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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L201	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus brachyotis		[MSW2] Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx (see Hill and Thonglongya, 1972). Includes minor, which was listed as distinct by Corbet and Hill (1980:41); see also Hill (1983). Includes archipelagus (see Heaney et al., 1987). Kitchener and Moharadatunkamsi (1991) treated luzoniensis and minutus as separate species, but I follow Hill (1983).; [MSW3] This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri, here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri. Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx) in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).; [HMW] is challenging and in need of revision. Six, may be more, distinct mitochondrial lineages could be raised to species level. Cynopterus brachyotis is often confused with C. sphinx and other species with which it overlaps in many physical dimensions. Nominate subspecies has two sympatric morphs in Peninsular Malaysia : smaller “Forest” lineageis a forest specialist and larger “Sunda” lineage is found in more open and disturbed areas. These forms are probably distinct species. Records from Philippines and Sulawesi are now assigned to C. luzoniensis and C. minutus , respectively. Records of subspecies brachysoma might represent C. s. sphinx . Eight subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus , which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor ; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri , here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri . Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx )in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).; [IUCN] The taxonomic situation throughout the range is confused and future taxonomic revision may reveal that there are a number of cryptic species allocated to Cynopterus brachyotis . Earlier included angulatus Miller, 1898 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951). The taxon brachysoma Dobson, 1871 is sometimes included under Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl 1797) (Bates and Harrison 1997). Reviewed by Hill and Thonglongya (1972), Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Simmons (2005) lists brachysoma Dobson, 1871 and ceylonensis Gray, 1871 under this taxon (Srinivasulu et al. in press). Often considered to include Cynopterus luzoniensis , but here considered separate.; [batnames2023] This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus , which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor ; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri , here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri . Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx )in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).; [batnames2025_1.7] This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri, here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri. Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx)in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).					(minor)	altitudinis, andamanensis, archipelagus, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor, hoffeti, insularum, javanicus, luzoniensis; minor Revilliod; minutus.	ceylonensis, brachysoma, brachyotis, altitudinis, minutus, concolor, javanicus, insularum	brachyotis, altitudinis, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor, hoffeti, insularum, javanicus	brevicaudatum, duvaucelii, grandidieri, minor, montanoi, titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis	brachyotis, altitudinis, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor, hoffeti, insularum, javanicus		brachyotis, altitudinis, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor, hoffeti, insularum, javanicus	brachyotis - brevicaudatum, duvaucelii , grandidieri, minor, montanoi, titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis	brevicaudatum, duvaucelii, brachyotis, titthaecheilum, grandidieri, brachysoma, ceylonensis, andamanensis, montanoi, insularum, javanicus, minor, concolor, hoffeti, altitudinis	The taxonomic situation throughout the range is confused and future taxonomic revision may reveal that there are a number of cryptic species allocated to Cynopterus brachyotis . Earlier included angulatus Miller, 1898 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951). The taxon brachysoma Dobson, 1871 is sometimes included under Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl 1797) (Bates and Harrison 1997). Reviewed by Hill and Thonglongya (1972), Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Simmons (2005) lists brachysoma Dobson, 1871 and ceylonensis Gray, 1871 under this taxon (Srinivasulu et al. in press). Often considered to include Cynopterus luzoniensis , but here considered separate.	