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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L187	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Plecotus rafinesquei	Plecotus rafinesquii	Plecotus rafinesquii	Plecotus rafinesquii	Plecotus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus rafinesquii		[MSW2] Subgenus Corynorhinus. Formerly in genus Corynorhinus; see Anderson (1972:255). See C. Jones (1977, Mammalian Species, 69).; [MSW3] See C. Jones (1977).; [HMW] Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson, 1827 , “les Etats-Unis .” Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to “Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois].” Originally described as Vespertilio megalotis by C. S. Rafinesque in 1818, but this name is preoccupied, and the taxon was renamed in Plecotus . However, morphological and karyological analyses indicated its distinctness from Old World Plecotus , supporting its inclusion in subgenus Corynorhinus . Molecular and morphological analyses support the elevation of Corynorhinus to genus level. Separation into races is not supported by molecular data, and internal taxonomy needs to be reviewed. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] See C. Jones (1977).; [IUCN] This bat was referred to as Corynorhinus macrotis in older literature, and Corynorhinus townsendii was known as C. rafinesquii . Bogdanowicz et al. (1998) examined morphological and chromosomal variation and found that Corynorhinus is strongly supported as a distinct genus, with Plecotus limited to Palaearctic species. The mammal list by Simmons (2005) also accepted Corynorhinus as the appropriate genus for New World big-eared bats.; [batnames2023] See C. Jones (1977).; [batnames2025_1.7] See Jones (1977).						leconteii, macrotis.	macrotis, rafinesquii	rafinesquii , macrotis ,	megalotis; macrotis - leconteii	rafinesquii, macrotis		rafinesquii, macrotis	rafinesquii - megalotis, macrotis - leconteii	megalotis, rafinesquii, macrotis, econteii	This bat was referred to as Corynorhinus macrotis in older literature, and Corynorhinus townsendii was known as C. rafinesquii . Bogdanowicz et al. (1998) examined morphological and chromosomal variation and found that Corynorhinus is strongly supported as a distinct genus, with Plecotus limited to Palaearctic species. The mammal list by Simmons (2005) also accepted Corynorhinus as the appropriate genus for New World big-eared bats.	rafinesquii, macrotis	rafinesquii - megalotis, macrotis - leconteii	megalotis, rafinesquii, macrotis, leconteii	megalotis, rafinesquii, macrotis, lecontii, rafinesquei, leconteii 	macrotis, rafinesquii	macrotis - leconteii; rafinesquii - megalotis	megalotis (Rafinesque, 1818) [preoccupied]|rafinesquii (Lesson, 1827) [nomen novum]|macrotis (Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831)|lecontii (W. Cooper, 1837) [nomen novum]|lecontei (A. Murray, 1866) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|rafinesquei (Corbet & J. Edwards Hill, 1980) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|leconteii Simmons, 2005 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Rafinesque's big-eared	SE USA bat (Eastern lump-nosed bat)	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Plecotus rafinesquii	U.S.A., Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.	Lesson	1827	Mon. Mammal., p. 96.	Distribution: Confined to the southeastern and east central parts of the United States.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Eastern lump-nosed bat)	SE USA	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Lesson	1827	Manual de Mammalogie, p. 96.	Subgenus Corynorhinus. Formerly in genus Corynorhinus; see Anderson (1972:255). See C. Jones (1977, Mammalian Species, 69).	SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida.	USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.		LESSON	1827	Whitish tips of hair on ventral side contrasting with blackish bases. Forearm length, 40-46 mm. Greatest length of skull, 15.3-16.7 mm.	Distribution: Confined to the southeastern and east central parts of the United States.	Two subspecies are recognized:	P. r. macrotis (southeastern United States), P. r. rafinesquii (east central United States).	111	species	P. rafinesquii	LESSON	1827	Corynorhinus	subgenus	Plecotus rafinesquii				Whitish tips of hair on ventral side contrasting with blackish bases. Forearm length, 40-46 mm. Greatest length of skull, 15.3-16.7 mm.	Two subspecies are recognized:		6. P. rafinesquii LESSON 1827.	6	_C. r. macrotis_ (Le Conte, 1831) (synonyms: _lecontii_ (Cooper, 1837)); _C. r. rafinesquii_ (Lesson, 1827) (synonyms: _megalotis_ (Rafinesque, 1818))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Plecotini	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus		rafinesquii	Lesson	y	1827		Manuel de Mammalogie			96		Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat	USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.	SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable as Plecotus rafinesquii.	megalotis Rafinesque, 1818 [not Bechstein, 1800]; macrotis Le Conte, 1831; leconteii Cooper, 1837.	See C. Jones (1977).	4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF839B6D17A4B1DD	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	871	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF8A6A35FF839B6D17A4B1DD.xml	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Vespertilionidae	Corynorhinus	rafinesquii		1827	Oreillard de Rafinesque @fr | Rafinesque-Langohr @de | Orejudo de Rafinesque @es	Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson, 1827 , “les Etats-Unis .” Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to “Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois].” Originally described as Vespertilio megalotis by C. S. Rafinesque in 1818, but this name is preoccupied, and the taxon was renamed in Plecotus . However, morphological and karyological analyses indicated its distinctness from Old World Plecotus , supporting its inclusion in subgenus Corynorhinus . Molecular and morphological analyses support the elevation of Corynorhinus to genus level. Separation into races is not supported by molecular data, and internal taxonomy needs to be reviewed. Two subspecies recognized.	C.r.rafinesquiiLesson,1827—E&SIllinois,W&SIndiana,SOhio,SEMissouri,Ken-tucky,Tennessee,WNorthCarolina,andEArkansas(EUSA). C. r. macrotis Le Conte, 1831 — E North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , E Texas , and extreme SW Arkansas .	Head—body ¢. 38-56 mm , tail 42-54 mm , ear 27-37 mm , hindfoot 8-13 mm , forearm 38-8-43- 5 mm ; weight 7-9-13- 6 g . Females tend to weigh more than males. Fur is long; dorsal hairs bicolored, with blackish bases and smoky-graytips; ventral hairs bicolored, with strongly contrasting blackish bases and white or pale tips. Ears large, joined basally across forehead. Muzzle has dorso-lateral glandular masses, rising above muzzle as prominent lumps; nostrils elongated posteriorly; accessory basal lobe of auricle is absent. Ears and face pinkish brown, membranes dark brown. Plagiopatagium broadly attached to foot at level of base of toes; calcar not keeled; two long toe hairs extend beyond tips of claws. Skull is moderate in size (greatest skull length 13-2-15- 1 mm ), slender, and highly arched; rostrum reduced; lacrimal region smoothly rounded; supraorbital region not ridged; temporal ridges normally coalesced to form sagittal crest. Median post-palatal process triangular, with broad base; I? has prominent secondary cusp; anterointernal cusp is usually present on cingulum of Pt, Dental formula for all species of Corynarkinusis12/3, C1/1,P 2/3. M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 50, with ten pairs of metacentric and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X- and Y-chromosomes.	Mostly in forested areas and riparian associations, from sea level up to 800 m .	Insectivorous, foraging in forested areas, over open fields, and near watercourses. Diet comprises mostly small lepidopterans, with some records of dipterans and coleopterans. Prey is mainly captured in flight by aerial-hawking, butis sometimes gleaned from cave walls or leaf surfaces.	Copulation takes place in autumn and winter. Females give birth to single young in late May and earlyJune. Parturition occurs a few days earlier in south than in north of range. Young are closely associated with adult females for about three weeks after parturition. Females form maternal colonies without males.	Nocturnal, with emergence from roost later at night than many other bat species;it starts foraging after sunset and continues until around midnight;it begins again c.5 hours later, and returns to its roosting site before sunrise. Its natural roosts are caves, hollow trees, and crevices behind bark, and under dry leaves. Frequently observed in buildings, such as abandoned mines and bridges. Call parameters (mean) are: minimum frequency 22-2 kHz, maximum frequency 45-5 kHz, peak frequency 31-4 kHz, bandwidth 21-6 kHz, and call duration 3-2 milliseconds.	Apparently, the species has a small home range (c.0-9- 1-6 km ?) and does not migrate. Within a roosting area, it moves about frequently both in summer and winter. It hibernates during winter and may exhibit torpor behavior during summer. Colonies number ¢.2-100 individuals, and winter roosts can harbor up to ¢.700; solitary bats are also found. The species frequently roosts with other bat species, such as the Tricolored Bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ), the South-eastern Myotis ( Myotis austroriparius ), and Townsend's Big-eared Bat ( Corynorhinus townsendiz), but tends to form conspecific clusters or to roost some distance away from the other species.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In general, populations appear stable over its wide range, although local declines have been reported.	Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castafeda (2017c) | Barbour & Davis (1969) | Bogdanowicz et al. (1998) | Dood et al. (2015) | Hall (1981) | Handley (1959) | Jones, C. (1977) | Lesson (1827) | Menzel, Menzel, Ford et al. (2001) | Piaggio & Perkins (2005) | Rafinesque (1818) | Simmons (2005) | Wilson & Ruff (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398328/files/figure.png	245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii French: Oreillard de Rafinesque / German: Rafinesque-Langohr / Spanish: Orejudo de Rafinesque Taxonomy. Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson, 1827 , “les Etats-Unis .” Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to “Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois].” Originally described as Vespertilio megalotis by C. S. Rafinesque in 1818, but this name is preoccupied, and the taxon was renamed in Plecotus . However, morphological and karyological analyses indicated its distinctness from Old World Plecotus , supporting its inclusion in subgenus Corynorhinus . Molecular and morphological analyses support the elevation of Corynorhinus to genus level. Separation into races is not supported by molecular data, and internal taxonomy needs to be reviewed. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.r.rafinesquiiLesson,1827—E&SIllinois,W&SIndiana,SOhio,SEMissouri,Ken-tucky,Tennessee,WNorthCarolina,andEArkansas(EUSA). C. r. macrotis Le Conte, 1831 — E North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , E Texas , and extreme SW Arkansas . Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢. 38-56 mm , tail 42-54 mm , ear 27-37 mm , hindfoot 8-13 mm , forearm 38-8-43- 5 mm ; weight 7-9-13- 6 g . Females tend to weigh more than males. Fur is long; dorsal hairs bicolored, with blackish bases and smoky-graytips; ventral hairs bicolored, with strongly contrasting blackish bases and white or pale tips. Ears large, joined basally across forehead. Muzzle has dorso-lateral glandular masses, rising above muzzle as prominent lumps; nostrils elongated posteriorly; accessory basal lobe of auricle is absent. Ears and face pinkish brown, membranes dark brown. Plagiopatagium broadly attached to foot at level of base of toes; calcar not keeled; two long toe hairs extend beyond tips of claws. Skull is moderate in size (greatest skull length 13-2-15- 1 mm ), slender, and highly arched; rostrum reduced; lacrimal region smoothly rounded; supraorbital region not ridged; temporal ridges normally coalesced to form sagittal crest. Median post-palatal process triangular, with broad base; I? has prominent secondary cusp; anterointernal cusp is usually present on cingulum of Pt, Dental formula for all species of Corynarkinusis12/3, C1/1,P 2/3. M 3/3 (x2) = 36. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 50, with ten pairs of metacentric and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X- and Y-chromosomes. Habitat. Mostly in forested areas and riparian associations, from sea level up to 800 m . Food and Feeding. Insectivorous, foraging in forested areas, over open fields, and near watercourses. Diet comprises mostly small lepidopterans, with some records of dipterans and coleopterans. Prey is mainly captured in flight by aerial-hawking, butis sometimes gleaned from cave walls or leaf surfaces. Breeding. Copulation takes place in autumn and winter. Females give birth to single young in late May and earlyJune. Parturition occurs a few days earlier in south than in north of range. Young are closely associated with adult females for about three weeks after parturition. Females form maternal colonies without males. Activity patterns. Nocturnal, with emergence from roost later at night than many other bat species;it starts foraging after sunset and continues until around midnight;it begins again c.5 hours later, and returns to its roosting site before sunrise. Its natural roosts are caves, hollow trees, and crevices behind bark, and under dry leaves. Frequently observed in buildings, such as abandoned mines and bridges. Call parameters (mean) are: minimum frequency 22-2 kHz, maximum frequency 45-5 kHz, peak frequency 31-4 kHz, bandwidth 21-6 kHz, and call duration 3-2 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Apparently, the species has a small home range (c.0-9- 1-6 km ?) and does not migrate. Within a roosting area, it moves about frequently both in summer and winter. It hibernates during winter and may exhibit torpor behavior during summer. Colonies number ¢.2-100 individuals, and winter roosts can harbor up to ¢.700; solitary bats are also found. The species frequently roosts with other bat species, such as the Tricolored Bat ( Perimyotis subflavus ), the South-eastern Myotis ( Myotis austroriparius ), and Townsend's Big-eared Bat ( Corynorhinus townsendiz), but tends to form conspecific clusters or to roost some distance away from the other species. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In general, populations appear stable over its wide range, although local declines have been reported. Bibliography. Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castafeda (2017c), Barbour & Davis (1969), Bogdanowicz et al. (1998), Dood et al. (2015), Hall (1981), Handley (1959), Jones, C. (1977), Lesson (1827), Menzel, Menzel, Ford et al. (2001), Piaggio & Perkins (2005), Rafinesque (1818), Simmons (2005), Wilson & Ruff (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Corynorhinus		rafinesquii	Lesson	1827	1	Manuel de Mammalogie	p. 96	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat	 megalotis Rafinesque, 1818 [not Bechstein, 1800]; <b>macrotis</b> Le Conte, 1831; leconteii Cooper, 1837.	USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.	SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida.	Not listed.	Least Concern	See C. Jones (1977).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	23	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PLECOTINI	Corynorhinus	NA	rafinesquii	Lesson	1827	1						"les Etats-Unis." Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to "Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois]."			megalotis (Rafinesque, 1818) [preoccupied]|rafinesquii (Lesson, 1827)|macrotis Le Conte, 1831|leconteii (W. Cooper, 1837)	NA	NA	United States	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	sciname match	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17600	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Corynorhinus	rafinesquii	(Lesson, 1827)	This bat was referred to as Corynorhinus macrotis in older literature, and Corynorhinus townsendii was known as C. rafinesquii . Bogdanowicz et al. (1998) examined morphological and chromosomal variation and found that Corynorhinus is strongly supported as a distinct genus, with Plecotus limited to Palaearctic species. The mammal list by Simmons (2005) also accepted Corynorhinus as the appropriate genus for New World big-eared bats.	20000000	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-26 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in because of its wide distribution, presumed stable and due recuperation programs increase of population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	The number of occurrences is certainly greater than 100, but the number of known extant summer and winter roosting sites with large numbers of bats (&gt; 100) is only 6 to 8 in any one year, and these sites are clustered in Kentucky and North Carolina. As of 2005, the species had been recorded from 18 counties in Tennessee (Tennessee Bat Working Group). Several occurrences are known from state or national parks, including the largest known hibernating colony and some large (&gt;100 individuals) maternity colonies in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Two large hibernating colonies in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park are partially protected, one with a gate and the other with fencing. Additional protected occurrences include (but are not limited to) the following. One protected colony occurs in Carter Cave, Kentucky. A colony also occurs in Natural Bridge State Park in Kentucky. Sites on USFS property are required under NEPA to be considered when evaluating effects of management practices. One large maternity colony is within Mammoth Caves National Park. Arkansas has gated several caves with Myotis sodalis colonies, and these may also be potential roost sites for Rafinesque's long-eared bats (Harvey 1992). Two maternity colonies in old buildings in Illinois have been protected, and the buildings repaired to extend their useful life (Gardner 1992). This is a bat of forested regions. Hibernation in the north and in mountainous regions most often occurs in caves or similar sites; small caves are selected, and the bats stay near the entrance (often within 30 meters) and are thought to move about in winter (Handley 1959, Barbour and Davis 1969). Winter habitat in the south is poorly known, but usually this species is not found in caves during winter. In the Coastal Plain they are suspected to use hollow trees for cold weather and possibly winter roosts. In the southern portions of the range these bats often roost in buildings year round. Summer roosts often are in hollow trees, occasionally under loose bark, or in abandoned buildings in or near wooded areas. Nursery colonies are rare in caves, but are known to occur in Kentucky and Tennessee (Barbour and Davis 1969). A large nursery colony (87 adults in June of 1985) roosts in abandoned copper mines in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Currie 1992).  