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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L204	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Cynopterus brachyotis [synonym of]	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus luzoniensis		[MSW3] Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis, but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).; [HMW] Pachysoma luzoniense Peters, 1861 , Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines . Cynopterus luzoniensis was previously considered an eastern subspecies of C. brachyotis . Sulawesi specimens assigned to C. luzoniensis do not group with Philippine specimens and might represent C. minor by P. Revilliod in 1911 (pending taxonomic recognition). Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis , but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).; [batnames2023] Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis , but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).; [batnames2025_1.7] Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis, but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).									archipelagus, cumingii, philippensis			luzoniensis	luzoniensis - archipelagus, cumingii, philippensis	luzoniensis, cumingii, philippensis, archipelagus		luzoniensis	luzoniensis - archipelagus, cumingii, philippensis	luzoniensis, cumingii, philippensis, archipelagus	luzoniensis, cumingii, philippensis, archipelagus	luzoniensis 	luzoniensis - archipelagus, cumingii, philippensis	luzoniensis (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)|cumingii J. E. Gray, 1871|philippensis J. E. Gray, 1871|archipelagus E. H. Taylor, 1934						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus		luzoniensis	Peters	y	1861		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	1861		708		Peters’s Fruit Bat	Philippines, Luzon, S Camarines, Iriga.	Sulawesi, Philippines, and adjacent small islands.	Not evaluated in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992). IUCN 2003 – not evaluated.	archipelagus Taylor, 1934; cumingii Gray, 1871; philippensis Gray, 1871.	Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis, but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).	03AD87FAFFCCF6238CB33F0EFA89F775	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	66	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCCF6238CB33F0EFA89F775.xml	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus	luzoniensis		1861	Cynoptére de Lugon @fr | Peters-Kurznasenflughund @de | Cyndptero de Luzon @es | Peters’s Fruit Bat @en	Pachysoma luzoniense Peters, 1861 , Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines . Cynopterus luzoniensis was previously considered an eastern subspecies of C. brachyotis . Sulawesi specimens assigned to C. luzoniensis do not group with Philippine specimens and might represent C. minor by P. Revilliod in 1911 (pending taxonomic recognition). Monotypic.	Philippines , including Palawan I and Sulu Archipelago (Sibutu, Sanga-Sanga, and Bongao Is).	Head-body 95-108 mm,tail 9-14 mm, ear 14-20 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 57-68 mm; weight 26-45 g. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is moderately small and grayish, with rimmed ears and white wing fingers. Muzzle is short; nostrils are short and tubular, with thickened rims; philtrum ends in paired pads; and lowerlip has two large triangular pads. Eyes are large; iris is chestnut-brown to olive-brown. Ears are moderately short and slightly attenuated at tip, and pinnae are pale brown, with white rim. Head pelage is moderately short and predominantly grayish; hairs are longer on nape and grayish brown. Ruff has long orange-brown hairs and more conspicuous on adult males. Chest and belly are brownish gray, with light brown tips on flank hairs. Tail is moderately long, uropatagium is well developed, and calcar is small. Wing membranes are dark grayish brown; index claw is present; and dorsum of metacarpals and phalanges of second to fifth wing digits are white. Laterally, skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is short and slopes gently to forehead, orbit is large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is thin and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide and short; paranasal recesses are inflated and surpass postorbital foramina; postorbital process is well developed and posterolaterally directed; there is little postorbital constriction; braincase is oval, with temporal lines; and nuchal crest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is wide and flat; post-dental palate is long and converging posteriorly, with palatine spine joined to median sphenoidalcrest; and ectotympanic is wide anteriorly, abutted on its inner side by long entotympanic. Mandible is moderately developed with long sloping coronoid, condyle is above lower alveolarline, and angle is rounded off. Upper dentition has two small, moderately long incisors; C' is bulky at base, decurved, and relatively long, with small additional inner cusp; P' is minute; and posterior cheekteeth are well developed,laterally triangular, and rectangular in outline. Lower dentition has two small incisors; C, is small, almoststraight; P| is relatively long, with pointed crown; and posterior cheekteeth are relatively large and tall, anteriorly decurved, decreasing in height posteriorly, with variable frequently inconspicuous additional surface cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58.	All types of forest including primary rainforests, and disturbed forests; mangrove swamps; cultivated areas; orchards; gardens; and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is dominant in secondary/ disturbed forests and relatively rare in primary forests; abundance declines with elevation. Understory and subcanopy are used.	Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Batis primarily frugivorous and also eats flower products and leaves. On Panay Island,fruits from 27 genera in 18 families were eaten. Flowers from three genera in three families and leaves from Bischofia ( Phyllanthaceae ) were used to supplement diets.	