brachyotis, altitudinis, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor, hoffeti, insularum, javanicus	brachyotis - brevicaudatum, duvaucelii, grandidieri, minor, montanoi, titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis 	brevicaudatum, duvaucelii, brachyotis, titthaecheilum, grandidieri, brachysoma, ceylonensis, andamanensis, montanoi, insularum, javanicus, minor, concolor, hoffeti, altitudinis 	brevicaudatus, duvaucelii, brachyotis, brachyotus, grandidieri, brachysoma, ceylonensis , andamanensis, montanoi, insularum, javanicus, minor, concolor, hoffeti, altitudinis	altitudinis, brachyotis, brachysoma, ceylonensis, concolor,  hoffeti, insularum, javanicus	brachyotis - brevicaudatum, duvaucelii, grandidieri, minor, montanoi, titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis	brevicaudatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828)|duvaucelii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828)|brachyotis (S. Müller, 1838)|duvaucellii J. E. Gray, 1838 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|brachyotus (Temminck, 1841) [unjustified emendation]|grandidieri (W. C. H. Peters, 1869)|brachysoma Dobson, 1871|ceylonensis J. E. Gray, 1871|andamanensis Dobson, 1873|montanoi Robin, 1881|insularum Andersen, 1910|javanicus Andersen, 1910|minor Revilliod, 1911 [preoccupied]|concolor Sody, 1940|hoffeti Bourret, 1944|altitudinis J. Edwards Hill, 1961		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Lesser dog-faced fruit bat	S China – Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Sri Lanka, Andamans, Nicobars	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Cynopterus brachyotis	Borneo, Dewei River.	Muller	1838	Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol., 5:146.	Distribution: From Ceylon, the An damans, southern Burma, and Vietnam to the Philippines, Celebes, and the Lesser Sundas.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Lesser dog-faced fruit bat	S China, Burma – Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sri Lanka, SW India, Andamans, Nicobars	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Muller	1838	Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol., 5:146.	Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx (see Hill and Thonglongya, 1972). Includes minor, which was listed as distinct by Corbet and Hill (1980:41); see also Hill (1983). Includes archipelagus (see Heaney et al., 1987). Kitchener and Moharadatunkamsi (1991) treated luzoniensis and minutus as separate species, but I follow Hill (1983).	Sri Lanka, India, SE Asia, Malaysia, Philippines, Nicobar and Andaman Isis, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Talaud Isis and adjacent small islands.	Bomeo, Dewei River.		MÜLLER	1838	Premolars and molars relatively narrow and oval in outline. Sur face cusp on last lower premolar and first lower molar small or absent. Size relatively small (forarm length, 54-70 mm; total length of skull, 13-21 mm).	Distribution: From Ceylon, the An damans, southern Burma, and Vietnam to the Philippines, Celebes, and the Lesser Sundas.	Eight currently recognized subspecies (HILL 1983).	C. b. ceylonensis (Ceylon), C. b. brachysoma (Andamans), C. b. brachyotis (= archipelagus) (southern Burma and Vietnam to Sumatra, Boreo, Celebes, Talauts, and Philip pines, except Malayan highlands), C. b. altitudinis (Malayan highlands), C. b. minutus (Nias island off western Sumatra), C. b. concolor (Enggano island off Western Su matra), C. b.javanicus (Java, Bali, and probably Lombok), C. b. insularum (Kangean and Mata Siri islands in the Java Sea).	32	species	C. brachyotis	MÜLLER	1838	Cynopterus	genus	Cynopterus brachyotis				Premolars and molars relatively narrow and oval in outline. Sur face cusp on last lower premolar and first lower molar small or absent. Size relatively small (forarm length, 54-70 mm; total length of skull, 13-21 mm).	Eight currently recognized subspecies (HILL 1983).		1. C. brachyotis (MÜLLER 1838).	1	_C. b. altitudinis_ Hill, 1961; _C. b. brachyotis_ (Müller, 1838) (synonyms: _brevicaudatus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828), _duvaucelii_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828), _grandidieri_ (Peters, 1869), _minor_ Revilliod, 1911, _montanoi_ Robin, 1881, _titthaecheilus_ (Temminck, 1825)); _C. b. brachysoma_ Dobson, 1871 (synonyms: _andamanensis_ Dobson, 1873); _C. b. ceylonensis_ Gray, 1871; _C. b. concolor_ Sody, 1940; _C. b. hoffeti_ Bourret, 1944; _C. b. insularum_ Andersen, 1910; _C. b. javanicus_ Andersen, 1910			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus		brachyotis	Müller	y	1838		Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.	5		146		Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.	Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Malaysia, Nicobar and Andaman Isls, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Magnole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls and adjacent small islands. Perhaps present in the Palawan region of the Philippines (L. Heaney, pers. comm.)	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	brevicaudatum I. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; duvaucelii E. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; grandidieri Peters, 1869; minor Revilliod, 1911 [not Trousseart or Lyon]; montanoi Robin, 1881; titthaecheilum Waterhouse, 1843 [not Temminck; nomen dubium]; altitudinis Hill, 1961; brachysoma Dobson, 1871; andamanensis Dobson, 1873; ceylonensis Gray, 1871; concolor Sody, 1940; hoffeti Bourret, 1944; insularum K. Andersen, 1910; javanicus K. Andersen, 1910.	This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri, here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri. Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx) in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).	03AD87FAFFC3F6228C983511FC8FF680	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	65	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFC3F6228C983511FC8FF680.xml	Cynopterus brachyotis	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus	brachyotis		1838	Cynoptéere de Miller @fr | Kleiner-Kurznasenflughund @de | Cynéptero de Miller @es | Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat @en | Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat @en | Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat @en	is challenging and in need of revision. Six, may be more, distinct mitochondrial lineages could be raised to species level. Cynopterus brachyotis is often confused with C. sphinx and other species with which it overlaps in many physical dimensions. Nominate subspecies has two sympatric morphs in Peninsular Malaysia : smaller “Forest” lineageis a forest specialist and larger “Sunda” lineage is found in more open and disturbed areas. These forms are probably distinct species. Records from Philippines and Sulawesi are now assigned to C. luzoniensis and C. minutus , respectively. Records of subspecies brachysoma might represent C. s. sphinx . Eight subspecies recognized.	