In Louisiana, Gooding and Langford (2004) found that roost trees were hollow Nyssa aquatica with triangular-shaped basal openings, and all were located within a 5-hectare tupelo stand. In Mississippi, Trousdale and Beckett (2005) found that tree roosts were in hollow Nyssa spp. and Magnolia grandiflora . Most of the trees were still alive, relatively large, and were adjacent to streams or other bodies of water. Tree roosts were apparently rare within the study area, and C. rafinesquii showed roost fidelity to particular areas of forest. Six tree roosts were used by multiple individuals and several trees were reused within tracking sessions and among years. In Louisiana, Lance et al. (2001) demonstrated that bridges, especially girder bridges, are important day-roost sites. Tagged bats in this study roosted under bridges 50% of the time and in black gum trees (Nyssa aquatica ) 50% of the time. In Mississippi, small groups of females (mean of 5.6 adult females) used concrete bridges as maternity roosts; the bridges were much less used in fall and winter (Trousdale and Beckett 2004). It has been suggested that the species began using man-made structures in the coastal plain region only after large old hollow trees became scarce. In Arkansas these bats are found in cisterns and wells rather than caves (Harvey 1992). In the mountains of South Carolina they roost in rock houses, abandoned gold mines, and hollow trees. In the coastal plain of North Carolina, they move into old buildings in the summer. They are known to use hollow trees as temporary night roosts between feeding bouts in the summer. In central Florida, a maternity roost was in an abandoned trailer that had been placed on a site in the early 1980s; it had been occupied for several years by the mid-1990s (Finn 1996).  Dilapidated buildings are inhabited more commonly than are intact occupied structures, and Clark (1987) reported that these bats roost in the darkest parts of such buildings. Others have reported that these bats choose more open and lighted daytime roosts than other kinds of bats (Handley 1959, Barbour and Davis 1969, Harvey 1992). Clark (1987) agreed that in caves and mines this species prefers areas receiving some natural light. The foraging habitat is primarily mature forest in both upland and lowland areas. In North Carolina and Virginia, foraging habitat for subspecies Macrotis is mature hardwood floodplain forest; sites along permanent water bodies, especially rivers, are preferred (Clark 1987). In the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, where large contiguous tracts of mature bottomland hardwoods were common, most foraging activity of males nevertheless occurred in young pine stands; only 9% of foraging areas were in bottomland hardwoods (Menzel et al . 2001).	Much historically occupied habitat was lost with the clearing of swampland forests. Present threats include: forest destruction (significant in parts of coastal plain); hollow tree removal during certain forest management practices (widespread; noted in Mississippi as important); decreasing availability of abandoned buildings through razing and vandalism (serious threat in coastal plain); insecticide applications, at least in past; vandalism of caves and mines, and closing or blasting mines shut (England et al. 1992). There is considerable potential for loss and degradation of roosting and foraging habitats by commercial logging practices in preferred habitat (Schmidly 2004). This species is very intolerant of disturbance (natural or human) and may abandon roost sites or hibernation sites if subjected to disturbance. Disturbance in winter may arouse bats and cause them to use up fat needed to survive the winter (Harvey 1992). Tendency to roost in cave entrances makes this bat especially vulnerable to disturbance. One roost site was abandoned after the surrounding area was logged.	Population size is not known to exceed 10,000 mature individuals, but data are lacking for many areas. This bat never has been considered abundant. In general, it roosts in small numbers at scattered locations (e.g., in Alabama, the largest known colony includes only a few individuals). Population is thought to be 1,000-2,000 in each of Kentucky and South Carolina. This is one of the most common bats in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park; hibernation roosts include up to several hundred individuals (e.g., in 1993, two roosts included 454 and 699 bats); Harvey (1991) reported a hibernating colony of 570 individuals as well as smaller maternity roosts. In a cave in Kentucky, counts of hibernating C. rafinesquii ranged from 14-49, with summer colony size reaching a maximum of 118 bats (Hurst and Lacki 1999). In southern Mississippi, the number of bats present under occupied bridges ranged from 1 to 25 per bridge (Trousdale and Beckett 2004). In Florida, this bat is uncommon in the northern part of the state and rare in the south (Florida Bat Center, www.floridabats.org). In Georgia, it is widespread but rare (Georgia Wildlife Web). In much of the range thorough searches have not been completed and abundance is poorly known. No range-wide statistics on trends are available, but four states (Georgia, West Virginia, South Carolina, and Tennessee) reported documented population declines, and populations in Indiana and Ohio probably have been extirpated. Four other states (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, and North Carolina) reported suspected declines. In summary, the species is known or suspected to be declining in more than half (10 out of 18) of the states within its range. In most other states, data are unavailable to determine trends.	