Sody, 1933; angulatus Miller, 1898; babi Lyon, 1916; pagensis Miller, 1906; scherzeri Zelebor, 1869; serasani Paradiso, 1971.	India, Madras, Tranquebar.	Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, S China, SE Asia including Burma, Vietnam, and Cambodia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6106/22113656/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	This taxon is sometimes confused with brachyotis, and the status of many populations is in doubt. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Includes angulatus; see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include titthaecheilus; see Hill (1983). Apparently includes babi; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who included babi in brachyotis without comment. May not include scherzeri; see Corbet and Hill (1992), but also see Bates and Harrison (1997), who retained scherzeri in sphinx but noted that it may represent a distinct species. May also include brachysoma and andamanesis (here listed as synonyms of brachyotis); see Bates and Harrison (1997). Some authors recognize gangeticus as a distinct subspecies; it is here grouped in the nominate subspecies following Koopman (1994). Clinal variation in size discussed by Storz et al. (2001). Also see Storz and Kunz (1999).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus sphinx; Cynopterus sphinx; sphinx; angulatus; babi; pagensis; scherzeri; serasani; brevicaudatum; ellioti; fibulatus; gangeticus; marginatus; pusillus; sphynx; sphinx; angulatus; babi; pagensis; scherzeri; serasani; angulatus; babi; pagensis; scherzeri; serasani; brevicaudatum; ellioti; fibulatus; gangeticus; marginatus; pusillus; sphynx; sphinx; fibulatus; pusillus; marginatus; brevicaudatum; scherzeri; ellioti; angulatus; pagensis; gangeticus; babi; sphynx; serasani; Cynoptére a nez court; Grof Rer Kurznasenflughund; Cynéptero de nariz corta; Short-nosed; ndian Fruit Bat; Sphinx Fruit Bat; Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat; Sphinx Fruit Bat; Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat; C. sphinx