C.b.brachyotisS.Miller,1838—SW&NEIndia,Bhutan,andBangladeshandmainlandSEAsiafromNMyanmartoSPeninsularMalaysia,Sumatra,andBorneo(Sundalineage). C.b.altitudinisHill,1961—CameronHighlands,WPeninsularMalaysia. C.b.brachysomaDobson,1871—AndamanIs. C.b.ceylonensisJ.E.Gray,1870—C&SSriLanka. C.b.concolorSody,1940—EngganoI. C.b.hoffetiBourret,1944—Vietnam.SChinarecordsquestionable. C.b.insularumK.Andersen,1910—KangeanIs. C. b. javanicus K. Andersen, 1910 — Java , including Madura I, and Bali I.	Head-body 72-96 mm, tail 10-16 mm, ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 55-66 mm; weight 27-45 g (mean 33-1 g). The Lesser Shortnosed Fruit Bat is small, with white ear rims and wing digits. Muzzle is short, almost naked; skin is dark brown; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum ends in two upper lip pads; and two triangular pads occur on lowerlip. Forehead slopesslightly, top of head is rounded, and crown is distinctly brown in some specimens. Eyesare large;iris is chestnut-brown to olive-brown. Ears are moderately short, oval, attenuated at tip, and pale brown, edged with white. Head pelageis short and brown to orange/yellowish brown; pelage is longer on nape and dorsum, brown suffused with warm russet to tawny olive. Females are generally paler. Pelage reaches dorsal bases of forearms and center of uropatagium. Tail is short and dorsally attached to uropatagium; calcaris short. Ruff is intensely orange on males, more so on sides of neck and paler on chest; it is generally paler on females. Chest and belly are grayish brown, occasionally with orange or yellowish tinge. Wing membranes are dark gray and attach to first toe; index claw is present. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is short, forehead is relatively low and sloping, orbit is large, and braincase is rounded. Zygomatic rootis only slightly above level of alveolar line, and zygoma is thin and gently arched posteriorly. Dorsally, paranasal recesses are inflated, reaching small postorbital foramina; postorbital processes are thin and directed posterolaterally. There is almost no postorbital constriction; braincase is almost perfectly rounded, with only traces of temporal lines; and nuchal crest is modest. Palate is flat, upper tooth row is almost parallel, end of post-dental palate is rounded, and mid-sphenoidalridge is low. Ectotympanic is small and wide, more so anteriorly; entotympanic is variously reduced. Mandible is straight, with sloping tall coronoid; condyle is slightly above alveolar line; and angle is rounded off. Upper incisors are small but rather long (I? longer); C' is almoststraight; anterior surface is convex; and P' is long and minute; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height, are rounded to elongate posteriorly, and have no additional cusps. Lower incisors are small; I, is shorter; C, is small and short; Pis low and peg-like; posterior premolars and molars decreasing in size, with oval outline and no additional cusps; and M,is peg-like. There are eight interdental palatal ridges, undivided, arched, and rather thick, followed by one thin medially divided ridge, spaced from two divided denticulate ridges on posterior one-half of post-dental palate. Chromosomal complement of subspecies Javanicus has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with eleven pairs of variable-sized metacentric to submetacentric (pair with a secondary constriction), two pairs of subtelocentric, and three pairs of small to minute acrocentric chromosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is minute and acrocentric.	Lowland to montane forests, including mangrove forests, in all degrees of modification, including deforested areas such urban environments near forests, rural areas, and orchards, from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Nominate brachyotis tends to diverge ecologically: Forest lineage is a forest specialist and Sunda lineage is found in secondary and disturbed forests and rural/agricultural areas.	The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat is mainly frugivorous (95% of diet) but also eats leaves, pollen, and nectar mainly in dry season. It forages from ground level to subcanopy. Most fruits consumed are small (most less than 2 g but a few heavier than 8 g ) and taken from early successional forests (two-thirds of diet) Juveniles concentrate on large-crop fruiting species and introduced steady-state fruiting plants toward adulthood. Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bats feed at night roosts where they carry fruits and leaves; flower products are eaten on the plant. In Peninsular Malaysia , diet containsfruits of about 78 plant species from at least 24 families, leaves of 14 species, and nectar and pollen offive species (native plus exotic plants). Ficus fruits are heavily used (e.g. E fistulosa). Leaves from Fabaceae (e.g. Erythrina ) are eaten. Flowers include native Cassia , Peltophorum , Senna , and exotic Bauhinia (all Fabaceae ). In Borneo, fruits of at least 24 plant species in 16 genera and 15 families are eaten.	