Female Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bats become pregnant at 6-8 months of age; males develop adultsized testes at c.12 months of age. Females give birth to a single young twice each year. On Negros Island, Philippines , numbers of pregnant females peaked in February but were recorded in January—August. Lactation has been recorded up to October. Longevity is estimated at 4-6 years (maximum occasionally c.8 years); maximum reproductive output per female is estimated at eleven offspring; and annual survival for subadults to adults is estimated at 60%.	No information.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend is stable. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is one of the most abundant bats in its distribution and occupies degraded habitats. It is considered an agricultural pest.	Alcala (1976) | Campbell et al. (2007) | Heaney et al. (2006) | Heideman & Heaney (1989) | Luft (2002) | Mudar & Allen (1986) | Revilliod (1911) | Rickart et al. (1993) | Rosell-Ambal, Kingston & Maryanto (2008)		8. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus luzoniensis French: Cynoptére de Lugon / German: Peters-Kurznasenflughund / Spanish: Cyndptero de Luzon Other common names: Peters’s Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pachysoma luzoniense Peters, 1861 , Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines . Cynopterus luzoniensis was previously considered an eastern subspecies of C. brachyotis . Sulawesi specimens assigned to C. luzoniensis do not group with Philippine specimens and might represent C. minor by P. Revilliod in 1911 (pending taxonomic recognition). Monotypic. Distribution. Philippines , including Palawan I and Sulu Archipelago (Sibutu, Sanga-Sanga, and Bongao Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-108 mm,tail 9-14 mm, ear 14-20 mm, hindfoot 11-18 mm, forearm 57-68 mm; weight 26-45 g. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is moderately small and grayish, with rimmed ears and white wing fingers. Muzzle is short; nostrils are short and tubular, with thickened rims; philtrum ends in paired pads; and lowerlip has two large triangular pads. Eyes are large; iris is chestnut-brown to olive-brown. Ears are moderately short and slightly attenuated at tip, and pinnae are pale brown, with white rim. Head pelage is moderately short and predominantly grayish; hairs are longer on nape and grayish brown. Ruff has long orange-brown hairs and more conspicuous on adult males. Chest and belly are brownish gray, with light brown tips on flank hairs. Tail is moderately long, uropatagium is well developed, and calcar is small. Wing membranes are dark grayish brown; index claw is present; and dorsum of metacarpals and phalanges of second to fifth wing digits are white. Laterally, skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is short and slopes gently to forehead, orbit is large, braincase is rounded, zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygoma is thin and arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide and short; paranasal recesses are inflated and surpass postorbital foramina; postorbital process is well developed and posterolaterally directed; there is little postorbital constriction; braincase is oval, with temporal lines; and nuchal crest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is wide and flat; post-dental palate is long and converging posteriorly, with palatine spine joined to median sphenoidalcrest; and ectotympanic is wide anteriorly, abutted on its inner side by long entotympanic. Mandible is moderately developed with long sloping coronoid, condyle is above lower alveolarline, and angle is rounded off. Upper dentition has two small, moderately long incisors; C' is bulky at base, decurved, and relatively long, with small additional inner cusp; P' is minute; and posterior cheekteeth are well developed,laterally triangular, and rectangular in outline. Lower dentition has two small incisors; C, is small, almoststraight; P| is relatively long, with pointed crown; and posterior cheekteeth are relatively large and tall, anteriorly decurved, decreasing in height posteriorly, with variable frequently inconspicuous additional surface cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 58. Habitat. All types of forest including primary rainforests, and disturbed forests; mangrove swamps; cultivated areas; orchards; gardens; and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is dominant in secondary/ disturbed forests and relatively rare in primary forests; abundance declines with elevation. Understory and subcanopy are used. Food and Feeding. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Batis primarily frugivorous and also eats flower products and leaves. On Panay Island,fruits from 27 genera in 18 families were eaten. Flowers from three genera in three families and leaves from Bischofia ( Phyllanthaceae ) were used to supplement diets. Breeding. Female Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bats become pregnant at 6-8 months of age; males develop adultsized testes at c.12 months of age. Females give birth to a single young twice each year. On Negros Island, Philippines , numbers of pregnant females peaked in February but were recorded in January—August. Lactation has been recorded up to October. Longevity is estimated at 4-6 years (maximum occasionally c.8 years); maximum reproductive output per female is estimated at eleven offspring; and annual survival for subadults to adults is estimated at 60%. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend is stable. Peters’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is one of the most abundant bats in its distribution and occupies degraded habitats. It is considered an agricultural pest. Bibliography. Alcala (1976), Campbell et al. (2007), Heaney et al. (2006), Heideman & Heaney (1989), Luft (2002), Mudar & Allen (1986), Revilliod (1911), Rickart et al. (1993), Rosell-Ambal, Kingston & Maryanto (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Cynopterus		luzoniensis	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	1872:48:00	Peters&apos;s Fruit Bat	 archipelagus Taylor, 1934; cumingii Gray, 1871; philippensis Gray, 1871.	Philippines, Luzon, S Camarines, Iriga.	Sulawesi, Philippines, and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis , but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Cynopterus luzoniensis	23	Peters's Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Peters's Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	luzoniensis	W. Peters	1861	0	Pachysoma_luzoniense	Peters, W. C. H. (1861). Ãœber die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammelten Säugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 708.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118969#page/98/mode/1up	ZMB 2525, ZMB 2526, ZMB 10442, ZMB 10447 [syntypes]		Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines.			luzoniensis (W. Peters, 1861)|cumingii J. E. Gray, 1871|philippensis J. E. Gray, 1871|archipelagus E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA	Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136798	Cynopterus luzoniensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Cynopterus	luzoniensis	(Peters, 1861)		20000000	Cynopterus luzoniensis	Least Concern		2019	2019-07-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern as it is a common and widespread species, it is adapted to degraded habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is abundant in agricultural areas, and common in lowland and montane secondary forest (Heaney et al . 1998, 1991; Heideman and Heaney 1989; Ingle 1992; Lepiten 1995; Rickart et al . 1993). In the Philippines, it ranges from sea level up to at least 1,250 m asl, but has also been documented in montane forest from 925-1,600 m asl in Balbalasang, Kalinga Province (Heaney et al . 2004). It can also be found in residential and urban areas. It rarely occurs in primary forest, and only when there are few other fruit bats. It is an agricultural pest. In Sulawesi, it mainly occurs in the lowlands in disturbed habitats. It has the second highest reproductive rate among fruit bats in Philippines.	There are no major threats to this species.	The species is locally abundant, stable, and most common in disturbed and residential areas.	Stable	This species occurs throughout Sulawesi (Indonesia) and the Philippines. Specimens from Buton e Kab'na (south of Sulawesi) were identified as C. brachyotis but might be C. luzoniensis .		Terrestrial	It is found in a number of protected areas throughout its range.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		luzoniensis	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	1872:48:00	Peters&apos;s Fruit Bat	 archipelagus Taylor, 1934; cumingii Gray, 1871; philippensis Gray, 1871.	Philippines, Luzon, S Camarines, Iriga.	Sulawesi, Philippines, and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis , but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).	Cynopterus luzoniensis	1004376	23	Peters's Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Peters's Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	luzoniensis	W. Peters	1861	0	Pachysoma_luzoniense	Peters, W. C. H. (1861). Ãœber die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammelten Säugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 708.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118969#page/98/mode/1up	ZMB 2525, ZMB 2526, ZMB 10442, ZMB 10447 [syntypes]		Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines.			luzoniensis (W. Peters, 1861)|cumingii J. E. Gray, 1871|philippensis J. E. Gray, 1871|archipelagus E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA				Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	1004376	23	Peters's Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Peters's Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Cynopterus	NA	luzoniensis	W. C. H. Peters	1	Pachysoma Luzoniense	Peters, W.C.H. 1861. Hr. W. Peters berichtet über die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammelten Säugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1861:706-712.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38646575	ZMB 2525, ZMB 2526, ZMB 10442, ZMB 10447	syntypes		Iriga, southern Camarines, Luzon, Philippines.			NA	NA				Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_luzoniensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		luzoniensis	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	1872:48:00	Peters' Short-nosed Fruit Bat	archipelagus Taylor, 1934; cumingii Gray, 1871; philippensis Gray, 1871.	Philippines, Luzon, S Camarines, Iriga.	Sulawesi, Philippines, and adjacent small islands.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136798/22035092/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Included in brachyotis by many authors, but see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Schmitt et al. (1995). Heaney et al. (1987) placed archipelagus (known only from the juvenile holotype) in brachyotis, but see Kitchner and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). Specimens of luzoniensis from the Palawan region of the Philippines may actually represent brachyotis as used herein (L. Heaney, pers. comm.).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Cynopterus luzoniensis; Cynopterus luzoniensis; Cynopterus luzoniensis; Cynopterus luzoniensis; Cynopterus luzoniensis; Cynopterus luzoniensis; archipelagus; cumingii; philippensis; archipelagus; cumingii; philippensis; luzoniensis; cumingii; philippensis; archipelagus; Cynoptére de Lugon; Peters-Kurznasenflughund; Cyndptero de Luzon; Peters’s Fruit Bat; Peters's Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Peters's Fruit Bat; Peters’s Fruit Bat; Peters&apos;s Fruit Bat; C. luzoniensis