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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L206	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cynopterus brachyotis [synonym of]	Cynopterus brachyotis minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus minutus		[MSW3] Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).; [HMW] Cynopterus minutus G. S. Miller, 1906 , Nias Island, Sumatra . Cynopterus minutus was previously considered a subspecies of C. brachyotis , and it might represent a species complex. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).; [IUCN] This may be a species complex.; [batnames2023] Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).; [batnames2025_1.7] Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).														minutus	This may be a species complex.			minutus	minutus			minutus G. S. Miller, 1906						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus		minutus	Miller		1906		Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	19		63		Minute Fruit Bat	Sumatra, Nias Isl.	Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as C. brachyotis minutus. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.		Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).	03AD87FAFFCDF62389673D2AF930FAA7	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	67	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCDF62389673D2AF930FAA7.xml	Cynopterus minutus	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus	minutus	G. S. Miller	1906	Petit Cynoptere @fr | Zwerg-Kurznasenflughund @de | Cynéptero pequefo @es | Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat @en | Minute Fruit Bat @en	Cynopterus minutus G. S. Miller, 1906 , Nias Island, Sumatra . Cynopterus minutus was previously considered a subspecies of C. brachyotis , and it might represent a species complex. Monotypic.	Sumatra , including Nias I, Borneo, Java , and Sulawesi .	Head—body 76-83 mm, tail 10-12 mm, ear 14-1-15-1 mm, forearm 54-3-59-1 mm; weight 19-24.3 g. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is small, with white ear rims and wing fingers. Muzzle is very short, with short tubular nostrils; philtrum ends in two pads; and two large triangular pads occur on lower lip. Eyes are large; iris is brown. Ears are long and dark gray, points are slightly attenuated, and rims are white and thin. Head pelage is short and gray and extends onto nape and dorsum. Ruff is yellowish brown, extending on sides of neck and up to ear bases. Chest, belly, and flanks are gray. Uropatagium and tail are well developed, and calcar is short. Wing membranes are dark gray, index claw is present, wings originate on sides of body and attach to first toe, and metacarpals and phalanges are dorsally paler than membrane but not shiny white as in other species of Cynopterus . Laterally, skull has no basicranial deflection, rostrum is very short and relatively delicate, forehead gently slopes, orbit is large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is well developed and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing postorbital foramina; postorbital process is thin, directed posterolaterally; braincase is oval; temporal lines are faint; and nuchalcrest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is flat, post-dental extension is long and converging, palatine spine is joined to sphenoidal crest, and ectotympanic small and wide anteriorly. Mandible is relatively weak, coronoid is thin and sloping, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is round off and salient. Upper incisors are small; C! is small and straight; P' is minute; and first posterior cheekteeth (P*) are well developed and triangular, following teeth low with main cusp blunt and outline rectangular. Lower incisors are small; Cis small, slightly decurved; P| has triangular cusp; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease posteriorly; and M, is small.	Primary lowland rainforest and secondary forest. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat uses understory and subcanopy.	The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous.	Reproduction of the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonal, with continuous bimodal polyestry and postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts 5-6 months, with embryonic development delayed in early stages. Litter size one. Two birth peaks occur 5-7 months apart, both centered in two seasons ofless rainfall; lactation occurs in periods of heavy rainfall and greatest fruit production. Both sexes are sexually mature at c.7 months old, and females give birth for the first time at c.12 months of age; thereafter, females continuously reproduce, with two births a year.	No information.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Nevertheless, the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is uncommon, and its population appears to be decreasing with its primary forest habitat. It might be a species complex, so taxonomic resolution is needed to define conservation status of different forms.	Benda (2010a) | Campbell et al. (2007) | Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991) | Kofron (1997) | Ruedas & Suyanto (2008)		9. Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus minutus French: Petit Cynoptere / German: Zwerg-Kurznasenflughund / Spanish: Cynéptero pequefo Other common names: Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat , Minute Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Cynopterus minutus G. S. Miller, 1906 , Nias Island, Sumatra . Cynopterus minutus was previously considered a subspecies of C. brachyotis , and it might represent a species complex. Monotypic. Distribution. Sumatra , including Nias I, Borneo, Java , and Sulawesi . Descriptive notes. Head—body 76-83 mm, tail 10-12 mm, ear 14-1-15-1 mm, forearm 54-3-59-1 mm; weight 19-24.3 g. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is small, with white ear rims and wing fingers. Muzzle is very short, with short tubular nostrils; philtrum ends in two pads; and two large triangular pads occur on lower lip. Eyes are large; iris is brown. Ears are long and dark gray, points are slightly attenuated, and rims are white and thin. Head pelage is short and gray and extends onto nape and dorsum. Ruff is yellowish brown, extending on sides of neck and up to ear bases. Chest, belly, and flanks are gray. Uropatagium and tail are well developed, and calcar is short. Wing membranes are dark gray, index claw is present, wings originate on sides of body and attach to first toe, and metacarpals and phalanges are dorsally paler than membrane but not shiny white as in other species of Cynopterus . Laterally, skull has no basicranial deflection, rostrum is very short and relatively delicate, forehead gently slopes, orbit is large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is well developed and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing postorbital foramina; postorbital process is thin, directed posterolaterally; braincase is oval; temporal lines are faint; and nuchalcrest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is flat, post-dental extension is long and converging, palatine spine is joined to sphenoidal crest, and ectotympanic small and wide anteriorly. Mandible is relatively weak, coronoid is thin and sloping, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is round off and salient. Upper incisors are small; C! is small and straight; P' is minute; and first posterior cheekteeth (P*) are well developed and triangular, following teeth low with main cusp blunt and outline rectangular. Lower incisors are small; Cis small, slightly decurved; P| has triangular cusp; posterior cheekteeth are tall and decrease posteriorly; and M, is small. Habitat. Primary lowland rainforest and secondary forest. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat uses understory and subcanopy. Food and Feeding. The Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. Breeding. Reproduction of the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonal, with continuous bimodal polyestry and postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts 5-6 months, with embryonic development delayed in early stages. Litter size one. Two birth peaks occur 5-7 months apart, both centered in two seasons ofless rainfall; lactation occurs in periods of heavy rainfall and greatest fruit production. Both sexes are sexually mature at c.7 months old, and females give birth for the first time at c.12 months of age; thereafter, females continuously reproduce, with two births a year. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Nevertheless, the Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat is uncommon, and its population appears to be decreasing with its primary forest habitat. It might be a species complex, so taxonomic resolution is needed to define conservation status of different forms. Bibliography. Benda (2010a), Campbell et al. (2007), Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991), Kofron (1997), Ruedas & Suyanto (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus minutus	Cynopterus		minutus	Miller	1906	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	0.8354	Minute Fruit Bat	None.	Sumatra, Nias Isl.	Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Cynopterus minutus	23	Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Minute Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	minutus	G. S. Miller	1906	0	Cynopterus_minutus	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1906). Seven New Malayan Bats. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 19, 63.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2348087#page/87/mode/1up	USNM 141240		Nias Island, Sumatra.			minutus G. S. Miller, 1906	NA	NA	Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_minutus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_minutus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136423	Cynopterus minutus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Cynopterus	minutus	Miller, 1906	This may be a species complex.	20000000	Cynopterus minutus	Least Concern		2019	2019-07-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a wide distribution, and is tolerant of a broad range of habitats. However, there is taxonomic confusion surrounding this species and the assessment may be changed when more taxonomic information is known.	This species inhabits primary forest but is also collected in villages and disturbed habitats.	There are no major threats to this species throughout its range.	This species is uncommon and it seems that the population is decreasing.	Decreasing	The species is found on Sumatra, Nias Island, Java, and Sulawesi (all in Indonesia), and throughout Borneo.		Terrestrial	Several protected areas exist throughout the range of the species complex.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		minutus	Miller	1906	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	0.835417	Minute Fruit Bat	None.	Sumatra, Nias Isl.	Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).	Cynopterus minutus	1004377	23	Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Minute Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	minutus	G. S. Miller	1906	0	Cynopterus_minutus	Miller, G. S., Jr. (1906). Seven New Malayan Bats. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 19, 63.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2348087#page/87/mode/1up	USNM 141240		Nias Island, Sumatra.			minutus G. S. Miller, 1906	NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_minutus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_minutus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cynopterus_minutus	1004377	23	Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Minute Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Cynopterus	NA	minutus	G. S. Miller	0	Cynopterus minutus	Miller, G.S., Jr. 1906-05-01. Seven new Malayan bats. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 19:61-65.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2348085	USNM:MAMM:141240	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3cf637016-7413-44cf-9c1b-641ae5f02793	Nias Island, Sumatra.			NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_minutus	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_minutus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		minutus	Miller	1906	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	0.835417	Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat	None.	Sumatra, Nias Isl	Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Borneo	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136423/21985433/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Included in brachyotis by Hill (1983) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Cynopterus minutus; Cynopterus minutus; Cynopterus minutus; Cynopterus minutus; Cynopterus minutus; Cynopterus minutus; minutus; Petit Cynoptere; Zwerg-Kurznasenflughund; Cynéptero pequefo; Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Minute Fruit Bat; Minute Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Minute Fruit Bat; Minute Fruit Bat; Minute Fruit Bat; C. minutus