Reproductive cycle of the Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonal bimodal polyestry, with postpartum estrus. Mating is polygynous. Females are sexually mature at 6-7 months of age and give birth to one young within theirfirst year and up to two offspring per year thereafter. Mating in male-defended roosts occurs from December onward, gestation lasts c¢.4 months,births occur in March-April and July-August, and lactation lasts ¢.2 months. Lactation occurs during onset and mid-rainy season when food availability is highest. Males are sexually mature at c.12 months of age but mate for the first time after they are two years old. Cycle of testis size is correlated with photoperiod and seasonality. Greater breeding success was reported for years after El Nino—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (e.g. 1999).	The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat becomes active shortly after sunset and moves directly to fruiting trees. Activity at feeding roosts had two peaks (19:00 20:00 h and 22:00-23:00 h), and activity declined as night progressed. Activity is reduced when intensity of moonlight is high, and individuals spend more time in the roost, especially during breeding season. Day roosts are located in dense foliage higher than 5 m aboveground in trees (e.g. Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) or bamboos (e.g. Gigantochloa scortechinii, Poaceae ). Many individuals make only transient use (1-5 days) of these roosts. Many ofthese roosts are tents constructed in foliage; males bite twigs and large leaves to create small (15-50 cm wide) spaces in vegetation that are occupied by females and defended as a harem territory by the male. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat builds stem tents using root masses of Phylodendron ( Araceae ) and Cymbidium ( Orchidaceae ); palmate umbrella tents are constructed by applying circular bites to base of palm fronds (e.g. Borassus , Cocos , Elaeis , Licuala , Sabal , and Roystonea , all Arecaceae ); conical tents are built by severing petioles of leaves in sapling stems (e.g. Dracaena fragrans, Asparagaceae ); and apical tents are made by chewing main veins of leaves (e.g. Scindapsus , Araceae ). Day roost tents are 3-10 m aboveground; tents used as feeding roost are 1-3 m aboveground. Adults spend c.18% of night actively defending day roost/tents.	Each night, individuals commute 7-1-14-5 km between day roosts and feeding areas; both sexes commute double the distance during the breeding season. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat visits 1-6 feeding areas/night spending an average of one hour and 38 minutes in each feeding area during which individuals undertake 2-10 feeding bouts between fruiting trees and chosen night roosts where fruits are eaten. Total home ranges are 30-365 ha, marginally greater for females. Roost area is ¢.5% of total home range. Roost area is non-overlapping among males, which exhibit high roost and home range fidelity. Tents were used by a single solitary male or a harem group consisting of a defending male and 1-4 females with their young. The male roosts alone on the side of the tent, and harem females and their young cluster together. Tents can last up to years. Mating and lactation take place in tents. Activity of solitary vs. harem-holding malesis similar.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat faces no immediate conservation threats given its wide distribution, presumably large population, and environmental tolerance. It is considered vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Resolution of exceedingly complex taxonomy of the C. brachyotis complex is required to correctly assess conservation status of these forms.	Ando et al. (1980a) | Bumrungsri (2002) | Bumrungsri et al. (2007) | Campbell (2008) | Campbell, Reid et al. (2006) | Campbell, Schneider et al. (2006) | Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal, Kingston, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008a) | Fletcher et al. (2012) | Francis (1994) | Funakoshi & Zubaid (1997) | Hodgkison (2001) | Jones, Bielby et al. (2009) | Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991) | Magalhaes & Costa (2009) | Mohd-Azlan et al. (2010) | Tan et al. (1997, 1998, 2000) | Tingga et al. (2012)		6. Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus brachyotis French: Cynoptéere de Miller / German: Kleiner-Kurznasenflughund / Spanish: Cynéptero de Miller Other common names: Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat , Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat , Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pachysoma brachyotis [sic] S. Miller, 1838 , Dewei (= Dewai) River , Borneo. Taxonomy is challenging and in need of revision. Six, may be more, distinct mitochondrial lineages could be raised to species level. Cynopterus brachyotis is often confused with C. sphinx and other species with which it overlaps in many physical dimensions. Nominate subspecies has two sympatric morphs in Peninsular Malaysia : smaller “Forest” lineageis a forest specialist and larger “Sunda” lineage is found in more open and disturbed areas. These forms are probably distinct species. Records from Philippines and Sulawesi are now assigned to C. luzoniensis and C. minutus , respectively. Records of subspecies brachysoma might represent C. s. sphinx . Eight subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.b.brachyotisS.Miller,1838—SW&NEIndia,Bhutan,andBangladeshandmainlandSEAsiafromNMyanmartoSPeninsularMalaysia,Sumatra,andBorneo(Sundalineage). C.b.altitudinisHill,1961—CameronHighlands,WPeninsularMalaysia. C.b.brachysomaDobson,1871—AndamanIs. C.b.ceylonensisJ.E.Gray,1870—C&SSriLanka. C.b.concolorSody,1940—EngganoI. C.b.hoffetiBourret,1944—Vietnam.SChinarecordsquestionable. C.b.insularumK.Andersen,1910—KangeanIs. C. b. javanicus