Increasing	The range extends from southern Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio (Handley 1991), Indiana, and Illinois south to Florida (primarily the panhandle and northern and central portions of the peninsula) and the Gulf of Mexico; west to Louisiana, Arkansas (known primarily from the Gulf Coastal Plain), eastern Oklahoma, and the eastern edge of Texas (Schmidly 2004) (Whitaker and Hamilton 1998; Lynch and Jones, in Wilson and Ruff 1999). Elevational range in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park extends to at least 2,400 feet.		Terrestrial	More accurate information is needed on distribution and status. Range-wide investigation, in light of reported declines, is justified. States where surveys have been directed only at caves, or where no bat surveys have been conducted in recent years, should be targeted first for searches, and searches must be targeted at this species in particular. Abandoned buildings should be searched as potential roost sites (Finn 1996). Protect all colony sites with more than 10 bats present. Foraging habitat may be critical to species survival and should therefore be protected (protect mature floodplain and swamp forests; maintain large hollow tree component of such forests). Abandoned-building roost sites should be protected or, if need be, replaced with a potential alternate roost area on the site (Finn 1996). ;More accurate information is needed on general biology, foraging habitat, foraging behavior, and the importance of mature forests, hollow trees for roosts, and small maternity colonies.	Nearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Corynorhinus		rafinesquii	Lesson	1827	1	Manuel de Mammalogie	p. 96	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat	 megalotis Rafinesque, 1818 [not Bechstein, 1800]; <b>macrotis</b> Le Conte, 1831; leconteii Cooper, 1837.	USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel.	SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida.	Not listed.	Least Concern	See C. Jones (1977).	Corynorhinus rafinesquii	1005656	23	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PLECOTINI	Corynorhinus	NA	rafinesquii	Lesson	1827	1						"les Etats-Unis." Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to "Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois]."			megalotis (Rafinesque, 1818) [preoccupied]|rafinesquii (Lesson, 1827)|macrotis Le Conte, 1831|leconteii (W. Cooper, 1837)	NA	NA			USA(TX,LA,AR,MO,IL,IN,OH,KY,WV,VA,TN,NC,SC,GA,AL,MS,FL)	United States	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	sciname match	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	1005656	23	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Plecotini	Corynorhinus	NA	rafinesquii	Lesson	1	Plecotus Rafinesquii	Lesson, R.P. 1827. Manuel de mammalogie, ou histoire naturelle des mammifères. J. B. Baillière et fils, Paris, 441 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54207564	untraced (number not known)	nonexistent		"les Etats-Unis." Restricted by C. O. Handley, Jr. in 1959 to "Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Ill[inois]."			NA	NA			USA(TX,LA,AR,MO,IL,IN,OH,KY,WV,VA,TN,NC,SC,GA,AL,MS,FL)	United States	North America	Nearctic	LC	0	0	0	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	sciname match	Corynorhinus_rafinesquii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Corynorhinus		rafinesquii	Lesson	1827	1	Manuel de Mammalogie	p. 96	Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat	megalotis Rafinesque, 1818 [not Bechstein, 1800]; macrotis Le Conte, 1831; leconteii Cooper, 1837.	USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel	SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17600/21976905/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	See Jones (1977).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Corynorhinus rafinesquii; Corynorhinus rafinesquii; Corynorhinus rafinesquii; Corynorhinus rafinesquii; Corynorhinus rafinesquii; Corynorhinus rafinesquii; rafinesquii ; macrotis ; megalotis; macrotis - leconteii; rafinesquii; macrotis; macrotis; megalotis; macrotis - leconteii; megalotis; rafinesquii; macrotis; econteii; Oreillard de Rafinesque; Rafinesque-Langohr; Orejudo de Rafinesque; Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat; Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat; Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat; C. rafinesquii