K. Andersen, 1910 — Java , including Madura I, and Bali I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-96 mm, tail 10-16 mm, ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 55-66 mm; weight 27-45 g (mean 33-1 g). The Lesser Shortnosed Fruit Bat is small, with white ear rims and wing digits. Muzzle is short, almost naked; skin is dark brown; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum ends in two upper lip pads; and two triangular pads occur on lowerlip. Forehead slopesslightly, top of head is rounded, and crown is distinctly brown in some specimens. Eyesare large;iris is chestnut-brown to olive-brown. Ears are moderately short, oval, attenuated at tip, and pale brown, edged with white. Head pelageis short and brown to orange/yellowish brown; pelage is longer on nape and dorsum, brown suffused with warm russet to tawny olive. Females are generally paler. Pelage reaches dorsal bases of forearms and center of uropatagium. Tail is short and dorsally attached to uropatagium; calcaris short. Ruff is intensely orange on males, more so on sides of neck and paler on chest; it is generally paler on females. Chest and belly are grayish brown, occasionally with orange or yellowish tinge. Wing membranes are dark gray and attach to first toe; index claw is present. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is short, forehead is relatively low and sloping, orbit is large, and braincase is rounded. Zygomatic rootis only slightly above level of alveolar line, and zygoma is thin and gently arched posteriorly. Dorsally, paranasal recesses are inflated, reaching small postorbital foramina; postorbital processes are thin and directed posterolaterally. There is almost no postorbital constriction; braincase is almost perfectly rounded, with only traces of temporal lines; and nuchal crest is modest. Palate is flat, upper tooth row is almost parallel, end of post-dental palate is rounded, and mid-sphenoidalridge is low. Ectotympanic is small and wide, more so anteriorly; entotympanic is variously reduced. Mandible is straight, with sloping tall coronoid; condyle is slightly above alveolar line; and angle is rounded off. Upper incisors are small but rather long (I? longer); C' is almoststraight; anterior surface is convex; and P' is long and minute; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height, are rounded to elongate posteriorly, and have no additional cusps. Lower incisors are small; I, is shorter; C, is small and short; Pis low and peg-like; posterior premolars and molars decreasing in size, with oval outline and no additional cusps; and M,is peg-like. There are eight interdental palatal ridges, undivided, arched, and rather thick, followed by one thin medially divided ridge, spaced from two divided denticulate ridges on posterior one-half of post-dental palate. Chromosomal complement of subspecies Javanicus has 2n = 34 and FN = 58, with eleven pairs of variable-sized metacentric to submetacentric (pair with a secondary constriction), two pairs of subtelocentric, and three pairs of small to minute acrocentric chromosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is minute and acrocentric. Habitat. Lowland to montane forests, including mangrove forests, in all degrees of modification, including deforested areas such urban environments near forests, rural areas, and orchards, from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1600 m . Nominate brachyotis tends to diverge ecologically: Forest lineage is a forest specialist and Sunda lineage is found in secondary and disturbed forests and rural/agricultural areas. Food and Feeding. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat is mainly frugivorous (95% of diet) but also eats leaves, pollen, and nectar mainly in dry season. It forages from ground level to subcanopy. Most fruits consumed are small (most less than 2 g but a few heavier than 8 g ) and taken from early successional forests (two-thirds of diet) Juveniles concentrate on large-crop fruiting species and introduced steady-state fruiting plants toward adulthood. Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bats feed at night roosts where they carry fruits and leaves; flower products are eaten on the plant. In Peninsular Malaysia , diet containsfruits of about 78 plant species from at least 24 families, leaves of 14 species, and nectar and pollen offive species (native plus exotic plants). Ficus fruits are heavily used (e.g. E fistulosa). Leaves from Fabaceae (e.g. Erythrina ) are eaten. Flowers include native Cassia , Peltophorum , Senna , and exotic Bauhinia (all Fabaceae ). In Borneo, fruits of at least 24 plant species in 16 genera and 15 families are eaten. Breeding . Reproductive cycle of the Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonal bimodal polyestry, with postpartum estrus. Mating is polygynous. Females are sexually mature at 6-7 months of age and give birth to one young within theirfirst year and up to two offspring per year thereafter. Mating in male-defended roosts occurs from December onward, gestation lasts c¢.4 months,births occur in March-April and July-August, and lactation lasts ¢.2 months. Lactation occurs during onset and mid-rainy season when food availability is highest. Males are sexually mature at c.12 months of age but mate for the first time after they are two years old. Cycle of testis size is correlated with photoperiod and seasonality. Greater breeding success was reported for years after El Nino—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (e.g. 1999). Activity patterns . The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat becomes active shortly after sunset and moves directly to fruiting trees. Activity at feeding roosts had two peaks (19:00 20:00 h and 22:00-23:00 h), and activity declined as night progressed. Activity is reduced when intensity of moonlight is high, and individuals spend more time in the roost, especially during breeding season. Day roosts are located in dense foliage higher than 5 m aboveground in trees (e.g. Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) or bamboos (e.g. Gigantochloa scortechinii, Poaceae ). Many individuals make only transient use (1-5 days) of these roosts. Many ofthese roosts are tents constructed in foliage; males bite twigs and large leaves to create small (15-50 cm wide) spaces in vegetation that are occupied by females and defended as a harem territory by the male. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat builds stem tents using root masses of Phylodendron ( Araceae ) and Cymbidium ( Orchidaceae ); palmate umbrella tents are constructed by applying circular bites to base of palm fronds (e.g. Borassus , Cocos , Elaeis , Licuala , Sabal , and Roystonea , all Arecaceae ); conical tents are built by severing petioles of leaves in sapling stems (e.g. Dracaena fragrans, Asparagaceae ); and apical tents are made by chewing main veins of leaves (e.g. Scindapsus , Araceae ). Day roost tents are 3-10 m aboveground; tents used as feeding roost are 1-3 m aboveground. Adults spend c.18% of night actively defending day roost/tents. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Each night, individuals commute 7-1-14-5 km between day roosts and feeding areas; both sexes commute double the distance during the breeding season. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat visits 1-6 feeding areas/night spending an average of one hour and 38 minutes in each feeding area during which individuals undertake 2-10 feeding bouts between fruiting trees and chosen night roosts where fruits are eaten. Total home ranges are 30-365 ha, marginally greater for females. Roost area is ¢.5% of total home range. Roost area is non-overlapping among males, which exhibit high roost and home range fidelity. Tents were used by a single solitary male or a harem group consisting of a defending male and 1-4 females with their young. The male roosts alone on the side of the tent, and harem females and their young cluster together. Tents can last up to years. Mating and lactation take place in tents. Activity of solitary vs. harem-holding malesis similar. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat faces no immediate conservation threats given its wide distribution, presumably large population, and environmental tolerance. It is considered vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Resolution of exceedingly complex taxonomy of the C. brachyotis complex is required to correctly assess conservation status of these forms. Bibliography. Ando et al. (1980a), Bumrungsri (2002), Bumrungsri et al. (2007), Campbell (2008), Campbell, Reid et al. (2006), Campbell, Schneider et al. (2006), Csorba, Bumrungsri, Francis, Bates, Gumal, Kingston, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008a), Fletcher et al. (2012), Francis (1994), Funakoshi & Zubaid (1997), Hodgkison (2001), Jones, Bielby et al. (2009), Kitchener & Maharadatunkamsi (1991), Magalhaes & Costa (2009), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2010), Tan et al. (1997, 1998, 2000), Tingga et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus brachyotis	Cynopterus		brachyotis	M&uuml;ller	1838	1	Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.	0.3097	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 brevicaudatum I. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; duvaucelii E. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; grandidieri Peters, 1869; minor Revilliod, 1911 [not Trousseart or Lyon] ; montanoi Robin, 1881; titthaecheilum Waterhouse, 1843 [not Temminck; nomen dubium]; <b>altitudinis</b> Hill, 1961; <b> brachysoma </b> Dobson, 1871; andamanensis Dobson, 1873; <b>ceylonensis</b> Gray, 1871; <b>concolor</b> Sody, 1940; <b> hoffeti </b> Bourret, 1944; <b> insularum </b> K. Andersen, 1910;<b> javanicus </b> K. Andersen, 1910.	Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.	Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Malaysia, Nicobar and Andaman Isls, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Magnole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls and adjacent small islands. Perhaps present in the Palawan region of the Philippines (L. Heaney, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus , which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor ; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri , here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri . Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx )in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Cynopterus brachyotis	23	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat|Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	brachyotis	S. Müller	1838	1						Dewei (= Dewai) River, Borneo.			brevicaudatum (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828) [nomen nudum]|duvaucelii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828) [nomen nudum]|brachyotis (S. Müller, 1838)|titthaecheilum (Waterhouse, 1843) [preoccupied by titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825; nomen nudum]|grandidieri W. Peters, 1869|brachysoma Dobson, 1871|ceylonensis J. E. Gray, 1871|andamanensis Dobson, 1873|montanoi Robin, 1881|insularum K. Andersen, 1910|javanicus K. Andersen, 1910|minor Revilliod, 1911|concolor Sody, 1940|hoffeti Bourret, 1944|altitudinis J. Edwards Hill, 1961	NA	NA	Sri Lanka|India|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman Islands|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	6103	Cynopterus brachyotis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Cynopterus	brachyotis	(Müller, 1838)	The taxonomic situation throughout the range is confused and future taxonomic revision may reveal that there are a number of cryptic species allocated to Cynopterus brachyotis . Earlier included angulatus Miller, 1898 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951). The taxon brachysoma Dobson, 1871 is sometimes included under Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl 1797) (Bates and Harrison 1997). Reviewed by Hill and Thonglongya (1972), Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Mapatuna et al. (2002). Simmons (2005) lists brachysoma Dobson, 1871 and ceylonensis Gray, 1871 under this taxon (Srinivasulu et al. in press). Often considered to include Cynopterus luzoniensis , but here considered separate.	20000000	Cynopterus brachyotis	Least Concern		2019	2019-07-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because, although it is seldom recorded, it has a relatively wide distribution, is tolerant of a broad range of habitats, has a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species can be found from habitats ranging from orchards, gardens to forested tracts. It roosts in palms especially seed clusters of palms either solitary or in small groups of a few individuals in rural and urban landscapes and in forested areas. Bears a single young after a gestation period of 105-120 days (Bates and Harrison 1997). In South Asia, the species is believed to be more restricted to higher elevations when compared to C. sphinx , making it specifically a hill forest species.	There are no major threats to this species as a whole. In South Asia, this species is locally threatened by deforestation, generally resulting from logging operations and the conversion of land to agricultural and other uses (Molur et al. 2002).	In northeast India, the population is stable and it is common but not as abundant as Cynopterus sphinx (Tarapada Bhattacharyya pers. comm. June 2005), while in southern India it is rare (C. Srinvasulu pers. comm. September, 2007). In Southeast Asia, it is generally locally abundant and most common in disturbed and residential areas, however, is locally rare in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (Campbell et al . 2004).	Unknown	This widespread species ranges from South Asia, through parts of southern China to parts of Southeast Asia. In South Asia, this species is presently known from Bangladesh (Sylhet division) (Sarker and Sarker 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2005), India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) and Sri Lanka (North Central, Uva and Western provinces) (Srinivasulu et al. in press, Molur et al. 2002). In southern China, it has been recorded from Guangdong, with possible records from Xizang (Medog) and southern Yunnan (Wang 2002, Smith and Xie 2008). In continental Southeast Asia, it is known from southern Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam (identity of records from northern Viet Nam need verification), Cambodia (known only from Phnom Phen [G. Csorba pers. comm.]), and Peninsular Malaysia. In Insular Southeast Asia, it is known from the islands of Sumatra and Java (Indonesia), Borneo (Indonesia and Malaysia only), the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia), the island of Timor (East Timor and Indonesia), the Talaud Islands (Indonesia) and Ternate Island (Indonesia). It might be present on the island of Palawan in the Philippines, but this requires confirmation.		Terrestrial	Other than further taxonomic studies, no conservation actions are currently needed for the species as a whole. It is present in many protected areas throughout its range. In South Asia, this species like most other fruit bats in India is considered a vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. The species has been recorded from protected areas in India like Nagarhole National Park in Karnataka and Kalakkad-Mundunthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, and in Hakgalla National Park in Sri Lanka.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		brachyotis	M&uuml;ller	1838	1	Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.	0.309722	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	 brevicaudatum I. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; duvaucelii E. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; grandidieri Peters, 1869; minor Revilliod, 1911 [not Trousseart or Lyon] ; montanoi Robin, 1881; titthaecheilum Waterhouse, 1843 [not Temminck; nomen dubium]; <b>altitudinis</b> Hill, 1961; <b> brachysoma </b> Dobson, 1871; andamanensis Dobson, 1873; <b>ceylonensis</b> Gray, 1871; <b>concolor</b> Sody, 1940; <b> hoffeti </b> Bourret, 1944; <b> insularum </b> K. Andersen, 1910;<b> javanicus </b> K. Andersen, 1910.	Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.	Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Malaysia, Nicobar and Andaman Isls, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Magnole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls and adjacent small islands. Perhaps present in the Palawan region of the Philippines (L. Heaney, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus , which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor ; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus ; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri , here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri . Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx )in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).	Cynopterus brachyotis	1004374	23	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat|Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Cynopterus	NA	brachyotis	S. Müller	1838	1						Dewei (= Dewai) River, Borneo.			brevicaudatum (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828) [nomen nudum]|duvaucelii (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828) [nomen nudum]|brachyotis (S. Müller, 1838)|titthaecheilum (Waterhouse, 1843) [preoccupied by titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825; nomen nudum]|grandidieri W. Peters, 1869|brachysoma Dobson, 1871|ceylonensis J. E. Gray, 1871|andamanensis Dobson, 1873|montanoi Robin, 1881|insularum K. Andersen, 1910|javanicus K. Andersen, 1910|minor Revilliod, 1911|concolor Sody, 1940|hoffeti Bourret, 1944|altitudinis J. Edwards Hill, 1961	NA	NA				Sri Lanka|India|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman Islands|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cynopterus_brachyotis	1004374	23	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat|Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat|Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Cynopterus	NA	brachyotis	S. Müller	1	Pachysoma brachyotis	Müller, S. 1838. Over eenige nieuwe zoogdieren van Borneo. Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 5(1-2):134-150.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13474930	RMNH.MAM.38066, RMNH.MAM.38067, RMNH.MAM.38068, RMNH.MAM.38069, RMNH.MAM.38091, RMNH.MAM.38092, RMNH.MAM.38093, RMNH.MAM.38094	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38066.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38066.b | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38067.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38067.b | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38068 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38069 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38091 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38092 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38093 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.38094	Dewei (= Dewai) River, Borneo.			NA	NA				Sri Lanka|India|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	sciname match	Cynopterus_brachyotis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Cynopterus		brachyotis	M&uuml;ller	1838	1	Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Physiol.	0.309722	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat	brevicaudatum I. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; duvaucelii E. Geoffroy, 1828 [nomen nudum]; grandidieri Peters, 1869; minor Revilliod, 1911 [not Trousseart or Lyon]; montanoi Robin, 1881; titthaecheilum Waterhouse, 1843 [not Temminck; nomen dubium]; altitudinis Hill, 1961; brachysoma Dobson, 1871; andamanensis Dobson, 1873; ceylonensis Gray, 1871; concolor Sody, 1940; hoffeti Bourret, 1944; insularum K. Andersen, 1910; javanicus K. Andersen, 1910.	Borneo, Dewei (= Dewai) River.	Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Malaysia, Nicobar and Andaman Isls, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Magnole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls, Talaud Isls and adjacent small islands. Perhaps present in the Palawan region of the Philippines (L. Heaney, pers. comm.)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6103/22113381/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	This taxon is need of revision. Based on results of an mtDNA analysis, brachyotis does not appear to be monophyletic and includes several species; see Campbell et al. (2004); Francis et al. (2010), and Gaite et al. (2022). This taxon is sometimes confused with sphinx, and the status of many populations is in doubt. Does not include angulatus, which was transferred to sphinx by Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Includes minor; see Hill (1983) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include luzoniensis and minutus; see Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991). May include scherzeri, here included in sphinx following Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Bates and Harrison (1997) also referred brachysoma and andamanesis to sphinx with some reservations. See Andersen (1912) for discussion of duvaucelii and grandidieri. Corbet and Hill (1992) included babi (here considered a subspecies of sphinx)in this species without comment. See discussion of diagnostic characters in Bates and Harrison (1997) and Mapatuna et al. (2002).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Cynopterus brachyotis; Cynopterus brachyotis; Cynopterus brachyotis; Cynopterus brachyotis; Cynopterus brachyotis; Cynopterus brachyotis; brachyotis; altitudinis; brachysoma; ceylonensis; concolor; hoffeti; insularum; javanicus; brevicaudatum; duvaucelii; grandidieri; minor; montanoi; titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis; brachyotis; altitudinis; brachysoma; ceylonensis; concolor; hoffeti; insularum; javanicus; altitudinis; brachysoma; ceylonensis; concolor; hoffeti; insularum; javanicus; brevicaudatum; duvaucelii; grandidieri; minor; montanoi; titthaecheilum; brachysoma - andamanensis; brevicaudatum; duvaucelii; brachyotis; titthaecheilum; grandidieri; brachysoma; ceylonensis; andamanensis; montanoi; insularum; javanicus; minor; concolor; hoffeti; altitudinis; Cynoptéere de Miller; Kleiner-Kurznasenflughund; Cynéptero de Miller; Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat; Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat; Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat; Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat; C. brachyotis